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Marcus Tullius Cicero. 



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CICERO 



SELECTED ORATIONS AND LETTERS 



WITH INTRODUCTION, NOTES, VOCABULARY, AND 
ENGLISH-LATIN EXERCISES 

BY 

ARTHUR W. ROBERTS, Ph.D. 

HEAD OF THE CLASSICAL DEPARTMENT IN THE BROOKLINE HIGH SCHOOL 

AND 

JOHN C. ROLFE, Ph.D. 

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LATIN IN THE 
UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 



CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS 

NEW YORK CHICAGO BOSTON 



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Copyright, 1917, by 
CHARLES SCBIBNER'S SONS 




V 



FEB 21*1917 

©CI.A457152 



PREFACE 

The editors have followed the same general plan in 
this volume which they employed in their edition of 
Caesar. But at the suggestion of teachers who make 
use of the earlier book, they have added material for 
drill in the translation of English into Latin, both in the 
form of sentence-work and of continuous passages. These 
exercises are based upon specified portions of the Latin 
text, and are provided with references to the Gram- 
matical Introduction. It is often a valid criticism of 
exercises of this character that they are so slightly changed 
from the original text as to be little more than transla- 
tions of it. On the other hand, they are sometimes so 
devoid of relation to the text that a conscientious student 
wastes valuable time in searching for a word or model 
which he sorely needs. The editors trust that their ef- 
forts have saved them from both Scylla and Charybdis 
in this matter, and that timely and judicious help has 
been afforded. 

As in the Caesar, many words have been introduced in 
the General Vocabulary which are derivatives, related or 
cognate words, of the Latin word defined. These are 
always printed in small capitals and are not limited to 
words which may be used as translations of the word 
defined. But in all cases when they are not the equiva- 
lents of the Latin word, they are placed at the end and 
in brackets. Their presence in the Caesar was an experi- 
ment which met with great approval. Indeed, as they 
certainly tend to widen a student's vocabulary of Eng- 

iii 



iv PREFACE 

lish, and may awaken to some degree his interest in a 
possible connection between Latin and English study, 
there would seem to be abundant reason for their intro- 
duction. Cicero's vocabulary, having a much wider 
range and being studied by pupils of greater maturity, 
may with even greater propriety be treated in the same 
way, and therefore the practice has been continued. 

In the Grammatical Introduction points of grammar 
are emphasized with which the student may be assumed 
to be less well acquainted. Teachers of Cicero will rec- 
ognize the desirability of having this information con- 
veniently accessible within the covers of the volume 
which contains the Latin text. It may serve to save 
time and labor, and, in the editors' opinion, will prove 
sufficient in quantity for its purpose. A considerable 
number of grammatical and rhetorical figures have been 
defined and illustrated, as Cicero makes use of such fig- 
ures quite freely. A student of maturity enough to study 
Cicero should have some acquaintance with them, and 
will certainly discover for himself how helpful this knowl- 
edge is in the English rendering of many passages, and 
how it clears up much that otherwise would remain ob- 
scure or at least seem awkward. 

The chief events of Cicero's life are given in a con- 
densed form in the third section of the Introduction. 
With this the student should become thoroughly ac- 
quainted before beginning upon the Latin text. The 
remaining sections describe his life in greater detail, and, 
together with the separate introductions to the several 
orations, should serve as the basis for a wider reading. 
Many excellent biographies are readily accessible in every 
good library, and with at least one of these the student 
should make himself acquainted. No student is likely 
to reach the proper degree of interest in our author and 
his writings who does not read much that others have 



PREFACE v 

written about him. The names of a few books only which 
may be read most profitably are appended. There are 
others quite as good. 

The Introduction also deals as simply and clearly as 
possible with such matters relating to the Roman system 
of government, the classes in the state, the courts', etc., 
as are essential to the proper understanding of our author. 
Additional details have been added when necessary in the 
notes upon particular passages of the text. 

In the Notes the editors have tried to give the material 
which long experience has proven to be helpful to the 
young student, and in particular that which is most 
likely to stimulate in him a desire to understand as well 
as translate our author. In their preparation of the 
Notes assistance has been received from various sources. 
Of particular value in historical matters throughout the 
volume has been Merivale's History. 

The chronological order has been followed in printing 
the orations, but the notes on the Manilian Law and on 
the four Catilinarian Orations have been prepared with 
the possibility in view that the student may begin his 
study of Cicero with either, as the needs of his course or 
the preferences of his teachers suggest. 

Arthur W. Roberts. 
John C. Rolfe. 

Students are advised to read any or all of the follow- 
ing books. No one should read the first without reading 
the second, as they represent wholly different points of 
view. 

1. Middleton: Life of M. Tullius Cicero. 

2. Froude: Caesar, a Sketch. 

3. Church: Roman Life in the Days of Cicero. 

4. Boissier: Cicero and His Friends. 



vi PREFACE 

5. Trollope: Life of Cicero. 

6. Collins: Cicero (Ancient Classics for English 

Readers). 

7. Strachan-Davidson : Cicero and the Fall of the 

Roman Republic. 



CONTENTS 



INTRODUCTION 

PAGE 

Rome Before Cicero ....... i 

Early Rome (1). Gradual Corruption of the Roman Gov- 
ernment (2). 

Life and Character of Cicero ..... ii 

Brief Outline (3). Birthplace (4). Contemporaries (5). 
Social Standing (6). Training at Rome (7). Assumes 
Toga Virilis (8). Manner of Preparation (9). Military 
Efficiency (10). First novus homo to become Consul un- 
aided by Military Success (11). Not justly called Cow- 
ardly (12). Studies in Rhodes and Asia (13). Permanent 
Residence at Rome (14). Supplants Hortensius (15). 
Curule Aedile (16). Praetor (17). Catiline's Conspir- 
acy helps his canvass for the Consulship (18). Treat- 
ment of the Conspirators. Defense of Murena (19). 
Cleverness in handling Antonius (20). Incurs the hatred 
of Clodius (21). Relations with the Triumvirs (22). His 
Exile (23). The Return (24). Supports Caesar (25). 
Pompey sole Consul (26). Cicero Proconsul in Cilicia. 
Beginning of the Civil War (27). He joins Pompey in 
Greece (28). Refuses chief Command (29). Submits to 
Caesar (30). Unhappiness in Private Life (31). Labors 
to restore the Republic (32). His excellent Moral Char- 
acter (33). 

Cicero's Writings (34) xxii 

Speeches (35). Letters (36). Philosophical and Rhetorical 
Works (37). Cicero as an Orator (38). 

Roman Political Institutions ..... xxix 

The Magistrates. Rise of the Plebs (39). Contio and 
Comitia (40) . The Auspices. Religious Offices (41). The 
Cursus Honorum (42). Quaestors (43). Aediles (44). 
Praetors (45). Consuls (46). Proconsuls and Pro- 
praetors (47). Censors (48). The Dictator (49). Trib- 

vii 



viii CONTENTS 

PAGE 

unes (50). Judices (51). The Political Parties (52). 
The Senatorial Order (53). The Equestrian Order (54). 
The Plebs (55). Municipia and Coloniae (56). Prae- 
fecturae (57). 

GRAMMATICAL INTRODUCTION 

The Cases ......... xlv 

The Nominative in Exclamations (58). 

The Accusative: Cognate (59). Adverbial (60). Limit of 
Motion (61). Of Place with ad (62). Exclamations (63). 

The Genitive: Possessive in Predicate (64). Appositional 
(64, a). Quality (65). Measure (66). Value (67). With 
Adjectives (68). With Verbs of Memory (69). With 
Verbs of Judicial Action (70). With miser et, taedet y etc. 
(71). With refert and interest (72). 

The Dative: With Passives (73). Separation (74). With 
Adjectives (75). Genitive with these when used as Sub- 
stantives (76). Ethical (77). Agency (78). 

The Ablative: Separation (79). Agency (80). With Verbs 
of Judicial Action (81). Degree of Difference (82). At- 
tendant Circumstances (83). Accordance (84). Qual- 
ity (85). 

Relations of Place (86-88). 

The Tenses Hi 

Force and Use of the Tenses (89-94). 
The Sequence of Tenses (95). 

The Moods . . . ...... liii 

The Independent Subjunctive. 

Hortatory (96). Jussive (97). Past Jussive (98). Pro- 
hibitive (99). Deliberative (100-101). Past Deliber- 
ative (102). Concessive (103). Optative (104). Po- 
tential (105). 

The Use of the Moods in Dependent Sentences. 

Parenthetical Purpose (106). Characteristic (107). Re- 
sult (108). Ut non and quin (109). Temporal Clauses 
with postquam, etc. (110). With dum, etc. (111-113). 
With antequam and priusquam (114). With cum (115- 
1.19). Causal Clauses (120-122). Conditional Sen- 
tences (123-129). Concessive or Adversative Clauses 
(130-134). Substantive Clauses (135-140). 



CONTENTS 



IX 



Indirect Discourse ....... 

Principal Clauses (141). Subordinate Clauses (142-143). 
Conditional Sentences (144-145). 



lxv 



Verbal Nouns and Adjectives ..... lxvi 
The Infinitive with noli in Prohibitions (146). The Perfect 
Participle containing the Leading Idea (147). Perfect 
Participle with habere and tenere (148). The Gerund and 
Gerundive (149-152). The Supines (153-154). 

Figures of Grammar and Rhetoric .... lxviii 
Asyndeton (155). Hendiadys (156). Litotes (157). Anaph- 
ora (158). Repetition (159). Chiasmus (160). Allitera- 
tion (161). Word Play (162). Climax (163). Personifica- 
tion (164). Simile (165). Metaphor (166). Euphemism 
(167). Irony (168). Praeteritio (169). Oxymoron (170). 
Pleonasm (171). Anacoluthon (172). Hyperbole (173). 
Zeugma (174). Abstract for Concrete (175). 



Dates 



lxxii 



TEXT 

The Oration for the Manilian Law 
The First Oration against Catiline 
The Second Oration against Catiline 
The Third Oration against Catiline 
The Fourth Oration against Catiline 
The Oration for the Poet Archias 
The Oration for Milo ... 



1 
43 
62 
78 
95 
111 
131 



SELECTIONS FOR SIGHT READING 
The Oration for Marcellus ....... 181 

Selections from the Letters ....... 200 

(Correspondence, chiefly with Caesar and with Marcellus.) 



NOTES 

On the Oration for the Manilian Law 
On the First Oration against Catiline 



217 

262 



CONTENTS 



On the Second Oration against Catiline 
On the Third Oration against Catiline 
On the Fourth Oration against Catiline 
On the Oration for Archias . 
On the Oration for Milo 



PAGE 

284 
300 
314 
332 
352 



EXERCISES FOR TRANSLATION INTO LATIN 

Sentences based on the Manilian Law ..... 409 

Sentences based on the First Oration against Catiline . . 421 

Sentences based on the Fourth Oration against Catiline . . 427 

Continuous Passages based on the Oration for Archias . . 433 



VOCABULARY 



ILLUSTRATIONS 



Views in Rome and its Neighborhood: 

Comitium and Front of Curia . xli 

The Appian Way 156 

The Appian Way (another view) .... 173 

The Curia and Comitium (another view) . . .134 

The Forum and Capitol from the Palatine hill . . xxiii 

The Mulvian Bridge 81 

The Roman Forum and Surrounding Buildings, Restored xxvii 
The Shore at Astura ....... xvi 



Other Views: 




Athens ....... 


. 113 


Theatre at Fiesole ..... 


. 69 


Public Buildings and Monuments: 




Balustrade from the Rostra .... 


. 13 


Temple of Concord, Restored 


. 96 


Temple of Jupiter, Restored 


. 106 


The Back of the Rostra, Restored 


. 12 


The Front of the Rostra, Restored 


11 


The Temple of Vesta in the Roman Forum . 


. 31 


The Tullianum .... between pac 


jes 108 and 109 


Tomb of Scipio Barbatus .... 


. 124 


Statuary and Paintings: 




Cicero Denouncing Catiline in the Senate 


. 53 


Juno of Lanuvium ..... 


. 155 


Jupiter ....... 


. 60 


Medea ....... 


. 21 


The Genius of Antioch .... 


. 117 


The Wolf of the Capitol .... 


. 89 


Vestal Virgin ...... 


. 98 


xi 





Xll 



ILLUSTRATIONS 



Portraits of Romans: 
Ahala 
Cato 
Cicero 
Hortensius 
Julius Caesar 



46 
. 125 

Frontispiece 
. 35 

. 182 



Marcellus . . . . . . . . .183 

Marius 108 

Pompey the Great . . . . . .8 and 127 

Scipio . . .107 

Sulla 2 



Other Portraits: 

Alexander the Great 

Archias 

Mithridates 



Coins: 

L. Furius, with Curule Chair and Fasces 
Mithridates ..... 
SuUa . 



Roman Life and Antiquities: 
An Ancient Ship 
A Gladiator (modern painting) 
A Lictor 
A Shrine . 
Cook-Shop 
Fasces 

Tablet and Stylus 
Toga 



126 

114 

15 

97 
19 
14 

24 
75 

xxxvi 
56 
64 

xxxvi 
84 
92 



MAPS AND PLANS 



Roman Dominions about 50 B.C. 
Asia Minor at the Time of Cicero 
Plan of Central Rome 
Ancient Italy .... 
Plan and Section of the Tullianum 
Rome and Vicinity . 



opposite 
opposite 

opposite 



r 

45 

62 
109 
132 



INTRODUCTION 



EARLY ROME 



1. Rome's affairs occupy the chief place of interest in 
the history of the world during the century just before 
the birth of Christ. For several centuries prior to this 
period Greece, gradually accustoming its different little 
states to the thought of union, had driven back mag- 
nificently the Persian invaders; then, under the lead of 
Alexander of Macedon, had swept triumphantly over 
all of the eastern world so far as it was then known. 
Thus they had paved the way for the great power of 
Rome to come down from the west and absorb within 
its greater sway themselves and the countries they had 
once overrun. Meanwhile, out of the varied elements 
within the Italian peninsula, the Republic of Rome had 
been forming itself. To the north it had vanquished 
several Gallic tribes; to the south and west it had suc- 
cessfully met the Carthaginians. During the first and 
middle part of this last century before the Christian era, 
the Mediterranean Sea had become Roman, and the coun- 
tries about its waters formed a Roman empire in every- 
thing but name. 

GRADUAL CORRUPTION OF THE ROMAN GOVERNMENT 

2. One could hardly expect from a single city the 
unselfish direction of the affairs of this vast territory for 
any great length of time, or a government which honestly 
sought to meet its especial needs. The great difficulty 
of the task becomes even more apparent when we re- 
member that the nominal rulers of that single city had 



ii CICERO'S ORATIONS 

become little more than a mob, fed, amused, employed 
to a great extent for their own purposes by a small num- 
ber of rich, influential, and powerful citizens. After 70 
B.C. Rome could no longer claim to be a republic; it 
had become an oligarchy, continuing the forms of a re- 
public but with the real control in the hands of a few men. 
So the history of Rome at this time is chiefly the his- 
tory of the lives of these few men, and of the lives of a 
few others who vainly opposed them but at times wielded 
a strong influence, although, as the event proved, they 
only postponed for a time the inevitable overthrow of 
the republic. 

BRIEF OUTLINE OF CICERO'S LIFE 

3. Chief among the defenders of the republic was 
Marcus Tullius Cicero. He was born in 106 B.C. at 
Arpinum, nearly sixty miles to the east of Rome. His 
family was of the middle or equestrian class, that is, they 
were rich or well-to-do citizens. His father, desiring to 
secure the best of educational advantages for his two sons, 
removed to Rome when they were very young and pro- 
vided for them there the very best training to be had. 
Marcus won his spurs early as a pleader in the courts, 
then continued his studies abroad for two years, chiefly 
in Athens and Rhodes. After this period he returned, 
and once more taking up his work in the courts displayed 
a more vigorous and much improved style as a pleader. 
Elected to the quaestorship, he served in Sicily. Later 
he became aedile, and then, in 66 B.C., he was chosen 
praetor. During this year he addressed the people for 
the first time on a political question, seeking to have 
them appoint Pompey to the command of the war against 
Mithridates. His consulship he won in 63 B.C., at the age 
of forty-three, the earliest age at which it could legally 
be held. He was greatly helped in winning this supreme 



INTRODUCTION iii 

prize by the fear which the nobles entertained that 
Catiline, the conspirator, though he was one of their 
own class, would, if elected, completely overthrow the 
existing order of government and destroy the nobles. 

In spite of Cicero's election, Catiline and his ac- 
complices continued their plots, but were foiled by the 
consul's diligence. Catiline was forced to leave the city 
and joined his army in Etruria, but the other principal 
leaders, who had stayed behind in order to advance their 
schemes in the city, were put to death by Cicero, with 
the approval of the Senate, though illegally. For this 
act, some years later, he was driven into exile, chiefly 
through the efforts of his personal enemy Clodius, but 
was recalled after the expiration of about sixteen months. 
He continued to oppose the growing power of the trium- 
virs (Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus), and at last, in 51 
B.C., he was compelled, indirectly by them, to assume 
the proconsular government of Cilicia. He returned to 
Rome after the death of Crassus, who had been killed 
in the war with the Parthians, just as war was breaking 
out between Caesar and Pompey. Believing that Pom- 
pey's side more nearly represented the cause of constitu- 
tional government, he joined him in Greece, though with 
manifest reluctance. 

After the battle of Pharsalus, in 48 B.C., in which 
he personally took no part, he withdrew from Pompey's 
following and, returning to Italy, was pardoned by 
Caesar. He occupied himself for a time in writing, but 
at last appeared again in the Senate at Rome, and 
thanked Caesar in glowing terms for pardoning his 
enemies. After the assassination of Caesar, Cicero, 
who had hopes of the restoration of the republic, labored 
hard to bring this about, first supporting Brutus and 
Cassius, and later Octavianus. Antony he wholly dis- 
trusted, and the conflict between these two men was 



iv CICERO'S ORATIONS 

waged with great bitterness. Cicero spoke for the last 
time in public when he delivered the final one of his 
fourteen invectives against Antony (the so-called Phi- 
lippics), but he failed in his endeavor to rouse the state 
against Antony and his schemes. Octavianus and Antony 
united their forces, and Cicero, deserted by Octavianus, 
became the victim of Antony's longing for revenge. 
Though proscribed, and with a price set on his head, he 
might perhaps have escaped, but he remained and met 
his death bravely (December 7, 43 B.C.) near his villa 
at Formiae, which lay close to the shore some forty miles 
northwest of Naples. 

cicero's birthplace 

4. Cicero lacked one advantage possessed by his 
chief opponents, in that he was not a native of the city of 
Rome. Even at the moment of his highest power he 
was taunted in a public speech with being the " third 
foreign king of Rome/' Yet his birthplace, Arpinum, was 
a village among the Volscian hills not quite sixty miles 
to the east of Rome. Arpinum had also been the birth- 
place of Gaius Marius, who, boorish and untaught though 
he was, had by his military skill won for himself the 
consulship seven times repeated. Marius had married 
an aunt of Julius Caesar, and, by his military successes, 
especially those over the Gallo-Germanic tribes called 
the Cimbri and Teutones, he may have roused the am- 
bition of his nephew Caesar, and made him long for like 
conquests over the same people. He may also have in- 
spired in Caesar a political affection, at least, for the 
common people, by whose support his uncle Marius had 
become powerful. In like manner, it may have been the 
career of his fellow townsman Marius which filled the 
boy Cicero with ambition to reach, as he finally did, the 
consulship, the highest office in the state, despite the op- 



INTRODUCTION v 

position of the nobles; for Cicero and Marius alike were 
of the people and had no pride of ancestry. 

CICERO'S MOST IMPORTANT CONTEMPORARIES 

5. Gnaeus Pompeius (Pompey), who was to be a friend 
of Cicero, even if a vacillating and unreliable one, was 
born this same year, 106 B.C. Julius Caesar's birth is gen- 
erally assigned to the year 100 B.C. Marcus Porcius Cato 
was somewhat younger, for he was born in 95 B.C. These 
four men, whose lives were closely intermingled, all met 
violent deaths. Cato, rather than submit to the con- 
queror Caesar, who had just won the battle of Thapsus, 
committed suicide at Utica in Africa in 46 B.C. Pom- 
pey, fleeing before Caesar after the battle of Pharsalus, 
in 48 B.C., as he landed in Egypt was murdered by men 
who vainly hoped to win Caesar's favor by this act. 
Caesar was assassinated in the Senate-house on March 
15, 44 B.C. Last of the four, Cicero was killed by the 
assassins of Antony near Formiae, on the west coast of 
Latium, some seventy miles southeast of Rome, on the 
seventh day of December, 43 B.C. 

HIS SOCIAL STANDING 

6. Cicero belonged to the middle, or so-called eques- 
trian, class, consisting of well-to-do citizens, from whom 
came the business men of Rome. This was his father's 
rank, but we are told that his mother, Helvia, belonged to 
the nobility. These parents, seeking better educational 
advantages for their two sons, Marcus and his brother 
Quintus, who was five years younger, took them to Ptome 
to live. 

HIS TRAINING AT ROME 

7. At that time Rome's two greatest orators w^ere 
Crassus and Antonius, the latter the grandfather of An- 



vi CICERO'S ORATIONS 

tony the triumvir, who was to be the murderer of Cicero, 
and the acquaintance and advice of these men was most 
valuable to the young Marcus. For the most part he 
was taught by Greek masters, among these by Archias, 
whom he was later to defend in court. His study of 
Greek and his instruction at the hands of Greek masters 
is not surprising, for at that time there were few Latin 
teachers and little Latin literature worthy of the name. 
However, he wrote some Latin verse at this time, and 
for this has been severely criticised and ridiculed, chiefly 
by his enemies and by later Roman critics and satirists, 
who have taken good care that some of his worst and 
most unfortunate lines should not be forgotten. But 
we must remember that Latin in his early days was a 
rough, uncultivated tongue, and that he had but few 
models for imitation. His efforts to reduce this roughness 
of form to law and rule must have assisted greatly the 
Augustan poets in their successful work, just as the 
prose to which his chief attention was devoted became, 
through his genius, classical Latin literature. 

HE ASSUMES THE " TOGA VIRILIS " 

8. When sixteen years of age Cicero assumed the 
toga virilis with the usual public ceremonial before the 
praetor. This signified the entrance into manhood and 
public life, just as the toga praetexta, by its purple border, 
signified boyhood. The praetexta, however, also sig- 
nified a magistracy, for as soon as a man was elected to 
a curule office and became a senator he laid aside his 
pure white robe for one bordered with purple, which in 
the older men indicated distinction. 

HIS MANNER OF PREPARATION 

9. Cicero left nothing undone in order to equip and 
train himself with the utmost thoroughness for public 



INTRODUCTION vii 

and private service as an orator. In his study of law 
he attached himself closely to Quintus Mucius Scaevola, 
and later to a distinguished cousin of this man who bore 
this same name and had been consul, but was at that 
time pontifex maximus. These two men were among the 
greatest lawyers and orators of the time. By studying 
and declaiming selections from the best Greek models, 
by constantly listening to the speeches of the most elo- 
quent pleaders, by imitating the gestures of Aesop and 
Roscius, who were the leading actors of his time, Cic- 
ero trained himself for the great part which he was des- 
tined to play as a speaker in the courts and in the Forum. 

HIS MILITARY EFFICIEXCY 

10. But Rome was a military state; so Cicero might 
not altogether omit military training, despite his in- 
clinations, and for one year, during the Social War, he 
served under the command of Pompey's father. His 
only other military service came late in life, when, as pro- 
consul of Cilicia in 51-50 B.C., he successfully overcame 
some mountain tribes. This led him to ask for a triumph 
on his return, which he failed to get, owing chiefly to the 
outbreak of the civil war between Caesar and Pompey. 
It may be doubted if his military exploits were such as 
to justify granting him this prize, the acme of a Roman's 
ambition. 

THE FIRST " NOVUS HOMO " TO BECOME CONSUL 
UXAIDED BY MILITARY SUCCESS 

11. What is true of practically all states was peculiarly 
true of Rome; military success won its way to high office 
despite all obstacles. The consulship was the goal of 
every Roman, and if the candidate were of noble birth, 
and some of his ancestors had held this or another curule 
office, the attainment was no difficult matter. But the 



viii CICERO'S ORATIONS 

jealousy of the nobles, who sought to retain this of- 
fice for their own class, contrived to keep out of it prac- 
tically all except military heroes. Marius was a notable 
instance of a novus homo thus honored for military 
distinction, but Cicero might make a prouder claim 
than Marius. In his honor, though a mere civilian, or, 
as he describes it, togatus, "clad in the garb of peace/' 
the Senate had declared a supplicatio, a "thanksgiving 
to the gods," a holiday, or holy day, a glory which had 
been reserved before for successful generals. Cicero had 
won his way not merely to the consulship but also to this 
especial mark of approval by his oratory. 

NOT JUSTLY CALLED COWARDLY 

12. The charge of cowardice is frequently laid at 
Cicero's door. Some critics even appear to believe that 
the course of history might have been changed for the 
better but for this weakness of his. At four critical mo- 
ments of his life there can be no doubt of his courage : at 
the time when he defended Roscius, and when he attacked 
first Verres, then Catiline, and lastly Antony. He was 
only about twenty-six years of age when he delivered 
his speech in defense of Roscius, who was secretly being 
attacked by Chrysogonus, the favorite of the dictator 
Sulla. To avoid giving offense to Sulla under these con- 
ditions was most difficult, yet Cicero undertook the de- 
fense. Even more manifest was his courage in the other 
cases, as we shall see later. 

HIS STUDY IN RHODES AND ASIA 

13. Shortly after defending Roscius Cicero departed 
to the east, where for two years he travelled and studied. 
Most of this time he spent at Athens and in Rhodes. 
It has been strongly insisted by some that his leaving 
Rome just at this time was due to his fear of the anger 



INTRODUCTION ix 

of Sulla the dictator, which he had incurred in his de- 
fense of Roscius. The alternative explanation seems at 
least equally probable. He was in by no means rugged 
health at that period, and his unremitting labor had ex- 
hausted his physical forces. So, after a long period of re- 
cuperation abroad, he resumed his laborious efforts, served 
as an advocate without pay, and so fully won for himself 
the favor of the people that he was chosen quaestor. He w^as 
now in his thirty-second year, and performed the duties of 
this lowest of the Roman curule magistracies in Sicily. 

PERMANENT RESIDENCE AT ROME A NECESSITY FOR 
CICERO^ PROMOTION 

14. This absence from Rome taught him a valuable 
lesson. On his return he did not find all Rome talking 
of his great services in behalf of the Sicilians, as his van- 
ity had led him to suppose, but, on the contrary, the 
people seemed to have forgotten him. Thereafter, un- 
less compelled, he never absented himself for long periods 
from Rome or its vicinity, for he had discovered that 
only by his constant presence in the city could he retain 
his influence over the people and the Senate by means 
of his matchless oratory. 

HE SUPPLANTS H0RTENSIUS AS LEADER IN THE COURTS 

15. Cicero's year as quaestor in Sicily proved very 
helpful to him indirectly. It was his successful conduct 
of the case against Verres, who had been the Roman pro- 
praetor in Sicily during the three years 73-71 B.C., which 
enabled him to realize his ambition to be reckoned the 
leading advocate of his time. Quintus Hortensius, who 
had long been rated as the foremost advocate in the 
Roman courts, had charge of the defense. The Sicilians 
had learned to know Cicero well during his year of resi- 
dence among them, and naturally turned to him to repre- 



x CICERO'S ORATIONS 

sent their interests. It was a time-honored privilege of 
the Roman governors to ill-treat their subjects and the 
allies in the provinces. If we may believe Cicero, the acts 
of cruelty and extortion of which Verres was guilty were 
such that all history can hardly offer a parallel. The 
aristocratic party supported Verres with all their power 
and influence, yet the courage and skill of Cicero were 
equal to his task, and no defense could stand before his 
arraignment of the guilty governor. Verres went into 
exile and Cicero, displacing his rival Hortensius, became 
the acknowledged leader in the courts. 

HE BECOMES CURULE AEDILE 

16. The next step in Cicero's advancement was to the 
office of curule aedile. This office offered many oppor- 
tunities to rich, daring, or unscrupulous men to win the 
favor of the people, which might serve them in good stead 
later, when seeking election as praetors or consuls. This 
official, among other duties, superintended the public 
festivals and games, and extravagance and costly displays 
in these exhibitions pleased the people and won popu- 
larity for the aedile. Men, while holding this office, 
often expended their own financial resources and bor- 
rowed to the limit of their possibilities, expecting to 
recoup themselves for their losses and repay their debts 
when they became provincial governors, as Caesar, for 
instance, actually did. Among other attempts to please 
the people it was customary to decorate the Forum and 
its neighborhood with beautiful objects of various kinds. 
For this purpose Cicero's Sicilian friends loaned him works 
of art. It is unlikely that he won much favor from his 
games, or made progress in the favor of the people in 
the usual way of aediles, but he continued to please them 
by the help which he freely afforded to individuals in 
the law-courts. 



INTRODUCTION xi 

HE IS CHOSEN PRAETOR 

17. A further proof of the approval of the people 
came to him in the year 67 B.C., when he was elected 
praetor at the head of the poll. He performed the 
judicial duties of the praetor urbanus, but without re- 
linquishing his activity as an advocate. In this year, 
66 B.C., he was heard speaking from the rostra upon a 
political topic for the first time. The tribune Manilius 
had proposed that Pompey should be given the command 
of the war with Mithridates, and in supporting him 
Cicero was certainly on the popular side. Furthermore, 
this act was likely to gain Pompey's support for him in 
his future canvass for the consulship, while the practical 
results of this selection of a commander for this war were 
apparently for the benefit of Rome, at least for the time 
being. 

We must acknowledge, however, that either Cicero's 
patriotism or his judgment was at fault, for his 
arguments tended to bring about the very situation 
against which, when it later developed under the masterly 
hand and control of Caesar, Cicero fought vainly with all 
his power. Two years must now elapse before he would 
be eligible for the great office of consul, his ultimate goal. 
Remembering well the lesson taught him by his year of 
absence as quaestor, he refused a province as propraetor 
and remained at Rome among the voting population, 
seeking in every way to increase his popularity and for- 
ward his canvass. 



THE CONSULSHIP 

18. Cicero was an " upstart/' a novus homo, without 
the prestige of ancestry and dependent wholly on the 
good will of the people, which he won by his oratory 



xii CICERO'S ORATIONS 

only and not by military success. He was opposed by 
candidates of patrician birth, whose ancestors had held 
curule offices; and especially he had to overcome the full 
power of the aristocracy, who felt that the office was de- 
graded if held by any one not of their own order. But 
luck came to his rescue. Rumors of what Catiline in- 
tended to do if he were elected had become noised abroad, 
and in fear of losing everything many of these nobles 
forsook the man of their class and rallied to the support 
of Cicero. This secured his election, and Antonius, who 
had some sort of a secret understanding with Catiline, 
was elected as Cicero's colleague, with a narrow margin 
of a few votes over Catiline. 

HIS TREATMENT OF THE CONSPIRATORS. HE DEFENDS 

MURENA 

19. No man younger than forty-three could legally 
hold the consulship, and Cicero was just that age when 
he reached it. His year of office is chiefly concerned 
with the conspiracy of Catiline, which, while affording 
the material out of which Cicero gained his greatest 
glory, nevertheless paved the way to his downfall. In 
spite of his quibbling, it seems perfectly clear that he 
broke the law when, without a trial, he put to death the 
chief associates of Catiline. To this act is due the dis- 
comfiture which followed. 

Murena had been chosen consul for the year 62 B.C., 
but was accused by his defeated rival, Servius Sulpicius, 
of securing his election by the help of bribery. Associ- 
ated with Sulpicius in the charge was Marcus Cato, and 
the fact that, in the midst of the cares of office and the 
anxiety caused him by his need of thwarting Catiline's 
plans, Cicero successfully defended Murena against two 
such advocates as these, speaks volumes for his skilful 
pleading and for his personal popularity as well. 



INTRODUCTION xiii 



HIS CLEVERNESS IN HANDLING HIS COLLEAGUE ANTONIUS 

20. Cicero did not lack political shrewdness. Mention 
has been made of the secret understanding between An- 
tonius, the colleague of Cicero in the consulship, and 
Catiline. Cicero broke up this connection, and won for 
himself the passive support of Antonius, at least, by turn- 
ing over to his colleague the rich province of Macedonia, 
which he had received by lot for his proconsular govern- 
ment, and receiving in exchange the relatively poorer 
province of Cisalpine Gaul. This, in turn, he handed 
over to the propraetor Quintus Metellus Celer, who after- 
ward commanded an army against Catiline. 

HE INCURS THE UNDYING HATRED OF CLODIUS 

21. An act of sacrilege committed by Publius Clodius 
Pulcher had consequences of the most serious sort for 
Cicero. Clodius, who in 62 B.C., disguised as a woman, 
attended the festival of Bona Dea, — a festival which 
women only might lawfully attend, — was discovered. He 
was tried the following year, but won an acquittal, as he 
succeeded in buying over to his side most of the jury. 
He claimed an alibi for himself, declaring that at the 
time mentioned he had been, not at the festival but at 
Interamna, some fifty miles from Rome. Cicero, how- 
ever, when summoned as a witness, testified that he had 
had an interview with Clodius that very morning, in his 
own house at Rome. His bribery of the jury enabled 
Clodius to secure a verdict in his favor, but he became 
and remained thereafter Cicero's implacable enemy. 

CICERO AND THE TRIUMVIRS 

22. Matters in the city were getting into more and 
more confusion, and rioting was going on, largely the work 
of Clodius. Pompey had attained a place in the state 



xiv CICERO'S ORATIONS 

above all others, in consequence of his great victories in 
the east; Cicero, on the other hand, seemed to be losing 
his grip. This state of confusion fitted in well with the 
schemes of both Caesar and Pompey, so Clodius was 
allowed to continue his " reign of terror." The dissension 
between the aristocratic and the popular faction in the 
state became even greater after the consulship of Caesar 
in 60 B.C., which followed directly upon the tripartite 
agreement of Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus, usually 
spoken of as the First Triumvirate. The triumvirs got 
what they wanted, and Caesar in particular obtained the 
proconsular government of the Gauls for a period of five 
years. Had Cicero been willing, they would gladly have 
admitted him as a fourth member in this division of 
power, for they valued most highly his unmatched abil- 
ity to sway the people and the Senate by his oratory. 
Cicero, however, remained, as ever, firm in his loyalty 
to the constitution. 

CLODIUS SUCCEEDS IN DRIVING HIM INTO EXILE 

23. Clodius was aided in his scheme for revenge upon 
Cicero by the latter's unwillingness to join the triumvirs. 
Clodius desired to become a tribune of the commons, 
and as a necessary preliminary secured his adoption as 
the son of a man, younger than himself, who belonged 
to a plebeian family. This the triumvirs allowed to go 
on without interference, although the plain intent was 
obvious to every one. Caesar, who was still anxious to 
win the support of Cicero if possible, offered him a place 
upon the commission appointed to distribute the public 
lands in Campania. Upon his failure to accept this, 
Caesar made him a further offer of a lieutenancy un- 
der his command in Gaul. Though the orator refused 
this for himself, he accepted it for his brother Quintus, 
who served with great distinction. In this way Cic- 



INTRODUCTION xv 

ero avoided leaving Rome, and appeared to be putting 
himself under no great obligations to Caesar, whose real 
purpose was to secure the absence of Cicero from Rome 
if he could not bind him to himself. 

After these persistent refusals, however, Caesar openly 
favored Clodius and assisted him in securing his election 
as tribune. More than this — Pompey and Caesar sup- 
ported the candidacy of Piso and Gabinius for the con- 
sulship of 58 B.C. On his election to the tribunate a bill 
was at once proposed by Clodius which aimed in general 
terms at Cicero, by which all who had been guilty of 
putting Roman citizens to death without a trial were to 
be banished from the state — technically, "excluded from 
fire and water." In spite of the fact that twenty thou- 
sand of the noblest men of Rome put on mourning garb 
to signify their sympathy for Cicero, the bill was passed 
and Cicero left Rome about March 20, 58 B.C. Then a 
special law was passed which specifically named Cicero, 
and forbade his coming within four hundred miles of the 
city. If he should be seen within this distance, it was 
lawful for any one to kill him or any who sheltered him. 
His property was confiscated; his house on the Palatine 
Hill was burned and the site of it dedicated to the gods: 
thus apparently making it impossible for Cicero ever to 
regain it or to rebuild upon it. 

Cicero left Italy by way of Brundisium, and travelled 
through Greece to Thessalonica, where for seven months 
he remained with his friend, Gnaeus Plancius, the quaes- 
tor of Macedonia. When he learned that his enemy Piso 
had received Macedonia for his proconsular province, 
fearing violence at his hands should Piso find him in his 
neighborhood, he moved over to Dyrrachium in Novem- 
ber. 



XVI 



CICERO'S ORATIONS 



CICERO S RETURN FROM EXILE 

24. Meantime conditions in the city were becoming 
steadily worse. Clodius, no longer tribune, with a band 
of gladiators and cutthroats about him, terrorized the 
people and the Senate, a majority of whom desired the 
recall of Cicero. Moreover, deputations came from all 




The Shore at Astura. 
(Site of Cicero's villa.) 

parts of Italy urging his return upon the Senate. Titus 
Annius Milo, who was tribune, met Clodius on his own 
terms, hired a band of gladiators and had almost daily 
street fights with the ruffians of Clodius. The atti- 
tude of Caesar and Pompey was favorable towards Cic- 
ero, perhaps because they believed that he had learned 
his lesson and would be more amenable to their wishes. 
After a long struggle and much bloodshed a bill was at 
last passed for his recall. Forewarned of what was likely 
to happen, Cicero landed the same day at Brundisium, 



INTRODUCTION xvii 

and from this city to Rome his journey was a triumphal 
progress lasting twenty-four days. The Senate, wishing 
to do him all honor, met Cicero outside the gates in a 
body, and he was drawn in a gilded chariot along the 
Sacred Way to the Capitolium. 

HE SUPPORTS CAESAR 

25. We find Cicero supporting Caesar at this time, 
partly perhaps because Clodius had openly declared him- 
self the enemy of Caesar, and also because he was grate- 
ful that Caesar had not interfered to prevent his recall 
from exile. In a splendid speech, De Provinciis Con- 
sularibus, Cicero strongly advocates the continuance of 
Caesar's command of his Gallic provinces, from which it 
was proposed to recall him, justifying his apparent change 
of front by claiming that the advantage of Rome should 
not be lost by the appointment of an incompetent suc- 
cessor to a general who had begun his work of subjugation 
so gloriously. Military expediency, he maintained, surely 
demanded that Caesar be allowed to complete his work. 

POMPEY APPOINTED SOLE CONSUL TO RESTORE ORDER 

26. Pompey had received an appointment as pro- 
consul of Spain for a period of five years, but without 
leaving the city he maintained this command by the 
help of two lieutenants, Afranius and Petreius. Further- 
more, he was placed in charge of the grain supply of the 
city, an extraordinary commission. It happened at this 
time that, as a result of the rioting and disorder, Clodius 
was slain by Milo in a fight on the Appian Way. The 
body was burned in the Forum by the Clodian faction 
and the flames of the funeral pile spread to the Senate- 
house. This brought to Pompey the opportunity he 
had long been anticipating and to secure which he had 
been indifferent towards any effort made* to suppress the 



xvin CICERO'S ORATIONS 

lawlessness in the city. He was appointed sole consul, 
not dictator as he wished, since this name had become 
hateful to the Romans after their experience under Sulla. 
Milo, who had fled from the city, returned, relying 
upon the hostility now everywhere manifest against the 
Clodians, and continued his campaign for the consul- 
ship. He was, however, tried before an extraordinary 
court and defended by Cicero, who was under peculiar 
obligations to Milo for his assistance in securing his re- 
turn from exile. The powerful and interesting speech 
which Cicero has left to us was not the one he delivered. 
He was unnerved by the outcries of the mob who favored 
Clodius, and his skill as a pleader failed him. Later, 
thoroughly disgusted with his feebleness, he wrote out 
the speech we have, which certainly is a masterpiece, 
whatever one may think of the comparative merits of 
the two men Milo and Clodius. Milo went into exile. 

PROCONSUL IN CILICIA. OUTBREAK OF CIVIL W^AR 

27. At last Cicero was forced, much against his will, 
to leave Rome, though this time not as an exile. A law 
had been passed whereby no consul could assume a pro- 
consular government until five years had elapsed after 
the expiration of his year of office. So openly eager had 
officials been to secure rich provinces, in order to reim- 
burse themselves for their previous outlays as candidates, 
that this law was deemed necessary. At first, of course, 
there would be few men who were eligible both by reason 
of their rank and because they had not previously gov- 
erned a province. Cicero was assigned to the charge of 
Cilicia, and was absent from Rome during the year when 
the rupture between Pompey and Caesar occurred. Cras- 
sus had perished in the ill-fated Syrian campaign. Julia, 
Caesar's daughter, who had been married to Pompey, 
liad died, and in this way the ties which bound the two 



INTRODUCTION xix 

men together had been broken. Marcellus, the consul, 
sought to deprive Caesar of his province and his army, 
and, failing this, to humiliate him in every possible way. 
Caesar had offered to lay down his proconsular com- 
mand if Pompey would do the same. This, owing to 
the efforts of the consul Marcellus, the Senate refused. 
Curio, a tribune and an adherent of Caesar, in pretended 
fear for his life, fled to Caesar, and the consul Marcellus 
called upon Pompey to defend the state. 

HE RELUCTANTLY JOINS POMPEY IN GREECE 

28. Cicero now found himself facing an unfortunate 
dilemma. Caesar had marched on Rome, and Pompey 
had left both Rome and Italy. Cicero remained at his 
villa in Formiae, where he had an interview with Caesar 
in person, who urged him to return to Rome and take 
his place in the Senate. He declined to do so, however, 
when it was made clear to him that he would not be 
allowed to express his opinions freely. Later, in the be- 
lief that Pompey represented lawfully constituted au- 
thority, he reluctantly joined him in Epirus. 

HE REFUSES THE CHIEF COMMAND 

29. From a military standpoint Cicero was of no 
great assistance to Pompey, although it is quite likely 
that his action led others to take Pompey as their leader. 
He was not present in the battle of Pharsalus, and when 
Pompey, after his defeat, fled to Egypt and was murdered 
there Cicero refused the command of his party. He 
actually had to be defended from violence at the hands 
of Sextus Pompey, who wished him for leader as the man 
of the highest prominence still left among them. 



xx CICERO'S ORATIONS 



HE SUBMITS TO CAESAR 



30. Cicero returned to Brundisium, where he was 
compelled to await for a long time the coming of the 
victorious Caesar. The latter desired the help of Cicero 
in organizing his new government, and it was an act of 
good policy on his part to pardon him. Cicero did not 
speak in the Senate until after Caesar pardoned Mar- 
cellus, who when consul had opposed Caesar most vio- 
lently. The speech w T hich Cicero delivered on this 
occasion displays his masterly ability in the use of lan- 
guage, but is less pleasing because of its tone of abject 
flattery. This tone it is not easy to explain away, much 
as an admirer of Cicero would like to do so. 

UNHAPPY IN HIS PRIVATE AFFAIRS 

31. Misfortune and unhappiness came to Cicero in 
his private affairs at just about this time. The differ- 
ences between him and his wife Terentia, w^ith whom 
he had lived for more than thirty years, became so acute 
that he divorced her, and later married his rich young 
ward Publilia. The favorite child of Cicero was his 
daughter Tullia, and when, upon her death, Publilia dis- 
played no sympathy for Cicero in losing her, he separated 
from her also, though this was probably not the only 
cause for this second divorce. His other child, Marcus, 
was a wild youth, who took little or no interest in the 
affairs in which his father found pleasure, and desired, 
above all things, to be a soldier. This boy's cousin and 
his uncle Quintus both identified themselves with the 
cause of his father, and lost their lives in consequence 
just before Marcus Cicero was killed. The younger 
Marcus, however, lived to be associated later with 
Augustus (Octavianus) as consul. Curiously enough, he 



INTRODUCTION xxi 

was the one to throw down all the statues of Antony, his 
father's murderer, within the city. 

LABORS IN VAIN FOR THE RESTORATION OF THE REPUBLIC 

32. Cicero, though he knew nothing in advance of 
the plans of Brutus and Cassius, openly expressed his 
satisfaction over the assassination of Caesar. He hoped 
greatly for the restoration of the republic, first through 
these men and then through Octavianus; but his eyes 
were open to the intentions of Antony, and his quarrel 
with him is the noblest episode in his career. Indecision 
and vanity are the two faults which are most justly charged 
to him at many times, but in this matter we find no sug- 
gestion of either. The Senate had become utterly feeble, 
but Cicero did not realize this. Octavianus was wholly 
unreliable and wholly unlike Cicero's idea of him, yet 
Cicero continued to have confidence in him. Filled with 
patriotic fervor, Cicero was sure that his country would 
ultimately regain her freedom, and wa^ blind to the fact 
that the cause he represented was obviously growing 
weaker and weaker. 

The character of the Emperor Augustus during his 
reign may justly be highly praised; but his earlier career 
and the means he adopted to gain his power exhibit him 
in the blackest colors. Of all his unworthy acts, how- 
ever, there is none worse than the selfish cruelty with 
which he turned Cicero over to the merciless Antony, 
who desired to glut his fierce hatred upon his personal 
enemy. The years of upright living and ruling cannot 
atone for this cowardly surrender of the great orator. 
Cicero met his death bravely, bidding his slaves, who 
were ready to die in his defense, not to oppose his as- 
sassins. He had started to leave the country but deci- 
ded not to do so, and was slain by Antony's cutthroats 
while being carried in his litter along the shore at For- 



xxii CICERO'S ORATIONS 

miae, on December 7, 43 B.C. The mutilation to which 
his corpse was subjected indicates perhaps, in some degree, 
the hatred of Antony, and even more the hatred of An- 
tony's wife Fulvia. This woman had been the wife of 
Clodius before she married Antony, and certainly had 
reason for her dislike of the orator, who in his speeches 
had held up her two husbands to the obloquy of all time. 
Not content when the severed hand and head had been 
nailed to the rostra, she is said to have pierced the tongue 
with a bodkin. 

THE EXCELLENCE OF HIS MORAL CHARACTER 

33. In view of the purity and incorruptibility of his 
life in a period when men, as a rule, could be bribed; 
in view also of the fact that, in a selfish age when the 
powerful oppressed the weak, Cicero prided himself on 
defending the weak, and was a just and loyal governor 
of his province of Cilicia, we may well pardon him the 
occasions on which he shows himself vain and lacking in 
decision. In fact, he is peculiarly entitled to our respect 
for the possession of qualities which made him unfit 
to lead in the time to which he belonged; for he was 
scrupulous in an age which knew nothing of scruples; 
loyal to the idea of the fast-disappearing republic at a 
time when Caesar, for instance, could see that a republic 
was no longer possible. 

cicero's writings 

34. Cicero's facility with his pen matched his mar- 
vellous skill in oratory. There is no form of Latin prose- 
writing which he has not enriched. And his verse-making, 
which it is common to ridicule, afforded most valuable 
assistance to the poets who made the fame of the Au- 
gustan age of Latin literature. But his voluminous corre- 
spondence has proved of inestimable value to us. These 




o 



s 
p 






xxiv CICERO'S ORATIONS 

letters afford us our chief insight into the inner history 
of the Roman Republic during its last days. At a time 
when there were almost no public records, no newspapers, 
and few historians, a public man's private correspondence 
assumes a vastly greater importance than would be true 
to-day. Cicero's public and private life put him in touch 
with affairs of state as well as into close and intimate 
relations with most of the prominent men of his time. 
It is a fortunate chance for us that his most intimate 
friend, Atticus, a man of similar tastes with himself as 
well as one upon whose judgment and fidelity he relied 
implicitly, lived for much of the time at a distance. To 
him Cicero expressed himself with the utmost frankness, 
thereby affording a revelation of himself, his thoughts 
and feelings, such as no other public man in history has 
furnished. Because of this many things have become 
known which could hardly have reached us otherwise. 
But, as a necessary consequence, Cicero's reputation has 
suffered. His contemporaries are free from much of 
the criticism which he must bear, for they have not be- 
trayed themselves in such a way. 

cicero's speeches 

35. (a) There have come down to us, some only in 
fragmentary form, nearly or quite a hundred speeches 
which Cicero delivered upon political or legal topics. 
Of many others we have the titles only. The earliest 
speech dates from 81 B.C. and the last, the fourteenth in 
his famous series of so-called Philippics against Antony, 
was spoken in 43 B.C. shortly before his death. 

Despite his boast that his voice was chiefly heard in 
defense, he occasionally exhibited great power as an 
accuser also, and, indeed, he gained much of his fame as 
an orator from his six speeches against Verres, the four 
against Catiline, and the fourteen against Antony. It 



INTRODUCTION xxv 

would also be quite as appropriate to describe his Pro 
Milone as the speech In Clodium, were it not that 
Clodius was dead, but Milo was on trial for his life and 
being defended by Cicero as his advocate. 

Excellent proof of his ability in defensive pleading ap- 
pears in the Pro Roscio, in which he defends Roscius 
of Ameria, charged with parricide, thereby braving the 
wrath of the dictator Sulla, whose favorite Chrysogonus 
was attacked by Cicero; also in the Pro Murena, 
wherein he successfully defends his successor in the con- 
sulship from the charge of corrupt canvassing for votes. 
In this defense he had to face as opponent not only 
Cato, whose name of itself carried the greatest weight, 
but also the jurist Sulpicius, famed for his knowledge 
of law and for his upright character. The cause was a 
weak one, and Cicero promptly fell back upon his wit 
to make up for solid argument, but nevertheless was 
successful. We see him perhaps at his best in the Pro 
Archia, in which he quickly disproves the charge trumped 
up against his former teacher, and then proceeds to a 
defense of literature and poetry for which he claims a 
very practical purpose after all. 

We may well add to these the speech given in 56 B.C., 
De Provinciis Consularibus; also the four speeches de- 
livered after his return from exile in order to secure the 
rebuilding of his house on the Palatine. In the three so- 
called Caesarian orations — the Pro Marcello, Pro Li- 
gario, Pro Deiotaro — he pleads with remarkable ability, 
but appears in a not altogether favorable light, for we 
must distrust the genuineness of the regard for Caesar 
which he expresses in them, remembering how differently 
he talks two years later, after Caesar's assassination. 

(b) Orations were classified as being of one of 
three orders — demonstrative, deliberative, and judicial : 
judicial when they were spoken before a judge and a 



xxvi CICERO'S ORATIONS 

court — for example, the oration for Archias; deliberative 
when delivered before an assembly which was consider- 
ing some matter involving public interest or action, as 
the orations against Catiline and the oration for the 
Manilian Law; demonstrative when some act or person 
is highly praised and this forms the main purpose of 
the speech. The oration for Marcellus, though spoken 
before the Senate, contained nothing but a eulogy of 
Caesar, and can fairly be classified as of the demonstrative 
order. 

(c) Within the oration there were technical sub- 
divisions: the exordium, or introduction; the narratio, or 
statement of the case; the partitio, or subdivision into its 
parts of the subject to be discussed; the confirmation or 
affirmative arguments in support of the orator's position; 
the confutatio, or refutatio, the rebuttal offered in answering 
the arguments offered by opponents; and, finally, the 
peroratio, or conclusion, in which the orator sums up and 
concludes his speech. 

cicero's correspondence 

36. For many centuries the Letters of Cicero were 
lost. It is thought that his freedman Tiro, a Greek, 
between whom and Cicero there existed the warmest 
friendship, gathered these together and arranged them 
in collections according to their general character. Of 
these there are four, entitled: 

(a) Ad Familiares, letters to his friends, but contain- 
ing a few written to Cicero, arranged in sixteen books. 

(b) Ad Quintum Fratrem, letters to his brother, ar- 
ranged in three books. 

(c) Ad Atticum, his correspondence with Atticus, ar- 
ranged in sixteen books. 

(d) Ad Marcum Brutum, two books of letters to his 
friend Brutus. 






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xxviii CICERO'S ORATIONS 

CICERO'S PHILOSOPHICAL AND RHETORICAL WORKS 

37. During his exile and in the period immediately 
following the death of his daughter Tullia; also after his 
return from his association with the Pompeian party in 
Greece during the period 47-44 B.C., when he abstained 
from public affairs for the most part and remained in 
his private villa, Cicero occupied himself largely with 
philosophical and rhetorical writings. Of these the best 
liked are the treatises on Friendship and Old Age, the De 
Amicitia and the De Senectute; his Tusculan Dis- 
putations; and the De Natura Deorum. Besides these, 
among his best works may be mentioned the De Claris 
Oratoribus, Orator ad Brutum, Academica, De Re 
Publica, De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum. He dis- 
claims all credit for originality in his philosophical works, 
declaring that he has merely brought to his own country- 
men the ideas of the Greeks. He refuses to associate 
himself closely with any school of philosophy, and could 
be classed neither as a Stoic nor as an Epicurean. An 
Eclectic in this as in all things else, he took what pleased 
him from any and all schools of doctrine. 

CICERO AS AN ORATOR 

38. The physical qualifications demanded of one who 
would be an orator in Cicero's day were far greater than 
in ours. A fragile weakling might as well hope to-day to 
become a great football player as then to achieve success 
as a public speaker. Under the strain of preparation for 
this profession Cicero's health gave way, and it was only 
after two years of rest and study abroad that he returned 
physically qualified to take up again his work in the 
Eorum. 

In his manner of speaking he departed from both of 
the two styles chiefly prevailing in his day, the Asiatic 



INTRODUCTION xxix 

and the Attic. The former of these was characterized 
by affected language; through rhetorical ornament and 
display it aimed to influence the auditors. The Attic, 
on the other hand, avoided all extravagance in the use 
of language, was guilty of no mannerisms, but sought by 
simple directness and straightforwardness to add force 
to argument. Cicero, as we might expect, starting with 
the Asiatic, developed a style peculiar to himself which 
may be called Eclectic. He was not content with the ex- 
cessive Attic simplicity, but kept his style free from the 
extremes of either, in the end approaching much more 
nearly the Attic. Apparently he modified greatly his 
earlier style shortly after his two years of study and rest 
abroad. 

THE ROMAN SYSTEM OF GOVERJSltfENT. THE MAGISTRATES. 
THE RISE OF THE PLEBS 

39. The kings, Rome's earliest rulers, became tyran- 
nical, were expelled, and were succeeded by two chief 
rulers called consuls (consules), who were elected annu- 
ally. The Romans thought they had protected themselves 
from any return to the tyranny of the kings by giving to 
each of these magistrates the power to veto any act of his 
colleague. Under the kings there had been a Council, or 
Senate of Elders, who naturally came to occupy a very 
inferior position, as the kings gradually usurped all 
authority. Under the republic, how r ever, the consuls were 
looked upon as the Senate's executive officers only. 
Furthermore, there had grown up in the state a popula- 
tion whose origin is obscure, distinct from the original 
Populus Romanus, and called the Plebs. At first in 
practical servitude, this body at last succeeded in forc- 
ing recognition of itself. Officers called tribunes (tribuni) 
possessed the power to veto any act of the Senate or 
consuls which seemed hostile to their interests, and in 



xxx CICERO'S ORATIONS 

this way protected the plebeians. After a long period 
of struggles ended by compromises, the plebeians had 
won so much that they were eligible even to the consul- 
ship. Meantime, as the senatorial vacancies were made 
good by selection from among those who had filled the 
office of quaestor, and in time practically all who had 
held this office became senators, it followed that a new 
order of nobility arose based on membership in the Sen- 
ate. This senatorial order held a firm grip on the meth- 
ods of election, however, so that only under most un- 
usual conditions did one whose ancestors had held no 
curule office gain the two higher offices, the praetorship 
and consulship. It became increasingly difficult to re- 
tain this grip after the Romans were forced to give the 
right of suffrage to all Italy, following the Social War 
in 89 B.C., but, as each Italian could exercise his privilege 
of voting only by going to Rome, there was not so much 
effect upon the result of the general vote as we might 
anticipate. 

CONTIO, COMITIA 

40. (a) An ordinary assembly of the people, gathered 
merely to listen to speeches and arguments, but having 
no power to act, was called a contio. It may be com- 
pared with our mass-meetings, at which matters are pre- 
sented by different speakers supporting one side or the 
other of a question, but no vote having any force can be 
taken. The Comitia, on the other hand, were gather- 
ings of the people regularly convened by the magistrates 
who had the proper authority, and their vote was final. 
There were three of these assemblies, originating histor- 
ically in this order: (a) Comitia Curiata, the assembly 
by curiae; (b) Comitia Centuriata, the assembly by cen- 
turies ; (c) Comitia Tributa, the assembly by tribes. 

(6) The earliest of these assemblies, the curiata, con- 



INTRODUCTION xxxl 

sisting only of patricians, had gradually lost nearly all of 
its earlier power, and retained simply the right to con- 
fer the imperium, or military command, upon those magis- 
trates who were entitled to receive it. 

(c) The second, the centuriata, is said to have been 
organized originally upon a military basis by the king 
Servius Tullius. According to their property, the entire 
people were divided into classes, and these subdivided 
into centuries. The enactments of this assembly were 
binding upon the people as a whole, and its powers were 
various, but chief among them was the power of electing 
the consuls, praetors, and censors. It was usually sum- 
moned and presided over by a consul, though others of 
the higher magistrates were empowered to do this. 

(d) In early times there were one hundred and ninety- 
three of these centuries, each possessing one vote deter- 
mined by the majority within its own number. The 
balance of power was in the hands of the rich, however, 
as these centuries did not consist of one hundred men 
each, or even of the same number of voters, but varied 
greatly. Thus, there were ninety-eight centuries of the 
rich men, containing few voters each, while all the re- 
maining population were included in ninety-five centuries. 

(e) About 250 B.C., probably, this assembly w^as re- 
organized. Each of the thirty-five tribes was divided 
into five classes, and each class into two centuries, one 
of seniores and one of juniores. To these three hundred 
and fifty centuries were to be added, just as under the 
Servian plan, eighteen centuries of equites, five of fabri, 
artisans, cornicines, buglers, and proletarii, proletarians. 

(J) The centuries of the wealthy voted first. From 
among these centuries one was chosen by lot called the 
centuria praerogativa, which cast its vote first of all 
and practically determined the election. This was due 
to the superstition of the Romans. There was no way of 



xxxii CICERO'S ORATIONS 

determining, of course, where the lot would fall, and so 
this very uncertainty was construed to indicate the will 
of the gods in the matter in hand, and the other centuries 
blindly followed the lead of the centuria praerogativa. 

(g) The military basis of this assembly made illegal 
its gathering within the city limits, and so it assembled 
in the Campus Martius, then outside the walls, but now 
occupied by the greater part of modern Rome. 

Qi) Meanwhile the plebeians had started gatherings 
of their own, called concilia plebis; these, of course, 
had at first no legal standing, but simply discussed 
matters of general interest, naturally from the plebeians' 
point of view. Gradually they came to have much in- 
fluence. They had one great advantage over the cen- 
turiata, for they could gather within the city, in the 
Forum. After a time such was the growing influence 
of these gatherings that the patricians also began to at- 
tend, and the assembly was openly recognized as hav- 
ing legal authority. The consuls and praetors began to 
summon it as well as the plebeian officials. But there 
seems to have been a difference in the names applied 
to the gathering which was determined by the official 
position of the one who convened it. When called by 
a plebeian magistrate it was called a concilium plebis, 
but if convened by a curule official it bore the title of 
comitia tributa, because the people voted by tribes. 
Its action, which had affected only the plebeians, came 
to be binding upon the whole people. It elected the 
tribunes, aediles, quaestors, and in general the lower 
magistrates. 

41. (a) The Auspices. The Romans would never 
take up any matter of importance without first consult- 
ing the auspices, through the help of which they believed 
that they could discover the will of the gods. Thus, for 
example, they would go through with this ceremonial 



INTRODUCTION xxxm 

before every meeting of the Comitia, or before starting 
upon a military campaign. Only when this revelation 
from the auspices was deemed favorable could the cam- 
paign or the Comitia proceed. The word auspices is 
supposed to be derived ab ave spicienda, for skilled in- 
terpreters would infer what the will of Heaven was from 
the cries or the flight of birds, or from their manner of 
feeding. 

(b) Religious Offices. There were many minor religious 
officials, such as haruspices, flamines, interpreters of 
dreams, and priests attached to the worship of a par- 
ticular deity. Perhaps the most esteemed of them all 
were the augures, an office which Cicero held in the 
latter part of his life and was much gratified to receive. 
But the man who stood at the head of the Roman re- 
ligion was termed the pontifex maximus. This name, 
chief bridge-maker, 1 is without significance for us, 
for we do not know how it originated. It is, however, 
continued to-day as the title of the pope at Rome. The 
position had no political importance at all, but added 
greatly to a man's prestige and so was greatly sought 
after. 

42. The State Officers, Cursus Honorum. In ordinary 
course a man could reach the highest office in the state, 
the consulship, only by being elected to the lower offices 
in regular succession, and with intervals of not less than 
two years between the offices. A law also had been en- 
acted by which the earliest age at which a man became 
eligible to the various offices was arbitrarily determined. 
This succession of offices was termed the cursus honorum, 
and might begin with the quaestorship at the age of 
thirty, followed by the praetorship at the age of forty 
and the consulship when a man became forty-three. 

1 A possible explanation is that the reference is to a bridge connecting 
earth and heaven. 



xxxiv CICERO'S ORATIONS 

The office of aedile was not essential to this series, but 
was usually sought for by all who meant later to be can- 
didates for the higher offices. It was held between the 
quaestorship and the praetorship, and afforded great 
opportunities for winning the favor of the people, as it 
included the superintendency of the games; and lavish- 
ness in the exhibition of the games made for subsequent 
popularity at election-time. 

43. The Quaestors. The lowest of the major offices 
was the quaestorship. At first this official had served as 
a sort of private secretary to the consul and was appointed 
by him. Later the Comitia elected the quaestors, but 
the relationship between these two officials was supposed 
to be very close; Cicero, indeed, states that infidelity on 
the part of a quaestor to his consul is like the betrayal 
of a father's interests by a son. By the legislation which 
Sulla enacted the quaestors were made twenty in num- 
ber, and became senators for life. Their duties were 
largely of a financial order, as they had charge of the 
treasury, and were concerned with payments and the 
gathering of taxes. When their duties were within the 
city they were called quaestores urbani; when they 
attended a general on a campaign they were termed 
quaestores militares. Their earlier duty of bringing 
prosecutions was later undertaken by the tribunes. 

44. The Aediles. There were at an early period two 
sets of aediles, the curule and the plebeian, with differ- 
ent duties; but later there was little distinction. They 
had charge of the police arrangements, fire protection, 
the care of the streets, the temples, and the city gen- 
erally. The chief function of the curule aediles was the 
superintendency of the games, as has been said, and 
their success in pleasing the people with these stood 
them in good stead in their later campaigns for higher 
office. 



INTRODUCTION xxxv 

45. The Praetors. The origin of the praetorship lay 
in a wish to relieve the consul of a portion of his burdens. 
The praetor assumed all the judicial functions and be- 
came the judge of Rome. Later a second was appointed, 
and the name praetor urbanus given the earlier one, 
as all his cases for judgment were between citizens; 
while the second was called the praetor peregrinus, 
as he acted in all controversies where a foreigner was a 
party. The number of praetors was increased to match 
the increasing number of provinces. (See § 47.) When 
Sulla established his permanent courts, called Quaes- 
tiones Perpetuae, a praetor was placed at the head of 
each court,, with a board of jurymen to assist him. We 
find them also at times serving as military leaders. 

46. (a) The Consuls. The consulship was the high- 
est office in the state in ordinary times. There were two 
of these chief magistrates, each with identical power, 
and awkwardness in administration was avoided by their 
alternating in chief authority, month by month, or even 
day by day if both consuls were with the army, some- 
thing which was rarely the case in later times. Their 
duties were many, for the entire control of the govern- 
ment was in their hands. Chief among these duties, 
perhaps, was the right to convene the Comitia, both the 
centuriata and the tributa, and to preside over their 
deliberations, as also over the Senate. Being possessed 
of what was known as the maior potestas, they could 
veto the action of any official other than a tribune. 

(b) From earliest times the consuls were attended by 
men called lictors, twelve in number, carrying bundles 
of rods called fasces and containing axes (secures) 
bound within them. These certainly suggest that in 
earlier times the street served as a court-room and that 
punishment by flogging (with the rods) or beheading 
(with the axes) was immediately inflicted. In later days 



XXXV 1 



CICERO'S ORATIONS 




these fasces and secures were simply symbols of the 
consul's power to flog or put to death, and probably this 
was limited to his power outside the city. We know that 
it was the custom to remove the axes 
within the city. A praetor was preceded 
by six of these men, indicating his rela- 
tively lesser power, and within the city 
he was escorted only by two lictors. 

47. The Proconsuls and Propraetors. 
At the expiration of his year of office, 
it was customary to extend a consul's 
or praetor's imperium for one year and 
send him out to be governor of a Ro- 
man province, either as a proconsul or 
as a propraetor. In theory, a procon- 
sul would be sent to a province where 
war was threatening and an army re- 
quired, and a propraetor to a quieter 
one. However, the fundamental basis 
of the choice lay in the wealth of the province. When, 
therefore, the eagerness of the officials to obtain rich 
provinces with which to satisfy their greed, 
and incidentally pay their huge debts, be- 
came more and more obvious, the Senate at 
last found it necessary to assign the prov- 
inces at the beginning of the consul's or 
praetor's year of office. 

48. The Censors, Men were eligible to 
the office of censor only after being consuls. 
They were in general the purifiers of the 
state, and the term of their office, five years, 
was called a lustrum, from the ceremony 
of purification held at the end of their term 
of office. They rarely continued in office more than a year 
and a half, though chosen for five. They took the census, 



A LlCTOR. 




Fasces. 



INTRODUCTION xxxvn 

as their name suggests, an operation which demanded 
much more than a mere enumeration of the citizens. They 
also could degrade any one, expel a senator from the 
Senate for cause, take away his horse from an eques, 
change a citizen's rating in the state if his property had 
fallen below the standard required by law, omit a citi- 
zen's name from his tribal list and thus deprive him of his 
vote, placing his name in a special register. They had 
filled up the number of the Senate in early days, choos- 
ing the members from those who had held the office of 
quaestor. They also let the contracts for erecting public 
buildings, and for farming the taxes. The dignity and 
power of the office, which in early times had been very 
great, declined rapidly toward the close of the republic. 

49. The Dictator. The need of a single leadership in 
times of emergency and threatening peril was obvious 
to the Romans themselves. Thus, despite their experi- 
ence with the kings, they provided for such a situation 
a magistrate who might hold office and be supreme ruler 
of the state for a short period only, never to exceed six 
months. The only ones eligible were the ex-consuls, 
and the dictator was named by one of the regular consuls. 
He himself generally appointed his second in command, 
called magister equitum. Their sufferings under the dic- 
tatorship of Sulla, and the difficulty of limiting the du- 
ration of these extraordinary powers, led the Senate to 
confer dictatorial powers on the consuls of the year by 
a special formula, Videant consules ne quid res publica 
detrimenti capiat. This power was conferred upon 
Cicero and Antonius, in view of the threatening peril 
from Catiline. 

50. The Tribunes. The tribunes were at first chosen 
from among the plebeians by way of compromise in set- 
tling their difficulties with the patricians, whose repre- 
sentatives, the consuls, had dealt out bitter treatment 



xxxviii CICERO'S ORATIONS 

to the plebeians. They are generally believed to have 
summoned and presided over the comitia tributa, and 
they certainly acted as public prosecutors, and devoted 
themselves in every way to the interests of the plebeians. 
Their chief power lay in their right of veto, called inter- 
cessio, which enabled them to block all legislation w T hich 
was displeasing to them, and against this veto even the 
consuls were powerless. Originally there were five 
tribunes; later the number was increased to ten. They 
possessed the same immunity from attack during their 
year of office which other Roman magistrates had. Any 
one who harmed them became " accursed/' and might 
be killed w T ith impunity. As was the case with other 
officials, they could be called to account after the ex- 
piration of their term of office. 

51. The ludices. The manner of selecting the jurors 
(iudices) for the courts long caused strife between the 
classes at Rome. They were originally selected from the 
senators only, but later, by the law of Gaius Gracchus, 
the equites were substituted for them. Sulla then re- 
stored the jurors' places to the senators, and it was not 
till 70 B.C. that a compromise was reached by which 
the positions as jurors w^ere divided between three 
classes, the senators, the equites, and the tribuni aera- 
rii equally. How important this selection was can easily 
be seen. The governors of the provinces, whatever their 
birth, belonged to the senatorial order, and depended 
for their chief source of revenue upon the extortion which 
they practiced in one form or another upon the provin- 
cials. In order to win popular favor most of these gov- 
ernors had expended vast sums of money before going 
out to these provinces, and they depended upon this 
means of reimbursement. It was the rule, not the ex- 
ception, for charges to be preferred against them when 
they returned to Rome at the expiration of their year of 



INTRODUCTION xxxix 

office. Viewed from the standpoint of these ex-governors, 
then, a most desirable board of jurors would be one com- 
posed of men who had been similarly placed — that is, of 
previous governors, or of those who expected later to 
hold such a position. 

The interests of the equites were opposed to this 
selection. These business men of Rome, banded to- 
gether in companies called societates, would offer the 
state a lump sum for the privilege of collecting the state 
revenues in a province. These publicani (publicans), 
as they were called, were said in this way to be farmers 
of the taxes, and the state was said to farm the taxes 
when it turned this privilege over to these business firms. 
But when a province was suffering from the rapacity of 
senatorial governors, these men found it very difficult to 
realize a profit on their investment. Naturally, then, they 
protested against the exactions of these governors, not 
in the interests of justice nor because they cared for the 
provincials, but simply having in mind their own pos- 
sible profits. The reason w^hy each of these classes should 
desire to control the law-courts is obvious. 

52. Political Parties: Optimates and Populares. The 
Optimates in general consisted of the aristocracy and the 
nobility of the state; the Populares, as the name implies, 
comprised the lower orders of the state. Occasionally 
the latter were led by men who by birth or association 
were connected with the Optimates. This strange part- 
nership might be due either to patriotism or to motives 
of self-interest. Chief among such leaders of the popular 
party who naturally were members of the other party, was 
Gaius Julius Caesar. Others were the Gracchi, Tiberius 
and Gaius. 

53. The Senate and the Senatorial Order, (a) The 
kings, in the earliest times, had for advisers the heads of 
the families, and the practice must have continued much 



xl CICERO'S ORATIONS 

the same under the earlier consuls. Their power was 
not definitely defined, but came to be very great and, 
indeed, was unquestioned upon many highly important 
matters. For a long time the number seems to have been 
limited to three hundred, but even this number was great- 
ly reduced under the Tarquins. One of the earlier consuls 
is said to have filled up the number with men of lower 
origin, whereupon these new members were promptly 
termed conscripti, the enrolled, to show their inferior- 
ity to the members by birth. This explanation was 
deemed satisfactory by the Romans in accounting for 
the expression by which the senators in assembly were 
regularly addressed — Patres Conscripti — from which, they 
averred, the conjunction et had been omitted, thus cor- 
rupting the original expression, Patres et Conscripti. 

(b) It seems clear that all the magistrates, including 
the quaestors, had the privilege of sitting and speaking 
in the Senate. We must assume that they were not 
senators, however, until they were chosen by the cen- 
sors. The latter made the selection to replace vacancies 
caused by death or expulsion. Sulla established the num- 
ber of members at six hundred, and these were classified 
as consulares, praetorii, quaestorii, etc., according to the 
offices which they had held. The high value placed 
upon the opinion of a body thus constituted is easily 
understood, for a considerable number of them had been 
praetors and consuls and thus were men of the greatest 
experience, and, sitting as a permanent body, their resolu- 
tions must carry great weight. In theory, at least, under 
the republic they were the government, and the magis- 
trates simply their executive officers. The term princeps 
senatus was an unofficial one, indicating the very high 
respect in which the one so designated was held. 

(c) Such senators as had held curule office wore the 
mulleus, a purple shoe, and the purple-bordered gown, 



INTRODUCTION 



xli 



the toga praetexta. All other members wore the 
tunica laticlavia, having a broad purple stripe, and the 
calceus senatorius, senators' sandal. These are thought 
to have been the senators called pedarii, because pos- 
sessing the right only to vote (pedibus ire) and not to 
address the Senate. 

(d) The Senate could be convened in any temple, not 
merely in the Senate-house (curia). Any magistrate of 



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COMITIUM AXD FrOXT OF CURIA. 



higher rank than quaestor could summon it and the 
same man must preside and introduce all business. 
Sometimes an immediate vote by division, called a dis- 
cessio, was taken, but usually, after presenting the mat- 
ter, the presiding officer proceeded to call, in the order of 
their rank, upon such senators as had the right to speak. 
Not infrequently a presiding officer honored or slighted a 
member by calling upon him out of his proper turn. 

(e) A regular decree of the Senate was called a senatus 
consultum, but if some authorized official vetoed the 



xlii CICERO'S ORATIONS 

matter, or if for any reason the consuls failed to execute 
the decree, it was termed instead senatus auctoritas, 
and still had much weight. 

(f) Senators were not permitted to engage in business 
openly, but were obliged to possess a certain fixed mini- 
mum of property. 

(g) The senatorial order necessarily included many 
who were not of noble birth, but as they had held curule 
office they could be founders of a noble family. So it 
was with Cicero, who by birth was an eques but whose 
children would be noble. 

54. Equites, and the Equestrian Order. The eques- 
trian was the second of the social orders forming the 
Roman state. The equites were the rich citizens who 
were not nobles; but it is necessary to bear in mind that 
not to these only was the name applied. In the early 
days of Rome, when the Romans themselves still served 
in the cavalry, there had been a class of young men, chosen 
by the censors from the sons of nobles, who received 
horses provided by the state and were termed equites 
publico equo. These gave up their horses and with- 
drew from this " crack " military organization as soon as 
they were old enough to become senators. At the same 
time there existed along with these a set of rich young 
men not of noble families who served as cavalrymen with 
horses and equipment which they themselves provided. 
Of course, both of these disappeared as contingents of 
Roman armies in the field when the Romans came to 
levy their supply of horsemen from the allies and sub- 
ject states, but the equites publico equo continued to 
exist, and from their number young men were taken to 
serve as military tribunes and as aides to generals in 
their campaigns. 

The fortune of an eques could not be less than twenty 
thousand dollars. 



INTRODUCTION xliii 

55. The Plebs. The origin of the third social order 
in the Roman state, the plebs, is obscure. Tradition has 
it that occasionally, in the very earliest days, the inhab- 
itants of a subjugated town were bodily transported to 
Rome. Whatever the truth of this may be, we know 
that in Cicero's day we find the plebs consisting of: (a) 
ingenui, free-born citizens, and (b) libertini, freedmen, 
former slaves. The latter were termed liberti in refer- 
ence to their former masters, but belonged socially to the 
class of libertini, who, though nominally assumed to 
stand on an equality with free-born citizens, were in 
reality not so regarded. The taint of inherited servi- 
tude clung to the freedman for two or three genera- 
tions. 

x\ll of the citizens were not of the same standing : some 
were cives optimo iure, having both civil and political 
rights; others had merely civil rights. Political rights 
consisted in the privilege of voting in the assemblies 
(ius suffragi), the right to hold office (ius honorum), and 
the right to appeal to the Comitia (ius provocationis) 
from a magistrate's decision in matters of importance, 
e.g., such as related to life, loss of freedom, or of polit- 
ical privilege. Civil rights consisted in the right to marry 
(ius conubi), and the right to trade and to hold or 
transfer property (ius commerci) . « 

56. The Municipia and Coloniae. The municipia 
and the coloniae need to be distinguished historically, 
though practically there came to be little distinction 
between them. Throughout Italy the various towns, 
originally free and consisting of the native population 
{municipia), had different relations with Rome, according 
to the exact terms under which they had become Rome's 
allies. Some of them retained more privileges than 
others; some, for instance, might coin their own money, 
elect their own magistrates, and in fact manage their 



xliv CICERO'S ORATIONS 

own affairs, but must pay taxes to Rome and provide 
soldiers for her armies. 

The coloniae, on the other hand, were bits of Rome 
herself, consisting therefore of Roman citizens, who had 
been placed in different parts of Italy to hold the con- 
quered people in subjection. Of course, we are to sup- 
pose that these men did not leave the city unless they 
were given some equivalent which satisfied them. They 
might be able to vote, but absence from Rome practically 
debarred them from this privilege, which was shared by 
the citizens of the municipia as well, after the franchise 
was given to all the Italians. 

57. Praefecturae. Besides the coloniae and the mu- 
nicipia there were other towns, called praefecturae, which 
were governed by officers sent out to them from Rome, 
called praefecti. 



GRAMMATICAL INTRODUCTION 

This is not intended to be a complete treatment of 
Cicero's syntax, still less of Latin Grammar. It is as- 
sumed that the student has become familiar with the 
more common constructions during his previous years 
of study, and attention is confined to those with which 
he may be supposed not to be so well acquainted, or 
which are better illustrated by Cicero than by the writers 
read earlier in the course. Special attention is given to 
rhetorical figures, some observation of which is essential 
for a full appreciation of the Orations. The following 
abbreviations are used: Cat., the Orations against Cati- 
line; Pomp., the Oration for the Manilian Law (for Pom- 
pey's Military Command); Arch., Archias; Marc, Mar- 
cellus. 

I. The Cases 

1. The Nominative Case 

58. The Nominative is used in exclamations. 

di immortales ! ubinam gentium sumus? ye immortal Gods! 
where on earth are we? Cat. 1. 9. 1 

2. The Accusative Case 

59. When the object Accusative is of kindred deriva- 
tion with the verb which governs it, it is called a Cognate 
Accusative. 

Vitam vivere, to live a life; saltum saltare, to dance a dance. 

(a) Sometimes the place of the cognate object is taken 
by a word of kindred meaning. 

1 References like this are to the sections, numbered in Arabic figures. 

xlv 



xlvi CICERO'S ORATIONS 

Aetatem vivere, to pass one's life ("to live an age"). 

(b) Sometimes its place is taken by a neuter adjective 
or pronoun. 

Pingue sonantibus ac peregrinum, having a somewhat thick and 

foreign utterance {i.e., " sounding a thick and foreign sound"). 

Arch. 26. 
In qua omnes sentirent unum atque idem, in which all thought 

one and the same thing {i.e., "one and the same thought"). 

Cat. 4. 14. 

60. The Accusative is sometimes used like an adverb 
and called the Adverbial Accusative. 

Illi ipsi quos ad me id temporis venturos praedixeram, those very 
men who I had declared would come to me at that time. Cat. 1. 10. 

61. The Accusative of Limit of Motion, without a 
preposition, is used with names of towns and small is- 
lands. 

This construction is sometimes extended to large is- 
lands. 

Qui Siciliam adiit, inde Sardiniam cum classe venit, who went to 
Sicily and then came with his fleet to Sardinia. Pomp. 34. 

62. Motion to the vicinity of a town, or rest in its 
neighborhood, are indicated by the Accusative with a 
preposition. 

Qui tibi ad Forum Aurelium praestolarentur armati, to wait for 
you in arms at Forum Aurelium. Cat. 1. 24. 

63. The Accusative is used in Exclamations. 

O fortunatam rem publicam ! happy country ! Cat. 2.7. 

3. The Genitive Case 

64. The Possessive Genitive is sometimes used in the 
predicate, often with the meaning it belongs to, it is the 
part (or duty) of. 



GRAMMATICAL INTRODUCTION xlvii 

Est humanitatis vestrae magnum numerum eorum civium calami- 
tate prohibere, it becomes (is the part of) your humanity to save 
this great number of citizens from disaster. Pomp. 18. 

(a) A limiting Genitive is sometimes used instead of 
an appositive, and is then called an Appositional Geni- 
tive. 

Reliqua coniuratorum manus, the rest of your band of conspirators. 

Cat. 1. 12. 
Alterum genus es't eorum, qui, a second class consists of those 

who, etc. Cat. 2. 19. (Predicate use.) 

Note. — This should be distinguished from the " Partitive 
Genitive" (Genitive of the Whole), with which it is often confused. 

65. The Genitive, modified by an adjective, may be 
used to denote a Characteristic or Quality of a person or 
thing. 

An vero tarn parvi animi videamur esse omnes? Or do we all 
seem to be of such a small mind Arch. 30. (Predicate use.) 

66. When the Genitive of Quality denotes a measure 
of distance or time, it is sometimes called a Genitive of 
Measure. 

Ex multorum annorum dissensione, after a disagreement of many 
years. Cat. 4. 15. 

67. When the Genitive of Quality denotes indefinite 
value, it is sometimes called the Genitive of Value. 

Omnia pericula parvi esse ducenda, that all dangers must be re- 
garded as of little account. Arch. 14. 

Sed est tanti, but it is worth while ("is of so much value"). Cat, 
1. 22. (Predicate use.) 

68. The Genitive is used with adjectives signifying 
desire, knowledge, familiarity, memory, participation, ful- 
ness, and the like; and with those having the opposite 
meanings. 1 

Erat Italia turn plena Graecarum artium, at that time Italy was 
rich in the arts of Greece ("full of Greek arts")- Arch. 5. 
1 For similis, proprius, etc., see 76. 



xlviii CICERO'S ORATIONS 

69. Some verbs of remembering and forgetting (me- 
mini, reminiscor, obliviscor) take sometimes the Genitive 
and sometimes the Accusative. 

If the object is a thing, these verbs govern either case, 
the Accusative being regularly used of neuter pronouns 
and adjectives. 

Obliviscere caedis atque incendiorum, cease to think of murder and 

fires. Cat. 1. 6. 
Res praeclarissimas obli vis cunt ur, they forget most distinguished 

deeds. Milo 63. 

Note. — If the object is a person, obliviscor takes the Genitive 
only, memini either the Genitive or the Accusative (the former of 
personal pronouns), reminiscor the Accusative only. 

70. Verbs of accusing, convicting or condemning, and 
acquitting take the Genitive of the charge. 

Me inertiae condemno, I condemn myself for negligence. Cat. 1. 4. 

71. The impersonal verbs miseret, paenitet, piget, 
pudet, and taedet take the Accusative of the Person and 
the Genitive of the Thing. 

Me tamen meorum factorum numquam paenitebit, yet I shall 
never repent of my acts ("it will never repent me")- Cat. 4. 20. 

72. Refert and interest take the Genitive of the per- 
son concerned, but instead of the genitive of personal 
pronouns the Ablative of the possessive adjective is used. 

Ego mea video quid intersit, I see what is for my own interest. 
Cat. 4. 9. 

4. The Dative Case 

73. Verbs which govern a Dative can be used only 
impersonally in the passive. 

Mihi quidem ipsi nihil ab istis iam noceri potest, I myself at any 
rate can no longer be injured by those creatures ("it cannot be 
harmed to me"; "harm cannot be done to me"). Cat. 3. 27. 



GRAMMATICAL INTRODUCTION xlix 

74. The Dative of Separation is used with compounds 
of ab, de, ex, ad, and dis, usually of persons only. 

Nisi ab dis huic tantae audaciae consilium esset ereptum, had not 
prudence been taken away by the gods from such reckless men 
("such great recklessness," abstract for concrete; see 174). 
Cat. 3. 22. 

75. Many adjectives meaning friendly, unfriendly, 
similar, dissimilar, equal, near, and the like govern the 
Dative. 

Carus f uit Africano superiori noster Ennius, our Ennius was dear 
to the elder Africanus. Arch. 22. 

76. Many adjectives of the class mentioned in 75 are 
also used as substantives and then govern a Genitive. 

Cum nemo tarn tui similis inveniri poterit, when no one so like you 
can be found ("the like of you"). Cat. 1. 5. 

77. The Dative of Personal Pronouns is often used 
to express emotion, interest, or contempt. This is called 
the Ethical or Emotional Dative. It is sometimes 
hardly translatable into English. 

Qui mihi accubantes in conviviis, who reclining at banquets, bless 
my soul! Cat. 2. 10. 1 

78. The Dative of Agency is used with the Second 
Periphrastic Conjugation and also with the compound 
tenses. 

Qui tibi persaepe ad caedem constitute fuerant, who had very often 
been designated by you for murder. Cat. 1. 16. 

(a) The Dative is not used even with the Second 
Periphrastic Conjugation when it would be ambiguous 
in meaning. 

Fortem et a vobis, iudices, conservandum virum ! a brave man, 
gentlemen of the jury, and one who ought to be preserved by you. 
Milo 104. 

1 Cf. Lane, Latin Grammar, 1211. 



CICERO'S ORATIONS 



5. The Ablative Case 

79. The Ablative of Separation is used sometimes with 
and sometimes without a preposition. 

The preposition is regularly omitted when the separa- 
tion is figurative and when the verb itself „ contains a 
separative preposition; but the same verb often admits 
either construction. 

Magno me metu liberabis, you will free me from great fear. Cat. 1 . 10. 
Carere me aspectu civium mallem, / should prefer to be deprived 

of the sight of my fellow citizens. Cat. 1. 17. 
Urbem e flamma atque ferro ereptam videtis, you see the city saved 

from fire and sword. Cat. 3. 1. 
Vitam istam multis suppliciis ereptam, that life of yours t saved 

from many torments. Cat. 1. 20. 
Calamitate prohibere, to keep from disaster. Pomp. 18. 
A quo periculo prohibete, keep from that danger. Pomp. 19. 

80. The Ablative of Agency with ab, besides being 
regular with the names of persons, is used with words 
implying persons and sometimes with other words. 

Ab omni non modo fortuna verum etiam spe derelictis, abandoned 
not only by all fortune , but by all hope as well. Cat. 1. 25. 

81. Verbs of Judicial Action (see 70) take the Ablative 
of the Penalty. 

Saepe privati perniciosos cives morte multaverunt, often private 
individuals have punished dangerous citizens with death. Cat. 
1. 28. 

82. The Ablative of Degree of Difference is used with 
comparatives and words implying comparison. 

Ut Catilina paucis ante diebus erupit ex urbe, when Catiline 
rushed forth from the city a few days ago ("ago by a few days"). 
Cat. 3. 3. 

83. The Ablative is used to denote the Attendant 
Circumstances of an action or situation. 



GRAMMATICAL INTRODUCTION li 

Multa meo quodam dolore sanavi, / have cured many things, with 
some discomfort to myself. Cat. 4. 2. 

84. The Ablative denotes that in Accordance with 
which anything is done. 

Itaque illorum responsis ludi facti sunt, therefore, in accordance 
with their utterances, games were celebrated. Cat. 3. 20. 

85. The Ablative modified by an adjective is used to 
denote a Characteristic or Quality of a person or thing. 

Reliquit quos viros ! Quanto aere alieno ! What men has he left 
behind! How deeply in debt! ("of how great debt")» Cat. 2. 4. 

6. Relations of Place 

86. Place Where is regularly denoted by the Ablative 
with the preposition in. The preposition is omitted with 
the general designations of place, such as loco, locis, and 
parte, and w T ith other words when they are modified by 
totus. 

Quis tota Italia veneficus inveniri potest, what poisoner can be 
found in all Italy? Cat. 2. 4. 

87. Names of towns express Place Where by the 
Locative, which is also used of some special words, such 
as domi, "at'home," f oris, "abroad," domi militiaeque, 
etc. The Locative has in the singular of the first and 
second declensions the same form as the Genitive; else- 
where the same form as the Ablative. 

Delegisti quos Romae relinqueres, you chose those whom you would 

leave at Rome. Cat. 1. 9. 
Ut domi meae te adservarem rogasti, you asked that I keep you at 

my house. Cat. 1. 19. 

88. A noun in apposition with a Locative is in the 
Ablative case. 

Primum Antiochiae, celebri quondam urbe, first at Antioch, for- 
merly a city of renown. Arch. 4. 



Hi CICERO'S ORATIONS 



II. The Tenses 

89. The Present is used with iam diu, iam pridem, and 
similar expressions, of an act begun in the past and con- 
tinued into the present. 

Iam diu in his periculis versamur, we have been living for a long 
time in the midst of these dangers. Cat. 1. 31. 

90. The Imperfect is used with iam pridem, iam diu, 
and similar expressions, of an act begun and continued 
in the past. 

Iam pridem videbam, I had seen for a long time. Cat. 4. 6. 

91. The Imperfect may represent a past act as begun 
or intended. 

In exsilium eiciebam quern iam ingressum esse in bellum videbam ? 
was I trying to drive into exile a man who I saw had already taken 
the first steps towards war? Cat. 2. 14. 

92. The Future indicative is sometimes used with 
imperative force. 

Tu, Iuppiter, nunc a tuis templis arcebis, do thou, Jupiter, keep 
this man from thy temples. Cat. 1. 33. 

93. The Perfect is sometimes used to indicate that a 
state or condition has ceased to exist. 

Fuit, fuit ista quondam in hac republica virtus, there was, there 
was once upon a time such a moral sentiment in our common- 
wealth. Cat. 1. 3. 

94. With the past tenses of verbs of necessity, pro- 
priety, and possibility (debeo, licet, oportet, etc.), the Pres- 
ent Infinitive is commonly used in Latin and the Perfect 
Infinitive in English. 

Ad mortem te duci oportebat, you ought to have been led to exe- 
cution. Cat. 1. 2. 



GRAMMATICAL INTRODUCTION liii 

The Sequence of Tenses 

95. In dependent clauses in the Subjunctive, primary 
tenses follow primary tenses and secondary tenses follow 
secondary. The Perfect Subjunctive, however, is used 
after a secondary tense of the indicative, very frequently 
in result clauses, and sometimes in other clauses which 
are more or less independent in force. The Historical 
Present is usually treated as a secondary tense, but some- 
times as a primary tense. 

Nemo fuit quern non ad hoc sceleris foedus asciverit, there was no 
one whom he did not join to this league of crime. Cat 2. 8. 

III. The Moods 
1. The Independent Subjunctive 

96. The Hortatory Subjunctive is used in exhortations 
in the first person plural of the present. 

Optemus potius ut eat in exsilium quam queramur, let us rather 
wish that he go into exile than complain of it. Cat. 2. 16. 

97. The Jussive Subjunctive is used in the present to 
express a command. 

Exeant, proficiscantur, let them go forth, let them depart. Cat. 2. 6. 

98. In the past tenses the Jussive Subjunctive in- 
dicates that something should have been done in the 
past. 

Vota enim faceretis, ut in eos se potius immitteret, you ought to 
have prayed that he would rather hurl himself upon them. Milo 76. 

99. Negative commands or Prohibitions are commonly 
expressed by noli (nolite) with the infinitive; see 132. 

100. The Deliberative Subjunctive is used in questions 
and exclamations implying doubt, hesitation, indignation, 
and the like. 



liv CICERO'S ORATIONS 

Quamquam quid ego te invitemf and yet, why should I invite 

you? Cat. 1. 24. 
Tu agris copiosus sis etdubites! To think of your being rich in 

lands and hesitating! Cat. 2. 18. 

101. Exclamations like the last one in 100 are some- 
times introduced by ut. 

Tu ut ilia diutius carere possis! The idea of your being able to do 
without that any longer! Cat. 1. 24. 

102. The Deliberative Subjunctive is most commonly 
found in the present, but the imperfect or pluperfect is 
sometimes used of past time. 

Iidem, si interfectus esset quid dicerent f what would these same 
men have said if he had been put to death? Cat. 2. 15. 

103. The Jussive Subjunctive is sometimes used to 
denote a Concession made for the sake of argument. 
The negative is ne. 

Intersit inter vitae dignitatem summorum atque infimorum, suppose 
there is a difference ("let there be") betv:een the social position 
of the highest and the lowest. Milo 17. 

104. The Subjunctive is used to express a Wish, with 
or without utinam. The negative is usually ne. 

(a) The Present and Perfect Subjunctive are used in 
wishes regarded as possible. 

Utinam tibi istam mentem di immortales duint! would that the 
immortal gods might inspire you with such a thought! Cat. 1. 22. 

(6) The Imperfect and Pluperfect Subjunctive are 
used respectively of wishes unfulfilled in present and in 
past time; utinam is commonly used with such wishes. 

Utinam virorum f ortium copiam tantam haberetis ! would that you 
had such an abundance of brave men! Pomp. 27. 

Utinam ille omnis secum copias eduxisset! would that he had led 
out all his forces with him! Cat. 2. 4. 



GRAMMATICAL INTRODUCTION lv 

105. The Subjunctive is used to express a Possibility 
and is then called the Potential Subjunctive. The nega- 
tive is non. 

(a) The Pure Potential, expressing a mere possibility, 
is confined to a few special phrases containing verbs of 
saying, thinking, perceiving, and the like. 

(b) Usually the Potential Subjunctive represents some- 
thing as depending upon a condition, expressed or under- 
stood. It is sometimes used merely to soften an asser- 
tion, or to express it more politely. All the tenses are 
used. 

Hos mallem secum milites eduxisset, / should prefer that he had 
led out these men with him as his soldiers (if I had any voice in the 
matter). Cat. 2. 5. 

2. Uses of the Moods in Dependent Sentences 

106. Purpose Clauses are sometimes Parenthetical; 
that is, they depend, not upon the main verb of the 
sentence, but upon a verb to be supplied. 

Ac ne longum sit, tabulas proferri iussimus, and to make a long 
story short (I will say at once that) / ordered the tablets to be pro- 
duced. Cat. 3. 10. 

Note. — In this example not only does the logic of the sentence 
show that the purpose clause does not depend upon the main verb, 
but it is also made evident by the Sequence of Tenses (95). 

107. A relative clause which is used to express a 
quality or characteristic of an antecedent not otherwise 
defined is called a Clause of Characteristic, and is put 
in the subjunctive. 

Characteristic clauses are especially common after 
expressions of existence and non-existence (est qui, sunt 
qui, etc.), and after unus and solus. 

Quis veneficus inveniri potest, qui se cum Catilina non familia- 
rissime vixisse fateaturf what poisoner can be found who does not 



lvi CICERO'S ORATIONS 

admit that he has lived on terms of greatest intimacy with Catiline f 
Cat. 2. 7. 
Cum sit unus Cn. Pompeius, qui antiquitatis memoriam virtute 
super arit, since Gnaeus Pompeius is the only one who has surpassed 
the records of the past in valor. Pomp. 27. 

108. Clauses of Result are introduced by ut and ut 
non, by quin, or by a relative pronoun, and take the sub- 
junctive. The main clause often, but not always, con- 
tains a word meaning "so" or "such" {tardus, talis, tot, 
tarn, is, etc.). 

Sic enim iam tecum loquar, ut non odio permotus esse videar, for I 
shall now address you in such terms, that I shall not seem to have 
been actuated by hatred. Cat. 1. 16. 

109. Ut non and quin with the Subjunctive in Result 
Clauses are often best translated by "without" and a 
participle. 

Non possunt multi rem amittere, ut non plures secum in eandem 
trahant calamitatem, a large number of men cannot lose their 
property without involving many more in the same disaster. 
Pomp. 19. 

Temporal Clauses 

110. Temporal Clauses introduced by postquam 
(postea quam), cum primum, ut, ubi, and simul ac (atque) 
take the Indicative, usually the perfect. 

Simul atque ire in exsilium iussus est, paruit, as soon as he was 

bidden to go into exile, he obeyed. Cat. 2. 12. 
Postea quam L. Lucullus cum exercitu venit, plures gentes contra 

imperatorem nostrum concitatae sunt, after Lucius Lucullus 

came with his army, more nations were roused to rebellion against 

our general. Pomp. 23. 

111. Temporal Clauses introduced by dum, "while," 
take the Historical Present of the Indicative. 

Haec. dum nostri colligunt, rex ipse e manibus fugit, while our sol- 
diers were helping themselves to these things, the king himself 
eluded their grasp. Pomp. 22. 



GRAMMATICAL INTRODUCTION lvii 

112. Temporal Clauses with dum, quam diu, and 
quoad, meaning "as long as," take the Indicative. 1 

Quoad fuit (in urbe), omnibus eius consiliis occurri, as long as he 
was in the city, I met all his plots. Cat. 3. 17. 

113. Temporal Clauses with dum and quoad, "until/' 
often denote anticipation or expectancy, and take the 
Subjunctive. But when the idea is purely temporal the 
indicative is used. 

Milo cum in senatu fuisset quoad senatus est dimissus, domum 
venit, Milo came home, having remained in the Senate until the 
Senate adjourned. Milo 28. 

114. Temporal Clauses introduced by antequam and 
priusquam take the Indicative to denote an actual fact, 
the Subjunctive to denote anticipation or expectancy. 

Antequam ad sententiam redeo, de me pauca dicam, before I come 
back to the motion, I will say a few words about myself. Cat. 
4. 20. 

Cum Clauses 

115. Temporal cum clauses referring to the Present 
or Future are regularly in the Indicative. When the 
Subjunctive is used, an idea of Cause or Concession is 
almost always present. 

An cum bello vastabitur Italia, turn te non existimas invidiae in- 
cendio connagraturum ? when Italy is devastated by war, da 
you not think that you will be consumed in a blaze of hatred f 
Cat. 1. 29. 

116. The Present or Future Indicative with cum may 
refer to a repeated action or to a general truth. 

In ceteris rebus cum venit calamitas, turn detrimentum accipitur, 
in the case of other things loss is suffered when the disaster comes. 
Pomp. 15. 

1 In sentences of the type referred to in 112 the action of the dum clause 
and that of the main clause are coextensive in time; in those referred to in 
111 the action of the main clause takes pKce at some time during the con- 
tinuance of that of the dum clause, so that the actions of the two clauses 
are not coextensive in time. 



lviii CICERO'S ORATIONS 

117. Temporal cum clauses referring to the Past are 
commonly in the Imperfect or Pluperfect Subjunctive 
and denote the circumstances under which the action of 
the main verb took place. They are usually best trans- 
lated into English by a participial clause. When the cum 
clause defines the time of the action of the main verb, 
the Perfect and less commonly the Imperfect and Plu- 
perfect Indicative are used. In such cases the temporal 
idea is sometimes, but not always, emphasized by an 
expression like turn, eo tempore, or something similar. 
Even with such expressions the Subjunctive may be used 
to characterize the time, or when the idea of time is not 
predominant in the cum clause. 

Nam turn cum ex urbe Catilinam eiciebam . . . putabam, for at the 
very time that I was trying to drive Catiline from the city . . . I 
thought. Cat. 3. 3. 

Nuper, cum morte superioris uxoris novis nuptiis domum vacue- 
fecisses, nonne etiam alio scelere hoc scelus cumulasti? for 
lately, having by the death of your former wife made your home 
free for a new marriage, did you not add to this another crime f 
Cat. 1. 14. 

118. When the cum clause follows the main clause 
and contains the principal thought of the sentence, or con- 
tinues it, its verb is in the Indicative. If the cum clause 
is subordinate, it may take the Indicative or the Sub- 
junctive (see 115 and 117). 

Dixi ego idem caedem te optimatium contulisse in ante diem V 
Kalendas Novembres, cum multi Roma profugerunt, I also said 
that you had arranged for a murder of the aristocracy on the 28th 
of October, and at that time many men fled from Rome. Cat. 1. 7. 

Fortis ab eis praedicabatur, cum industriae subsidia in libidine 
consumer entur, he was hailed by them as a man of endurance, 
though the aids to a life of industry were being wasted in riotous 
living. Cat. 2. 9. 

119. To denote a repeated action in past time, cum 
with the Indicative is commonly used, especially the Plu- 



GRAMMATICAL INTRODUCTION lix 

perfect. The Subjunctive is sometimes used and the 
Subjunctive became the rule after the time of Cicero. 

Neque cum aliquid mandarat, confectum putabat, and when he 
had commanded anything (to be done), he did not regard it as 
(therefore) accomplished. Cat. 3. 16. 

Causal Clauses 

120. Cum causal takes the Subjunctive. 

Quae cum ita sint, Catilina, perge quo coepisti, since this is so, 
Catiline, go where you have planned (to go). Cat. 1. 11. 

121. Causal Clauses introduced by quod and quoniam 
take the Indicative, unless the reason is given as that of 
some other person than the speaker or writer, in which 
case the Subjunctive is used. 

Quoniam id . . . facere nondum audeo, faciam id ... , since I 
do not yet venture to do this, I will do that . . . Cat. 1. 12. 

Si quis est . . . qui me vehementer accuset, quod tarn capitalem 
hostem non comprehenderim, if there is any one . . . who blames 
me severely, because I did not arrest so deadly an enemy . . . Cat. 
2.3. 

(a) The speaker sometimes gives his own reason in the 
subjunctive, as if it were that of another person. 

Moleste fero quod ex urbe parum comitatus exierit, I feel badly 
that he has gone out from the city with too few companions. Cat. 
2. 4. 

(b) By a peculiar attraction a verb of saying or think- 
ing is sometimes put in the Subjunctive in a causal 
clause, as if the reason were given on another's authority. 

Partim, quod hunc iam interfectum putarent, caedere incipiunt 
eius servos, some, because they thought him already dead, began 
to kill his slaves. Milo 29. 

122. Relative Clauses denoting cause are a special 
variety of the Clause of Characteristic (107) and take the 
Subjunctive. 



lx CICERO'S ORATIONS 

"O fortunate," inquit, " adulescens, qui tuae virtutis Homerum 
praeconem inveneris," "0 fortunate youth, 11 said he, "since you 
have found a Homer as the herald of your valor." Arch. 24. 

Conditional Sentences 

123. In Conditional Sentences with nothing implied 
as to the fulfilment of the condition, which are expressed 
positively or vividly, any tense of the Indicative may be 
used in either the condition or the conclusion. 

The tenses of the condition and the conclusion may be 
the same or different. In future conditions, when the 
action of the condition is regarded as completed at the 
time of the conclusion, the Future Perfect indicative is 
used. This is best translated into English by the Present. 

As in English, the Present is sometimes used with the 
force of a Future. 

Mihi si haec condicio consulatus data est, feram, if my consulship 
was given me on this condition, I will bear it. Cat. 4, 1. 

Si te interflci iussero, erit verendum mihi, if I order you to be put 
to death, I shall have to fear. Cat. 1.5. 

124. The apodosis of a conditional sentence of the 
type mentioned in 123 may be an Imperative or an In- 
dependent Subjunctive. 

Si hunc exitum consulatus mei dei immortales voluerunt, subea- 
tur 3 if the immortal gods have willed that this should be the out- 
come of my consulship, let it be undergone. Cat. 4. 2. 

125. Sometimes the subjunctive in a condition or 
conclusion of the type of 123 is due to the Indefinite 
Second Person Singular, which is regularly in the sub- 
junctive. 

Habere videtur ista res iniquitatem, si imperare velis, that arrange- 
ment seems to involve injustice, if you wish ( u one wishes ") to en- 
force it. Cat. 4. 7. 

126. Conditional sentences with nothing implied as 
to the fulfilment of the condition, which are expressed 



GRAMMATICAL INTRODUCTION lxi 

less positively or vividly, take the Present or Perfect 
Subjunctive in the condition and the Present Subjunctive 
in the conclusion. 

The Perfect Subjunctive is used in the condition when 
the action of the condition is regarded as completed at 
the time of the conclusion. 

In the apodosis futurity may be implied; the Indica- 
tive may be used to emphasize the possibility of the ful- 
filment of the condition; or we may have an Imperative 
or Independent Subjunctive; compare 123. 

Haec si tecum patria loquatur, nonne impetrare debeat? if your 
country should speak to you in these terms, ought she not to gain 
her request? Cat. 1. 19. 

Si quis supplicium de servo non quam acerbissimum sumpserit, 
utrum is clemens videatur? if any one should not inflict the 
severest possible punishment on the slave, would he seem merci- 
ful? Cat. 4. 12. 

127. Conditions and conclusions Contrary to Fact 
take the Imperfect Subjunctive to denote Present time 
and the Pluperfect Subjunctive to denote Past time. 

The tenses of the protasis and the apodosis may be 
the same or different. 

Servi mei si me isto pacto metuerent, domum meam relinquendam 
putarem, if my slaves feared me in that way, I should think that 
I ought to leave my home. Cat. 1. 17. 

128. In the apodosis of a condition contrary to fact 
the Indicative (Imperfect, Perfect, or Pluperfect) is some- 
times used. This is very common with the two Peri- 
phrastic Conjugations and wdth expressions of possibility, 
obligation, or necessity. 

Si civis Romanus Archias non esset, ut civitate donaretur perficere 
non potuit, if Archias were not a Roman citizen, he could not bring 
it about that he be given citizenship. Arch. 25. 

129. In the cases mentioned in 128 the possibility, 
obligation, or necessity, is not contrary to fact. When 



lxii CICERO'S ORATIONS 

the possibility, etc., is contrary to fact, the subjunctive is 
used. 

Quod si haec neque attingere neque sensu nostro gustare pos- 
semus, tamen ea mirari deberemus, but if we could not attain this 
or take pleasure in it, yet it would behoove us to admire it. Arch. 17. 

Concessive or Adversative Clauses 

130. Cum concessive or adversative takes the Sub- 
junctive. 

Statim Luculli, cum praetextatus etiam turn Archias esset, eum 
domum suam receperunt, at once the Luculli, although Archias 
was even then but a lad, received him into their home. Arch. 5. 

131. Concessive Clauses introduced by etsi (tametsi) 
take the same moods and tenses as conditional sentences. 

Noster exercitus, tametsi urbem ex Tigranis regno ceperat, tamen 
longinquitate locorum commovebatur, although our army had 
taken a city of the realm of Tigranes, yet it was disturbed by the 
remoteness of the region. Pomp. 23. 

132. Dum, modo, and dum modo, introducing a pro- 
viso, are followed by the Subjunctive. The negative is ne. 

Magno me metu liberabis, dum modo inter me at que te murus 
intersit, you will free me from great fear, provided only there is a 
wall between you and me. Cat. 1. 10. 

133. Quamquam introduces a statement of a fact, and 
is followed by the Indicative. 

Quamquam premuntur aere alieno, dominationem tamen ex- 
spectant, although they are swamped with debt, yet they have 
hopes of ruling. Cat. 2. 19. 

134. Relative clauses denoting Concession take the 
Subjunctive. See 120. 

Pro nihilo putavit, quae neque nocens neque innocens neglegere 
potuisset, he regarded them as of no account, although neither a 
guilty nor an innocent man could have disregarded them. Milo 
64. 



GRAMMATICAL INTRODUCTION lxiii 

Substantive Clauses 

135. Substantive Clauses are used like nouns, as the 
subject and object of verbs and in some other construc- 
tions. They are in the Indicative unless there is some 
special reason for the Subjunctive. 

Nam ilia nimis antiqua praetereo, quod C. Servilius Ahala Sp. 
Maelium occidit, for I pass over such events as the following as 
having happened too long ago, namely that Gaius Servilius Ahala 
put to death Spurius Maelius. Cat. 1. 3. 

136. Verbs meaning to ask, demand, persuade, advise, 
and the like are followed by object clauses in the sub- 
junctive, usually introduced by ut and ne. See (6). 

Deere vit' quondam senatus, ut L. Opimius consul videret ne res 
publica detriment! caperet, the Senate once decreed that the con- 
sul Lucius Opimius should see to it that the commonwealth suffer 
no harm. Cat. 1. 4. 

(a) A verb of the type mentioned in 136 may be implied 
by a noun, with which the substantive clause is in ap- 
position. 

Iubere ei praemium tribui, sed ea condicione, ne quid postea 
scriberet, that he ordered a reward to be given him, but on the 
condition that he should write nothing thereafter. Arch. 25. 

(6) Substantive clauses of this type were originally in 
the Jussive Subjunctive without ut, and that form is 
sometimes retained in classical Latin. 

Hos mallem secum milites eduxisset, I should prefer that he had 
led forth these men with him as his soldiers. Cat. 2. 5. 

137. Substantive Clauses resembling result clauses 
are used as the object of verbs denoting the accomplish- 
ment of an effort, or in apposition with the object of such 
a verb; and as the subject of impersonal verbs. They are 
introduced by ut (negative ut . . . nori). and take the Sub- 
junctive. 



lxiv CICERO'S ORATIONS 

Illud profecto perficiam, ut paucorum poena vos omnes salvi 
esse possint, I shall certainly accomplish this, that by the punish- 
ment of a few (malefactors) you may all be saved. Cat.2. 28. 

Tantum abest ut aliquam mihi gratiam quaesisse videar, so far 
from my seeming to have sought any favor. Pomp. 71. 

138. Somewhat similar are substantive clauses of 
optative origin (cf. 104). 

Numquam optabq ut Catilinam ducere exercitum audiatis, I 
shall never desire that you may hear that Catiline is leading an 
army. Cat. 2. 15. 

139. Substantive clauses in the Subjunctive, intro- 
duced by quin, are used with verbs and expressions of 
doubt and uncertainty, when these are negative. 

Certe nemini dubium est quin ea re idem ille imperator plurimum 
possit, surely no one has any doubt that that general is very strong 
in this respect also. Pomp. 43. 

(a) Dubito, meaning "hesitate/ 5 is usually followed 
by the infinitive, but a clause with quin is sometimes 
used when the main clause contains a negative or an in- 
terrogative implying a negative. 

Dubitatis quin hoc tantum boni in rem publicam conservandam 
conferatisf do you hesitate to use this great advantage for saving 
the state? (i.e., "have you any doubt about it?") Pomp. 49. 

140. Verbs of Fearing are followed, by the Subjunc- 
tive introduced by ut, that not, and ne, that (or lest). 

Vereor ut hoc perinde intellegi possit atque ipse sentio, I fear that 
this cannot be understood exactly as I intend it. Marc. 12. 

Verendum mihi non erat ne quid invidiae mihi redundaret, it 
was not necessary for me to fear that any enmity would fall to 
my lot. Cat. 1. 29. 

Note. — The subjunctive in these sentences was originally an 
optative subjunctive, and the peculiar use of ut = "that not" 
and ne = "that" is due to the opposite character of wishing and 
fearing. I wish that I may be understood, but I fear that I may 
not be understood. 



GRAMMATICAL INTRODUCTION lxv 

Indirect Discourse 

141. In Indirect Discourse principal declarative sen- 
tences are put in the Infinitive with Subject Accusative. 
The tenses of the infinitive denote time present, past, or 
future to that of the verb of saying, thinking, or know- 
ing which introduces the Indirect Discourse. 

Adest M. Lucullus, qui se non opinari, sed scire, non audisse, sed 
vidisse, non interfuisse, sed egisse dicit, here is Marcus Lucullus, 
who says that he does not think, but knows, that he has not heard, 
but seen (with his own eyes), that he was not (merely) present, 
but carried the thing through. Arch. 8. 

(a) Memini is frequently followed by the present in- 
finitive of past actions which fall within the speaker's 
own recollection. 

Meministine me dicere fore in armis certo die, qui dies futurus esset 
ante diem VI Kal. Novembris, C. Manlium? don't you remem- 
ber that I said that Gaius Manlius would be under arms on a 
given day, namely on the 27th of October? Cat. 1. 7. 

142. Subordinate Clauses in Indirect Discourse are 
put in the Subjunctive if not already in that mood. The 
tense is determined by that of the verb of saying, accord- 
ing to the rule of the Sequence of Tenses (95). For an 
example, see 141 (a). 

(a) Indirect Discourse may be implied, instead of being 
formally introduced by a verb of saying. 

Timeo ne mihi sit invidiosum quod emiserim, I fear that I may 
be criticised because (as people will say) / let him go. Cat. 2. 15. 

143. Subordinate clauses which are not thought of 
as a part of the Indirect Discourse are in the Indicative. 
This is true also of clauses which are merely paraphrases 
for nouns. 

Cuius ingenio putabat ea quae gesserat posse celebrari, by whose 
talent he thought that his deeds ("those things which he had 
done") could be made famous. Arch. 20. 



lxvi CICERO'S ORATIONS 

144. Conditional sentences in Indirect Discourse fol- 
low the general rules, the condition becoming subjunc- 
tive, if it is not already in that mood, and the conclusion 
being put in the infinitive with subject accusative. 

But conditions contrary to fact retain the past tenses 
of the subjunctive even after a primary tense, and in 
the conclusion take the future infinitive with fuisse. 

Si hie ordo sibi placere decreverit te ire in exsilium, obtempera- 
turum te esse dicis, you say that if this body shall decree (lit., 
" shall have decreed/' for the fut. perf.) that it is its pleasure 
that you go into exile, you will obey. Cat. 1. 20. 

(a) The phrase futurum esse ut or fore ut, having as 
subject a substantive clause with ut and the subjunctive, 
is sometimes used in place of a future infinitive, especially 
with verbs which lack a supine stem. 

Cum viderem si eum morte multassem, fore ut eius socios persequi 
non possem, since I saw that if I punished him with death (lit., 
" should have punished." for the fut. perf.), / should not be 
able to follow up his accomplices. Cat. 2. 4. 

145. A dependent clause attached to a subjunctive 
or infinitive clause, and forming an essential part of it, 
may be put in the Subjunctive by Attraction. 

Cum ei libellum poeta subiecisset, quod epigramma in eum 
fecisset, when a poet had handed him a paper, on which he had 
composed a poem in his honor. Arch. 25. 

(a) When the subordinate clause is a mere paraphrase 
for a noun (cf. 143) the indicative is retained. 

Ea quae merentur exspectent, let them expect those things which 
they deserve (i.e. " their deserts"). Cat. 2. 11. 

146. Prohibitions, or Negative Commands, are com- 
monly expressed by noli and nolite with the Infinitive; 
compare 99. 

Quare nolite dubitare quin huic uni credatis omnia, therefore do 
not hesitate to trust everything to this one man. Pomp. 68. 



GRAMMATICAL INTRODUCTION lxvii 

147. The Perfect Passive Participle sometimes con- 
tains the leading idea of the phrase in which it stands and 
is translated by a verbal noun. 

Quod ceterae (supplicationes) bene gesta, haec una conservata 
re publico, constituta est, that other thanksgivings were decreed 
on account of the successful management of public affairs, this 
one only for the preservation of the state. Cat. 3. 15. 

148. The perfect passive participle with habere and 
tenere is often nearly equivalent to a pluperfect, but lays 
stress rather on the existing state of affairs than on the 
action of the verb. 

Duces captos iam et comprehensos tenetis, now you have the leaders 

captured and confined. Cat. 3. 16. 
Iam certos homines delectos ac descriptos habebat, already he had 

special men selected and assigned. Cat. 3. 16. 

The Gerund and Gerundive 

Note. — The Gerundive is the future passive participle when it 
contains the leading idea in its phrase (see 147). The Gerund is 
a verbal noun. The Gerund and Gerundive are found only in the 
gen., dat., ace, and abl. 

149. The Gerund is used in the Genitive with nouns 
as an objective or appositional genitive; with adjectives; 
and with causa and gratia, "for the purpose of." It is 
used in the Accusative with prepositions, usually ad or 
in, to denote purpose. It is used in the Ablative with or 
without a preposition. 

Urdus usuram horae gladiatori isti ad vivendum non dedissem, / 
would not have given that gladiator the benefit of a single hour for 
living. Cat. 1. 29. 

150. Instead of the Gerund governing a noun, the 
Gerundive in agreement with the noun is commonly 
used, especially after a preposition. 

Te manum consulum et principum civitatis interficiendorum causa 
paravisse, that you got together a band for the purpose of killing 
the consuls and the leading men of the state. Cat. 1. 15. 



lxviii CICERO'S ORATIONS 

151. The genitives met, tui, sui, nostri, and vestri, 
which were originally neuter singular, are used in the 
gerundive construction without reference to gender or 
number. 

Cum multi principes civitatis Roma non sui conservandi causa 
profugerunt, when many of the leading men of the state fled from 
Rome, not for the purpose of saving themselves. Cat. 1. 7. 

152. The Gerundive in agreement with the object is 
used with do, euro, and some other verbs, with the value 
of an object clause, or to express purpose. 

Attribuit nos trucidandos Cethego, he assigned us to Cethegus to 
be murdered. Cat. 4. 13. 

The Supine 

Note. — The Supine is a verbal noun of the fourth declension, 
used only in the accusative and ablative singular. 

153. The Supine in -um is used with verbs of motion 
to express the purpose of the motion. 

Exclusi eos quos tu ad me salutatum miseras, I shut out those whom 
you had sent to me to pay their respects. Cat. 1. 10. 

154. The Supine in -u is used with adjectives as 
an Ablative of Specification. It is best translated by 
an infinitive. 

Si hoc optimum factu iudicarem, if I considered this the best thing 
to do. Cat. 1. 29. 



IV. Figures of Grammar and Rhetoric 

155. Asyndeton is the omission of the conjunction 
between words, phrases, and sentences. The adversative 
conjunctions (autem, sed, tamen, etc.) are frequently 
omitted and the connection is made by the word order 
(Adversative Asyndeton). 



GRAMMATICAL INTRODUCTION lxix 

Cum pacis auctores conservandos statim censuerit, ceteris fuerit 
iratior, since he decided at once that those who advocated peace 
ought to be spared, (but) was more incensed at the others. Marc. 
15. 

Si tibi soli natus esses. Omnium salutem civium ... res tuae 
gestae complexae sunt, if you had been born for yourself alone. 
(But) your deeds have included all the citizens. Marc. 25. 

156. Hendiadys is the expression of one idea through 
two words connected by a conjunction. This is most 
common with nouns, but is also found with verbs. 

Erat hoc non solum ingeni ac litterarum, verum etiam naturae 
atque virtutis, this was an indication, not only of his literary 
ability, but also of his virtuous character. Arch. 5. 

157. Litotes is an understatement for rhetorical ef- 
fect. It is especially frequent with negatives and em- 
phasizes the statement. 

Populi Romani exercitus non maxima manu innumerabiles Ar- 
meniorum copias fudit, the army of the Roman people with a 
mere handful of men routed countless numbers of the Armenians. 
Arch. 21. 

158. Anaphora is the repetition of the same word or 
the same word order in successive phrases. When the 
same w^ord is repeated, it takes the place of conjunctions 
and adds emphasis. 

Nostra sunt tropaea, nostra monumenta, nostri triumphi, ours 
are the trophies of victory, ours the memorials, ours the triumphs. 
Arch. 21. 

159. Emphasis is also secured by the Repetition of 
the same word in the same clause or sentence. 

Non fuit ea causa, non fuit, that was not the reason, it certainly 
was not. Milo 21. 

160. Chiasmus is the opposite of Anaphora and con- 
sists in changing the relative order of the words in sue- 



lxx CICERO'S ORATIONS 

cessive clauses. It gets its name from the Greek letter 
Chi (X).i 

Respicere spatium praeteriti temporis et pueritiae memoriam 
recordari, to look over the space of past time and recall the memory 
of boyhood. Arch. 1. 

Animorum motus at que celeritatem ingeniorum, the movements of 
the mind and the swiftness of intellect. Arch. 17. 

161. Alliteration is the use of a succession of words 
beginning with the same letter or containing the same 
sound. 

Vi victa vis, force was overcome by force. Milo 30. 

162. A Word Play is the use of the same word, or 
similar words, in different senses (a pun). 

Ut . . . ne non timere quidem sine aliquo timore possimus, so that 
we cannot even be fearless without a certain amount of fear. Milo 2. 

Quantum odium illius et in homine iniusto quam etiam iustum 
fuisse, how greatly he was hated, and how just it was in the case 
of an unjust man. Milo 35. 

163. A Climax is a steady rise or fall of force from 
the beginning to the end of a sentence. The former is 
called an Ascending, the latter a Descending Climax. 

Homerum Colophonii civ'em esse dicunt suum, Chii suum vindi- 
cant, Salaminii repetunt, Smyrnaei vero suum esse confirmant, 
the people of Colophon say that Homer is their fellow townsman, 
the Chians claim him as theirs, the men of Salamis demand him 
as theirs, while those of Smyrna insist that he is theirs. Arch. 19. 

164. Personification is the treating of inanimate things 
as if they were persons. 

Parietes huius curiae tibi gratias agere gestiunt, the very walls 
of this Senate-house are eager to thank you. Marc. 10. 

165. A Simile is a comparison of one person or thing 
with another by way of illustration. 

1 The name applies only to chiasmus of two members, as in the second ex- 
ample, which was thought of as arranged thus : animorum s, motus 

celeritatem ^ ingeniorum 



GRAMMATICAL INTRODUCTION lxxi 

Quod te aiunt ex mediis armis tamquam Palladium sustulisse, they 
say that you rescued this from the midst of arms like a Palladium. 
Milo 33. 

166. A Metaphor is a comparison of one person or 
thing with another by speaking of them as if they were 
identical. 

Nisi belli civilis incendium salute patriae restinxeris, unless you 
put out the fire of civil war by (restoring) safety to your coun- 
try. Marc. 29. 

167. Euphemism is the substitution of one expres- 
sion for another, to avoid something unpleasant or im- 
proper. 

Etiam si quid ipsi accidat, even if anything should happen to him 
(that is, "if he should be killed"). Milo 58. 

168. In Irony the speaker represents his thought in a 
form that naturally expresses its opposite. Litotes (157) 
is a kind of Irony. 

Movet me quippe lumen curiae ! of course that light of the Senate- 
house affects me! (With a Word Play on lumen, 162.) Milo 33. 

169. Praeteritio mentions a matter by professing to 
say nothing of it. 

Omitto socios, exteras nationes, regas, I say nothing of our allies, of 
foreign nations, of kings. Milo 76. 

170. Oxymoron, or paradox, is the use of words in 
combination which are apparently contradictory 

Quae (= patria) tecum tacita loquitur, she silently addresses you. 
(Also Personification, 164.) Cat. 1. 18. 

171. Pleonasm is an unnecessary fulness of expression. 

Tanta frequmtia, "so great a large number." Arch. 3. 
Quaeso ut mini detis hanc veniam, ut patiamini, " / beg you to grant 
me the privilege of allowing me." Arch. 3. 



lxxii CICERO'S ORATIONS 

172. Anacoluthon is a change in the plan and conse- 
quently in the construction of a sentence. 

Uter nihil cogitaret mali, cum alter veheretur in raeda paenulatus, 
una sederet uxor? Quid harum non impeditissimum, which of 
the two was planning no mischief, when one was riding in a car- 
riage, wearing a cloak and with his wife by his side? Which of 
these things was not a great hindrance to action? Milo 54. 

173. Hyperbole is exaggeration for rhetorical effect. 

Qui Ianiculo et Alpibus spem possessionum terminarat, who had 
bounded his hope of ownership by the Janiculum and the Alps. 
Milo 74. 

174. Zeugma is the use of one verb with two different 
meanings in connection with two objects or subjects. 

Ilia arma non periculum nobis sed praesidium denuntiant, those 
arms do not threaten us with danger, but promise us protection. 
Milo 3. 

175. An abstract noun is frequently used in place of a 
concrete one. 

Ilium exercitum magnopere contemno, collectum ex agresti 
luxuria, I utterly despise that army, composed of luxurious 
rustics (" rustic luxury")- Cat. 2. 5. 

Nisi ab dis huic tantae audaciae consilium esset ereptum, had not 
the gods deprived these most reckless men ("this great reckless- 
ness") of their senses. Cat. 3. 22. 



Dates 

176. The Romans designated each year by the names 
of the consuls for that year. The days of the month 
were reckoned backward from three points, the Kalends 
(Kalendae), Nones (Nonae), and Ides (I dies). The 
Kalends were the first day of every month. The Nones 
were the fifth and the Ides the thirteenth, except in 
March, May, July, and October, when they were the 



GRAMMATICAL INTRODUCTION lxxiii 

seventh and fifteenth respectively. The names of the 
months were adjectives, agreeing with Kalendae, Nonae, 
and Idus. They are as follows: Ianuarius, Februarius, 
Martius, Aprllis, Maius, Iunius, Quinctllis (later Iu- 
lius), Sextilis (later Augustus), September, October, 
November, December. 

The day before the points in the month from which 
time was reckoned was pridie Kalendas, pridie Nonas, 
or pridie Idus; but the day before that was called not 
the second day before the Kalends, etc., but the third 
(ante diem tertium Kalendas lanuarias), because the 
Romans counted the day from which they began to 
reckon. Thus, in December the Kalends of January 
counted one day, the 31st of December a second {pridie 
Kalendas lanuarias), and the 30th of December was the 
third day before the Kalends. 

Therefore, in order to turn Roman dates into English, 
when a day before the Kalends is given, add two to 
the number of days in the preceding month, and sub- 
tract the given number; when a day before the Nones 
or Ides is given, add one to the day on which the Nones 
or Ides fall, and subtract the given number. In the 
time of Cicero March, May, July, and October had 31 
days and the rest 29. 

Thus 

Qui nesciat te pridie Kalendas lanuarias Lepido et Tullo con- 
sulibus stetisse in comitio cum telo, who does not know that you 
stood in the Comitium with a weapon in your hands on the thirty- 
first of December, 66 B.C. Cat. 1. 15. 

Ante diem xu. Kalendas Novembris, on the 21st of October. 
Cat. 1. 7. 

The expression ante diem V. Kalendas Novembris, al- 
though the usual form, is not strictly grammatical. Die 
quinto ante Kalendas Novembris, " on the fifth day before 
the Kalends of November," became by attraction ante 



lxxiv CICERO'S ORATIONS 

diem quintum Kalendas Novembris where Kalendas is gov- 
erned by ante diem quintum as if by a preposition. The 
whole phrase may in turn be governed by the preposi- 
tion in: 

Caedem te optimatium contulisse in ante diem v. Kalendas Novem- 
bris, that you had appointed a murder of the aristocracy for the 
fifth day before the Kalends of November (October 28). Cat. 1. 7. 




Roman Do* 




About 50 b.c. 



THE ORATION FOR THE MANILIAN LAW 

Introduction 

The Romans fought three wars with Mithridates, 
King of Pontus, a country of Asia Minor along the south- 
ern shore of the Euxine Sea. The country derived its pe- 
culiar name from the fact that it had earlier been a part 
of Cappadocia, i.e., Cappadocia on the Pontus, and 
then later became Pontus simply. Many interesting 
tales are told of this particular king — he was the sixth of 
his name to rule the country — who may certainly be 
credited with great ambition and military ability, while 
his linguistic powers were marvellous indeed. Tradition 
has it that he could converse fluently in twenty-five 
languages which were spoken by his subjects in various 
parts of his dominions. He was a barbarian with Greek 
training, which he secured in the Greek colony Sinope, 
on the Euxine. Coming to the throne at an early age, 
he inured himself to hardship and discipline and trained 
his army in the same fashion. He sought to extend his 
dominions in every direction, and, as the Romans were 
at that time also engaged in " benevolently absorbing" 
the small kingdoms of the country, Mithridates speedily 
became involved in disputes with them, chiefly over the 
question of succession to the thrones of Bithynia, Paph- 
lagonia and Cappadocia. At first he was very successful, 
overrunning the greater part of Asia Minor and gaining 
the mastery not only of western Asia but of the Greek 
islands of the Aegean as well. Furthermore, his generals 
crossed into Greece proper and brought under his con- 
trol a large part of the mainland, including Athens. 

1 



CICERO'S ORATIONS 



More than this, Mithridates issued an order that on a 
certain day all Romans and Italians living in Asia were 
to be put to death, and we are told that the order was 
so faithfully obeyed that the massacre included from 
80,000 to 150,000 people. 

The Roman Senate, in 88 B.C., appointed the consul 
Sulla to take command of the war against him. In 87 

this general defeated the king's 
general at Chaeronea and Orcho- 
menos, in Greece, and drove 
their following out of the coun- 
try. Undoubtedly, had not the 
troubles between the aristocratic 
and democratic factions which 
resulted in the Civil War be- 
tween Marius and Sulla broken 
out just at this time, Sulla would 
have been able to end the war in 
the usual Roman fashion. But 
the Marian faction, which had 
now got the upper hand, sent 
out a general of their own choosing, Flaccus, to supersede 
Sulla. With him they sent a competent soldier as his 
lieutenant, for the general himself was notoriously inca- 
pable. This lieutenant, Fimbria, promptly seized an op- 
portunity of murdering his chief and of assuming the 
command himself, in which, completely overlooking his 
crime, the Senate confirmed him. He led his legions into 
Asia Minor and won a few successes over armies led by 
a son of Mithridates, while Sulla was still in Greece with- 
out means of transporting his army into Asia. Mithri- 
dates applied to Sulla for peace, but did not at once 
secure it. Sulla marched his army to the Hellespont and 
at last, through the help of Lucullus, who later was to 
play a large part in Mithridatic affairs, secured ships to 




Sulla. 



THE MANILIAN LAW 3 

transport it. Once more Mithridates appealed to Sulla 
and a conference between them was held at Dardanus in 
the Troad. Sulla was anxious to turn his attention to his 
enemies in Italy, and therefore concluded a peace w T hich, 
under other circumstances, he would not have accepted. 
By the terms agreed upon, Mithridates had to surrender 
practically everything except Pontus, to give up nearly all 
of his war-vessels, and to pay an indemnity of three 
thousand talents. The soldiers of Fimbria deserted their 
chief and joined Sulla, who then returned to Italy. This 
first war ended in 84 B.C. • 

The second war hardly deserves the title and is some- 
times omitted altogether from the list of the Mithridatic 
wars, even by the Romans themselves. When Sulla re- 
turned to Italy, he left Murena with two of the legions of 
Fimbria in Asia, selecting these legions for this service as 
he was somewhat doubtful of their permanent loyalty to 
himself. Anxious for spoils and military glory, Murena 
proceeded to invade some of the king's dominions and to 
provoke him to war. The latter sent envoys to Sulla to 
complain of this treatment, but before they returned he 
administered a severe defeat to the invading Murena. 
Later came orders from Sulla bidding Murena to cease 
his hostilities. This war lasted from 83 to 81 B.C., and, 
for his part in it, the Romans, with strange disregard for 
the facts, allowed Murena a triumph. 

The third and most important war is the one with 
which we are immediately concerned. Mithridates was 
wise enough to know T that the Romans would certainly 
not leave matters as they were, that they would simply 
await a favorable moment to avenge the massacre of 
their kinsmen in Asia. So he continued to make every 
possible preparation. He had never secured from the 
Romans written terms of peace and vainly sought for 
them. Certain parts of Cappadocia were a matter of 



4 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

dispute between them, and at first the king retained 
these but later was compelled by the Romans to with- 
draw. He had allied himself with the king of Armenia 
by giving him his daughter in marriage. This king, 
Tigranes, he induced to invade Cappadocia, from which 
he carried off some three hundred thousand people and 
settled them in his own new capital of Tigranocerta. 

The Romans were busily occupied at this time in a hard 
struggle with Sertorius, the Roman rebel in Spain. The 
latter sent envoys and officers to Mithridates and estab- 
lished an alliance with him against the Romans. Then 
a plan of attacking Italy and Rome itself was formed. 
Mithridates, in addition to the fleet gathered for the 
invasion of Italy, collected great forces and invaded 
Bithynia, where he met with success in defeating the 
Romans. Just at this time, however, the Romans ap- 
pointed to the command in Asia against him Lucius Li- 
cinius Lucullus, the same man who had served Sulla well 
as quaestor. Lucullus conducted the war with great abil- 
ity, defeating Mithridates and his generals, and almost 
capturing the king himself. But the latter made his 
escape into Armenia, where the king Tigranes at first 
refused to help him or to be involved in the war. Of- 
fended, however, by the manner of the envoys of Lucul- 
lus, who demanded that he surrender his father-in-law, 
he decided to take the field. The result was that he was 
badly defeated by Lucullus, who had with him a compar- 
atively insignificant force. Furthermore he lost vast 
treasure and also his capital city to the Romans. After 
this he humbled himself to take the advice of Mithridates 
and matters went better with him. 

But he was helped chiefly by the Romans themselves. 
The soldiers of Lucullus had now been many years in 
Asia, a longer time even than their commander himself. 
Their leader, partly because of his overbearing manner, 



THE MANILIAN LAW 5 

was not popular with his men, in spite of his superior 
generalship. He had with him in the army his brother- 
in-law, Publius Clodius, later the bitter enemy of Cicero, 
and this promoter of trouble took advantage of the 
situation to foster and develop a spirit of mutiny which 
had begun to prevail among the soldieis, with the result 
that they refused to pursue the kings further. More- 
over, Lucullus, an aristocrat with a sense of justice and 
indisposed to be friendly with the equites as a class, had 
offended the tax-gatherers. He had manifested a cer- 
tain amount of humanity toward the people of the 
province, who had suffered much at the hands of the 
tax-gatherers. This aroused against him the intense 
hostility of the equites at Rome, the class to which the 
tax-collectors belonged, and they zealously spread re- 
ports that Lucullus was not anxious to complete the war, 
but was needlessly prolonging it since it procured for him 
additional wealth and the continued exercise of power. 
Hence it was that Lucullus could not carry forward his 
campaigns, and the kings, Mithridates and Tigranes, 
made considerable progress in reconquering territory 
which they had lost, and at last defeated with great loss 
Triarius, one of the lieutenants of Lucullus. Meantime, 
influenced by all this, the Senate had appointed the consul 
Manius Acilius Glabrio to the command of the army, but 
on arriving in his province of Bithynia and discovering 
the state of affairs he remained inactive, making no move 
at all towards taking the command of the soldiers of Lucul- 
lus. The latter, after this, made one attempt only to 
lead his men against Tigranes. This was frustrated by 
his soldiers, who deliberately marched off in another di- 
rection into Cappadocia. Thereafter Lucullus simply 
awaited the course of events, excusing himself from ac- 
tion on the plea that his successor, Glabrio, was close by. 
This was the situation of affairs when the tribune Gaius 



6 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

Manilius brought forward his bill proposing to confer 
the command of the war in the East upon Rome's distin- 
guished general, Gnaeus Pompeius, who had just com- 
pleted the war against the pirates of the Mediterranean. 
The proposal seemed to be a practical one, but it involved 
conferring a most extraordinary additional power upon 
a man already possessed of more power than the history 
of the Roman Republic could match in the case of any 
other one commander. It was only a short time before 
that the tribune Gabinius had succeeded in securing for 
Pompey the command of the war with the pirates, giving 
him control over the entire Mediterranean, and of the 
coasts for a distance of fifty miles inland. This power 
was to last for three years, and yet he had ended in 
three months the war by reason of which this extraor- 
dinary power had been given him. It was proposed by 
Manilius to recall the governors of Bithynia and Cilicia, 
and make Pompey the governor of all Asia as far as Ar- 
menia. This, of course, was to place practically the 
whole of Roman power in the hands of Pompey. At this 
time he was the favorite of the people chiefly, perhaps, 
because he had cleared the sea of pirates and so, by giving 
free access to the capital for the grain ships, had furnished 
an abundant food supply. The optimates naturally re- 
sented this unprecedented proposal, yet only two of 
them ventured to voice their opposition publicly — Hor- 
tensius, Cicero's rival in the law-courts, and Catulus. 
The arguments offered by these men were perfectly 
sound, but the people, who no longer felt the pinch of 
hunger now that the pirates had been driven from the 
sea, chose to listen to Cicero and to applaud him when 
he told them that these men were proven to be wrong in 
their contentions; for they had argued in the same way 
against the appointment of Pompey to the command 
against the pirates under the Gabinian law. Of course, 



THE MANILIAN LAW 7 

Cicero did not meet the issue squarely in this reply. 
Hortensius and Catulus denied neither Pompey's mili- 
tary ability nor the beneficial results secured to Rome 
by his driving the pirates from the sea. In fact, it was 
not the successes of Pompey which were the subject of 
debate, but whether the constant violations of the con- 
stitution in making extraordinary appointments, and the 
fashion of bestowing larger and larger powers on one 
man, and doing this repeatedly in the case of the same 
man, did not constitute a menace for the state in the 
future. Instead of replying to this, Cicero proceeds to 
eulogize Pompey' s whole career with the utmost ex- 
travagance of statement, and stamps him as a favorite 
of heaven. As if, indeed, an enumeration of the various 
instances in which law and custom had been violated for 
Pompey's benefit constituted an argument why the same 
sort of act should be repeated in his case, simply on a 
larger scale! 

The proposal would probably have been made law even 
if no one had spoken to advocate its enactment. Caesar, 
as well as Cicero, supported it. For what reasons they 
did so one may not readily declare. It may well be, as 
is often asserted, that Caesar desired the people to be- 
come accustomed to such extraordinary grants of power, 
believing that later he might be a candidate for similar 
favors. In Cicero's case, it is charitable to believe that 
he felt matters were so critical that the practical value 
of Pompey's services to the state would outweigh any 
dangers to be feared from his appointment. Many, how- 
ever, believe that, despite his protest to the contrary, he 
was seeking the favor of Pompey who, at this time, was 
the most influential man at Rome, knowing how much 
help he would need, gathered from any and all sources, 
if he hoped to be successful later in his candidacy for the 
consulship. 



8 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

Pompey justified the expectations of his friends. He 
defeated Mithridates, reduced Pontus to the form of a 
province, and in general subdued the entire East. He 
was greatly helped at the last, however, by a revolt 




Pompey. 
Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus. 

against the old king headed by his own son Pharnaces, 
in consequence of which Mithridates took his own life. 
The son was more than eager to present his submission 
to Pompey. It may be added that, in the judgment of 
many, Lucullus had broken the power of the kings of 
Pontus and Armenia before the appointment of Pompey 
as his successor. Glabrio is, of course, a negligible quan- 



THE MAXILIAN LAW 9 

tity. If this is true, we must assume that Cicero greatly 
exaggerated the dangers which Pompey was called upon 
to face. 

Pompey — or to give him his proper Roman designation, 
Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus — for whom Cicero advocated 
this extraordinary appointment, was a man but a few 
months younger than Cicero himself, and had certainly 
had an extraordinary career. The title of Magnus, which 
has ever since been associated with his name, was first 
given him by Sulla. When only twenty-three years old he 
raised an army of several legions, chiefly made up of clients 
and dependents and old soldiers of his father, and with 
these inflicted some damage upon the Marian faction be- 
fore he joined forces with Sulla, who was just returning 
from the first Mithridatic war to face his enemies in Italy. 
Later Sulla gave him the independent command of a 
force with which to follow and subdue the Marian leaders 
in Sicily and Africa. When he had successfully accom- 
plished this task he was ordered to disband his army 
and, retaining a single legion only under his command, 
to await the arrival of his successor in the province. His 
army was ready to rebel at this news, but Sulla, who knew 
how to be most diplomatic at times, learning of this, ar- 
ranged that a tribune should veto his own law for the 
recall of Pompey and himself greeted the youthful com- 
mander, returning with all his legions, with the title of 
Magnus. He refused at first, however, to allow Pompey 
to have the honor of a triumph, but thought better of it. 
After the death of Sulla Pompey helped crush an attempt 
to overthrow the Sullan constitution, and then received 
the commission to march against Sertorius, who was the 
champion of the Marian party in Spain. He was suc- 
cessful there also, not because of superior military abil- 
ity, but because Sertorius was murdered and his suc- 
cessor was a weak leader. Returning to Italy, his good 



10 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

luck threw in his path five thousand fugitives from the 
army of Spartacus who, with his gladiators, had just been 
badly defeated by Crassus. He promptly claimed much 
credit for having destroyed these men, who would have 
been glad to escape unmolested. Again he was allowed 
to celebrate a triumph, though he had as yet held no one 
of the chief offices of the state, and immediately entered 
upon his consulship for the year 70 B.C. He had become 
the favorite of the people because of his military exploits, 
and now strengthened his hold upon their favor by 
popular laws. He remained at Rome after his consul- 
ship, not caring for the government of a province. Then 
the people decided to send their champion to subdue the 
Mediterranean pirates, who had by this time become so 
bold that they actually made raids on the coast of Italy 
near Rome. They consisted very largely of the bravest 
of the opponents of Rome, men who would not submit 
to her sway when their own countries became subject 
to her, and took the only way to revenge themselves. 
They were men of many nations, and numbered also 
among them many outlawed Romans. This war was 
an exploit for which Pompey was certainly deserving of 
great praise. The coast of Cilicia, to which he had brought 
his ships and army when he pursued the pirates to their 
strongholds, was in the neighborhood of the localities 
where Lucullus was experiencing his troubles incident to 
the Mithridatic war. The period for which Pompey 
had been assigned unprecedented powers had hardly 
begun. It was perhaps only natural, then, that the peo- 
ple, gratified by Pompey's constant series of successes, 
should clamor for their favorite's appointment, disregard- 
ing all warnings voiced by two of the optimates. 



THE MANILIAN LAW 



11 



DELIVERED BY CICERO WHEN PRAETOR, IX 66 B.C., BEFORE 
THE PEOPLE CONVENED AT A CONTIO IN THE FORUM 

Exordium. Cicero's first political address. His duty to the people 
demands this of him. 

I. i. Quamquam mihi semper frequens conspectus 
vester multo iucundissimus, hie autem locus ad agendum 
amplissimus, ad dicendum ornatissimus est visus, Quirites, 
tamen hoc aditu laudis, qui semper optimo cuique maxime 




The Front of the Rostra, Restored. 

patuit, non mea me voluntas adhuc, sed vitae meae ratio- 5 
nes ab ineunte aetate susceptae prohibuerunt. Xam cum 
antea per aetatem nondum huius auctoritatem loci at- 
tingere auderem, statueremque nihil hue nisi perfectum 
ingenio, elaboratum industria afferri oportere, omne 
meum tempus amicorum temporibus transmittendum 10 
putavi. 2. Ita neque hie locus vacuus umquam fuit ab 
els qui vestram causam defenderent, et meus labor, in 
privatorum periculis caste integreque versatus, ex vestro 
iudicio fructum est amplissimum consecutus. Xam cum 
propter dilationem comitiorum ter praetor primus cen-15 
turiis cunctis renuntiatus sum, facile intellexi, Quirites, et 



12 



CICERO'S ORATIONS 



quid de me iudicaretis, et quid aliis praescriberetis. Nunc 
cum et auctoritatis in me tantum sit, quantum vos honori- 
bus mandandis esse voluistis, et ad agendum facultatis 
tantum, quantum homin! vigilant! ex forensi usu prope 
scotidiana dicendi exercitatio potuit afferre, certe et si 
quid auctoritatis in me est, apud eos utar qui earn mihi 
dederunt, et si quid in dicendo consequi possum, els 
ostendam potissimum, qui el quoque rel fructum suo 




The Back of the Rostra, Restored. 

iudici5 tribuendum esse duxerunt. 3. Atque illud in 
loprimis mihi laetandum iure esse video, quod in hac In- 
solita mihi ex hoc loc5 ratione dicendi causa talis oblata 
est, in qua oratio deesse nemini possit. Dicendum est 
enim de Cn. Pompei singular! eximiaque virttite: huius 
autem orationis difficilius est exitum quam prlncipium 
15 invenire. Ita mihi non tarn copia quam modus in dicendo 
quaerendus est. 



Narratio, i.e., the statement of the situation. Roman knights are inform- 
ing Cicero how desperate affairs are in Asia. 

II. 4. Atque, ut inde oratio mea proficlscatur, unde 
haec omnis causa ducitur, bellum grave et perlculosum 



THE MAXILIAX LAW 



13 



vestris vectigalibus ac sociis a duobus potentissimis regibus 
infertur, Mithridate et Tigrane, quorum alter relictus, alter 
lacessitus, occasionem sibi ad occupandam Asiam oblatam 
esse arbitrantur. Equitibus Romanis, honestissimis viris, 
afferuntur ex Asia cotldie litterae, quorum magnae res 5 
aguntur in vestris vectigalibus exercendis occupatae; qui 
ad me, pro necessitudine quae mihi est cum illo ordine, 




Balustrade from the Rostra. 



causam rei publicae periculaque rerum suarum detulerunt : 
5. Bithyniae, quae nunc vestra provincia est, vicos ex- 
ustos esse compluris; regnum Ariobarzanis, quod finiti-io 
mum est vestris vectigalibus, totum esse in hostium potes- 
tate; L. Lucullum, magnis rebus gestis, ab eo bello dis- 
cedere; huic qui successerit non satis esse paratum ad 
tantum bellum administrandum; unum ab omnibus 
sociis et civibus ad id bellum imperatorem depose! atque 15 
expeti, eundem hunc tinum ab hostibus metui, praeterea 
neminem. 

6. Causa quae sit videtis; nunc quid agendum sit con- 
siderate. Primum mihi videtur de genere belli, deinde de 
magnitudine, turn de imperatore deligendo esse dicendum. 20 



14 



CICERO'S ORATIONS 



^ Genus est belli eius modi, quod maxime vestros animos 
excitare atque inflammare ad persequendi studium debeat: 
in quo agitur populi Roman! gloria, quae vobis a mai- 
oribus cum magna in omnibus rebus turn summa in re 
smilitari tradita est; agitur salus sociorum atque amicorum, 
pro qua multa maiores vestri magna et gravia bella ges- 
serunt; aguntur certissima populi Roman! vectigalia et 
maxima, quibus amissis et pacis ornamenta et subsidia 
belli requiretis; aguntur bona multorum civium, quibus 
10 est a vobis et ipsorum et rei publicae causa consulendum. 



Mithridates has massacred thousands of Roman citizens in Asia. 
Your previous commanders have defeated him, but nevertheless 
have left him still a reigning king. 

III. 7. Et quoniam semper appetentes gloriae praeter 
ceteras gentis atque avidi laudis fuistis, delenda est vobis 
ilia macula Mithridatico bello superiore concepta, quae 
penitus iam insedit ac nimis invete- 

15 ravit in populi RomanI nomine, — quod 
is, qui uno die, tota in Asia, tot in 
civitatibus, uno nuntio atque una sig- 
nificatione litterarum civ!s Romanos 
necandos trucidandosque denotavit, 

2onon modo adhuc poenam nullam suo 
dignam scelere suscepit, sed ab illo 
tempore annum iam tertium et vice- 
simum regnat, et ita regnat, ut se non Pont! neque Cap- 
padociae iatebris occultare velit, sed emergere ex patrio 

25 regno atque in vestris vectigalibus, hoc est, in Asiae luce 
versar!. 8. Etenim adhuc ita nostri cum illo rege conten- 
derunt imperatores, ut ab illo insignia victoriae, non vic- 
toriam reportarent. Triumphavit L. Sulla, triumphavit 
L. Murena de Mithridate, duo fortissimi viri et summi 

30 imperatores; sed ita triumpharunt, ut ille pulsus supera- 
tusque regnaret. Verum tamen illis imperatoribus laus 




Coin of Sulla. 



THE MANILIAN LAW 



15 



est tribuenda quod egerunt, venia danda quod reliquerunt, 
propterea quod ab eo bello Sullam in Italiam res publica, 
Murenam Sulla revocavit. 



Mithridates at once made preparation for a new war, and allied him- 
self with Sertorius. Conduct of Pompey and Lucullus at this 
crisis. 

IV. 9. Mithridates autem omne reliquum tempus non 
ad oblivionem veteris belli, sed ad comparationem no vis 
contulit; qui postea cum maximas aedificasset ornassetque 

classis exercitusque permag- 
nos quibuscumque ex gen- 
tibus potuisset comparasset, 
et se Bosporanis fmitimis 10 
suis bellum inferre simu- 
laret, usque in Hispaniam 
legatos ac litteras misit ad 
eos duces quibuscum turn 
bellum gerebamus, ut, cum 15 
duobus in locls disiunctis- 
simis maximeque diversis 
uno consilio a binis hostium 
copils bellum terra marique 
gereretur, vos ancipiti con- 20 
tentione districtl de imperio 
dimicaretis. 10. Sed tamen alterius partis periculum, 
Sertorianae atque Hispaniensis, quae multo plus firma- 
ment! ac roboris habebat, Cn. Pompel divino consilio 
ac singular! virtute depulsum est; in altera parte ita25 
res a L. Lucullo summo viro est administrata, ut 
initia ilia rerum gestarum magna atque praeclara non 
fel!citati eius, sed virtuti, haec autem extrema, quae 
nuper acciderunt, non culpae, sed fortunae tribuenda esse 
videantur. Sed de Lucullo d!cam alio loco, et ita dicam, 30 
Quirites, ut neque vera laus e! detracta oratione mea 




Mithridates. 



16 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

neque falsa afficta esse videatur; n.de vestri imperi 
dignitate atque gloria, quoniam is est exorsus orationis 
meae, videte quern vobis animum suscipiendum putetis. 

Our ancestors brooked no insult however slight. 

V. Maiores nostri saepe mercatoribus aut navicularils 
snostrls iniuriosius tractatls bella gesserunt; vos, tot mlli- 
bus clvium Romanorum uno nuntio atque uno tempore 
necatls, quo tandem animo esse debetis? Legati quod 
erant appellati superbius, Corinthum patres vestri totlus 
Graeciae lumen exstmctum esse voluerunt. Vos eum re- 

10 gem inultum esse patiemini, qui legatum populi Roman! 
consularem vinculis ac verberibus atque omni supplicid 
excruciatum necavit? 111! libertatem imminutam civium 
Romanorum non tulerunt; vos ereptam vltam neglegetis? 
lus legatidnis verbo violatum ill! persecuti sunt; vos lega- 

15 turn omni supplicio interfectum relinquetis? 12. Videte 
ne, ut illis pulcherrimum fuit tantam vobis imperi gloriam 
tradere, sic vobis turpissimum sit, id quod accepistis tueri 
et conservare non posse. 

Quid ? Quod salus socidrum summum in periculum ac 

2odiscrimen vocatur, quo tandem animo ferre debetis? 
Regnd est expulsus Ariobarzanes rex, socius populi Ro- 
man! atque amicus; imminent duo reges t5t! Asiae non 
solum vobis inimlcissiml, sed etiam vestrls socils atque 
amlcls; clvitates autem omnes cuncta Asia atque Graecia 

25vestrum auxilium exspectare propter perlcul! magni- 
tudinem coguntur; imperatorem a vobis certum depos- 
cere, cum praesertim vos alium mlseritis, neque audent, 
neque se id facere sine summo perlculo posse arbitrantur. 
13. Vident et sentiunt hoc idem quod vos, — unum virum 

30 esse, in quo summa sint omnia, et eum propter esse, qu5 
etiam carent aegrius; cuius adventu ipso atque nomine, 
tametsl ille ad maritimum bellum venerit, tamen impetus 
hostium repressos esse intellegunt ac retardatos. Hi 



THE MANILIAN LAW 17 

vos, quoniam libere loqui non licet, tacite rogant, ut se 
quoque, slcut ceterarum provinciarum socios, dignos 
existimetis, qudrum salutem tali viro commendetis; atque 
hoc etiam magis, quod ceteros in provinciam eius modi 
homines cum imperio mittimus, ut etiam si ab hoste de- 5 
fendant, tamen ipsorum adventus in urbis sociorum non 
multum ab hostili expugnatione differant. Hunc audie- 
bant antea, nunc praesentem vident, tanta temperantia, 
tanta mansuetudine, tanta humanitate, ut ei beatissimi 
esse videantur, apud quos ille diutissime commoratur. ia 

No revenues can be collected when a war threatens to arise. 

VI. 14. Qua re si propter socios, nulla ipsi iniuria 
lacessitlj maiores nostri cum Antiocho, cum Philippo, cum 
Aetolis, cum Poems bella gesserunt, quanto vos studio 
convenit iniuriis provocatos sociorum salutem una cum 
imperi vestri dignitate defendere, praesertim cum de 15 
maximis vestris vectigalibus agatur? Xam ceterarum 
provinciarum vectigalia, Quirites, tanta sunt, ut eis ad 
ipsas provincias tutandas vix content! esse poss!mus; 
Asia vero tarn opima est ac fertilis, ut et ubertate agrorum 
et varietate fructuum et magnitudine pastionis et mul-20 
titudine earum rerum quae exportantur, facile omnibus 
terrls antecellat. Itaque haec vobis provincia, Quirites, 
si et belli utilitatem et pacis dignitatem retinere vultis, 
non modo a calamitate, sed etiam a metu calamitatis 
est defendenda. 15. Xam in ceteris rebus cum venit25 
calamitas, turn detrimentum accipitur; at in vectigalibus 
non solum adventus mali, sed etiam metus ipse affert 
calamitatem. Xam cum hostium copiae non longe ab- 
sunt, etiam si irruptio nulla facta est, tamen pecuaria 
relinquitur, agri cultura deseritur, mercatorum navigatio 30 
conquiescit. Ita neque ex portu neque ex decumls neque 
ex scriptura vectigal conservari potest; qua re saepe totius 
anni fructus uno rumore periculi atque uno belli terrore 



18 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

amittitur. 16. Qu5 tandem igitur animo esse existimatis 
aut eos qui vectigalia nobis pensitant, aut eos qui exercent 
atque exigunt, cum duo reges cum maximis copiis propter 
adsint? cum una excursio equitatus perbrevi tempore to- 
5 this anni vectigal auferre possit? cum publican! familias 
maximas, quas in saltibus habent, quas in agris, quas in 
portubus atque custodiis, magno periculo se habere ar- 
bitrentur? Putatisne vos illis rebus frui posse, nisi eos 
qui vobls fructui sunt conservaritis non solum (ut ante 
lodixi) calamitate, sed etiam calamitatis formidine libera- 
tos? 

Rome itself is concerned, not merely the jpublicani. Financial disaster 
in Asia means financial trouble at Rome. 

VII. 17. Ac ne illud quidem vobls neglegendum est, 
quod mihi ego extremum proposueram, cum essem de 
belli genere dicturus, quod ad multorum bona civium 

15 Romanorum pertinet, quorum vobls pro vestra sapientia, 
Quirites, habenda est ratio dlligenter. Nam et publi- 
canl, homines honestissimi atque ornatissimi, suas ratio- 
nes et copias in illam provinciam contulerunt, quorum 
ipsorum per se res et fortunae vobls curae esse debent. 

20 Etenim si vectigalia nervos esse rel publicae semper diixi- 
mus, eum certe ordinem, qui exercet ilia, flrmamentum 
ceterorum ordinum recte esse dicemus. 18. Deinde 
ex ceteris ordinibus homines gnavi atque industrii 
partim ipsi in Asia negotiantur, quibus vos absentibus 

25 consulere debetis, partim eorum in ea provincia pe- 
cunias magnas collocatas habent. Est igitur humanita- 
tis vestrae magnum numerum eorum civium calamitate 
prohibere, sapientiae videre multorum civium calami- 
tatem a re publica seiunctam esse non posse. Etenim 

3oprimum illud parvi refert, n5s publicanis omissis vecti- 
galia postea victoria recuperare. Neque enim Isdem re- 
dimendi facultas erit propter calamitatem, neque aliis 



THE MANILIAN LAW 19 

voluntas propter timorem. 19. Deinde quod nos eadem 
Asia atque Idem iste Mithridates initio belli Asiatic! 
docuit, id quidem certe calamitate docti memoria re- 
tinere debemus. Nam turn, cum in Asia res magnas 
permulti amiserant, scimus Romae, solutione impedita, 5 
fidem concidisse. Non enim possunt una in civitate 
multi rem ac fortunas amittere, ut non plures secum in 
eandem trahant calamitatem. A quo periculo prohibete 

rem publicam, et 
mihi credite id 10 
quod ipsi videtis; 
haec fides atque 
haec ratio pecuni- 








^^'*M^t J & Tum > quae Romae, 



quae in Foro ver- 15 

coin of AriTHHiDATEsT^ satur, implicata 

est cum illis pecu- 
niis Asiaticis et cohaeret. Ruere ilia non possunt, ut haec 
non eodem labefacta motu concidant. Qua re videte num 
dubitandum vobis sit omni studio ad id bellum incum-20 
bere, in quo gloria nominis vestri, salus sociorum, vectl- 
galia maxima, fortunae plurimorum civium coniunctae 
cum re publica defendantur. 

The campaign of Lucullus in Asia was at first gloriously successful. 

VIII. 20. Quoniam de genere belli dixi, nunc de mag- 
nitudine pauca dicam. Potest hoc enim dici, belli genus 25 
esse ita necessarium ut sit gerendum, non esse ita magnum 
ut sit pertimescendum. In quo maxime elaborandum est, 
ne forte ea vobis quae diligentissime providenda sunt, 
contemnenda esse videantur. Atque ut omnes intelle- 
gant me L. Lucullo tantum impertlre laudis, quantum 30 
forti viro et sapient! homini et magno imperatori de- 
beatur, dico eius adventu maximas Mithridati copias 
omnibus rebus ornatas atque Instructas fuisse, urbemque 



20 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

Asiae clarissimam nobisque amicissimam, Cyzicenorum, 
obsessam esse ab ipso rege maxima multitudine et op- 
pugnatam vehementissime, quam L. Lucullus virtute, 
assiduitate, consilio, summis obsidionis periculis libe- 
5ravit*)\2i. ab eodem imperatore classem magnam et 
ornatam, quae ducibus Sertorianis ad Italiam studio 
atque odio Inflammata raperetur, superatam esse atque 
depressam; magnas hostium praeterea copias multis 
proeliis esse deletas, patefactumque nostris legionibus 

10 esse Pontum, qui antea populo Romano ex omni aditu 
clausus fuisset; Sinopen atque Amisum, quibus in oppidis 
erant domicilia regis, omnibus rebus ornatas ac refertas 
ceterasque urbis Ponti et Cappadociae permultas, uno 
aditu adventuque esse captas; regem, spoliatum regn5 

i5patrio atque avito, ad alios se reges atque ad alias gentis 
supplicem contulisse; atque haec omnia salvis populi 
Roman! sociis atque integris vectigalibus esse gesta. 
Satis opinor haec esse laudis, atque ita, Quirites, ut hoc 
vos intellegatis, a nullo istorum, qui huic obtrectant leg! 

20 atque causae, L. Lticullum similiter ex hoc loco esse 
laudatum. 

Mithridates has escaped. Tigranes has become his ally. Other na- 
tions exasperated ; our army dissatisfied; a serious reverse en- 
countered. 

IX. 22. Requiretur fortasse nunc quern ad modum, 
cum haec ita sint, reliquum possit magnum esse bellum. 
Cognoscite, Quirites. Non enim hoc sine causa quaerl 

25 videtur. Primum ex suo regnd sic Mithridates prof ugit, 
ut ex eodem Ponto Medea ilia quondam profugisse 
dicitur, quam praedicant in fuga fratris sul membra in 
els locis, qua se parens persequeretur, dissipavisse, ut 
eorum collectio dispersa, maerorque patrius, celeritatem 

30 persequendi retardaret. Sic Mithridates fugiens maxi- 
mam vim auri atque argent! pulcherrimarumque rerum 



THE MANILIAN LAW 



21 



omnium, quas et a maioribus acceperat et ipse bello 
superiore ex tota Asia direptas in suum regnum con- 
gesserat, in Ponto omnem reliquit. Haec dum nostri 
colligunt omnia diligentius, rex ipse e manibus effugit. 

Ita ilium in persequendi studios 
maeror, hos laetitia tardavit. 
23. Hunc in illo timore et fuga 
Tigranes rex Armenius excepit, 
diffidentemque rebus suis con- 
firmavit, et afflictum erexit, per- 10 
ditumque recreavit. Cuius in 
regnum postea quam L. Lucullus 
cum exercitu venit, plures etiam 
gentes contra imperatorem nos- 
trum concitatae sunt. Erat enim 15 
metus iniectus els nationibus, 
quas numquam populusRomanus 
neque lacessendas bello neque 
temptandas putavit; erat etiam 
alia gravis atque vehemens opinio, 20 
quae animos gentium barbara- 
rum pervaserat fan! locupletis- 
simi et religiosissimi diripiendl 
causa in eas oras nostrum esse 
exercitum adductum. Ita na-25 
tiones multae atque magnae novo 
quodam terrore ac metu concita- 
bantur. Noster autem exercitus, tametsi urbem ex 
Tigranis regno ceperat, et proeliis usus erat secundis, 
tamen nimia longinquitate locorum ac deslderio suorum30 
commovebatur. 

24. Hie iam plura non dicam. Fuit enim illud extre- 
mum ut ex eis locis a militibus nostris reditus magis 
maturus quam processio longior quaereretur. Mithri- 
dates autem et suam manum iam confirmarat, et eorum35 



A^. 


M Wf*§ 


Iffrw^ 


1 yiJf/1 — 








miff 


Ww 


ill 1 

^. II 1 hi | 


1 1 

w 


-3gjJ|jjj 


Jigilil 



Medea. 



22 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

qui se ex ipsius regno collegerant, et magnis adventiciis 
auxiliis multorum regum et nationum iuvabatur.V' lam 
hoc fere sic fieri solere accepimus, ut regum amlctae 
fortunae facile multorum opes alliciant ad misericordiam, 
5 maximeque eorum qui aut reges sunt aut vivunt in regno, 
ut els nomen regale magnum et sanctum esse videatur. 
25. Itaque tantum victus efficere potuit, quantum in- 
columis numquam est ausus optare. Nam cum se in 
regnum suum recepisset, non fuit eo contentus, quod el 

lopraeter spem acciderat, ut illam, postea quam pulsus 
erat, terram umquam attingeret, sed in exercitum nos- 
trum clarum atque victorem impetum fecit. Sinite hoc 
loco, Quirites, sicut poetae solent, qui res Romanas scri- 
bunt, praeterire me nostram calamitatem, quae tanta 

15 fuit, ut earn ad auris imperatoris non ex proelio nuntius, 
sed ex sermone rumor afferret. 

26. Hie in illo ips5 malo gravissimaque belli offensione, 
L. Lucullus, qui tamen aliqua ex parte els incommodis 
mederi fortasse potuisset, vestro iussu coactus, quod im- 

20 peri diuturnitati modum statuendum vetere exemplo 
putavistis, partem militum, qui iam stipendils confecti 
erant, dimlsit, partem M\ Glabrioni tradidit. Multa 
praetereo consulto, sed ea vos coniectura perspicite, 
quantum illud bellum factum putetis, quod coniungant 

25 reges potentissimi, renovent agitatae nationes, suscipiant 
integrae gentes, novus imperator noster accipiat, vetere 
exercitu pulso. 

The qualities needed in a general. Pompey's knowledge of the art of 

war. 

X. 27. Satis mihi multa verba fecisse videor, qua re 

esset hoc bellum genere ipso necessarium, magnitudine 

30 periculosum. Restat ut de imperatore ad id bellum deli- 

gendo ac tantis rebus praeficiendo dicendum esse videatur. 

Utinam, Quirltes, virorum fortium atque innocentium 



THE MANILIAN LAW 23 

copiam tantam haberetis, ut haec vobis deliberatio dif- 
ficilis esset, quemnam potissimum tantis rebus ac tanto 
bello praeficiendum putaretis ! Nunc vero cum sit unus 
Cn. Pompeius, qui non modo eorum hominum qui nunc 
sunt gloriam, sed etiam antiquitatis memoriam virtutes 
superarit, quae res est quae cuiusquam animum in hac 
causa dubium facere possit? 28. Ego enim sic existimo, 
in summo imperatore quattuor has res inesse oportere, — 
scientiam rei militaris, virtutem, auctoritatem, felicitatem. 
Quis igitur hoc homine scientior umquam aut fuit autio 
esse debuit ? qui e ludo atque e pueritiae disciplmis bello 
maximo atque acerrimis hostibus ad patris exercitum 
atque in mllitiae disciplmam profectus est; qui extrema 
pueritia miles in exercitu fuit summi imperatoris, ineunte 
adulescentia maximi ipse exercitus imperator; qui saepiusio 
cum hoste conflixit quam quisquam cum inimico concer- 
tavit, plura bella gessit quam ceteri legerunt, plures 
provincias confecit quam alii concupiverunt; cuius adules- 
centia ad scientiam rei militSris non alienis praeceptis 
sed suis imperiis, non offensionibus belli sed victoriis, 20 
non stipendiis sed triumphis est erudita. Quod denique 
genus esse belli potest, in quo ilium non exercuerit for- 
tuna rei publicae? Civile, Africanum, Transalpinum, 
Hispaniense mixtum ex civitatibus atque ex bellicosis- 
simis nationibus, servile, navale bellum, varia et diversa25 
genera et bellorum et hostium, non solum gesta ab hcc 
un5, sed etiam confecta, nullam rem esse declarant in 
usu positam militari, quae huius viri scientiam fugere 
possit. 

The entire world already bears testimony to Po?npey's general capacity 
for military leadership. 

XI. 29. lam vero virtuti Cn. Pompei quae potest 30 
oratio par inveniri? Quid est quod quisquam aut illo 
dignum aut vobis novum aut cuiquam inauditum possit 



24 



CICERO'S ORATIONS 



«V- 



aff erre ? sJSeque enim illae sunt solae virtutes impera- 
toriae, quae vulgo existimantur, labor in negotiis, forti- 
tudo in perlculis, industria in agendo, celeritas in con- 
ficiendo, consilium in providendo; quae tanta sunt in 
5 hoc uno, quanta in omnibus reliquls imperatoribus, quos 
aut vidimus aut audlvimus, non fuerunt. 30. Testis est 
Italia, quam ille ipse victor L. Sulla huius virtute et sub- 
sidio confessus est liberatam. Testis est Sicilia, quam 
multls undique cinctam perlculis non terrore belli, sed 

lcconsill celeritate explicavit. Testis est Africa, quae, 
magnis oppressa hostium co- 
piis, eorum ipsorum sanguine 
redundavit. Testis est Gallia, 
per quam legionibus nostris 

15 iter in Hispaniam Gallorum 
internecione patefactum est. 
Testis est Hispania, quae sae- 
pissime plurimos hostis ab hoc 
superatos prostratosque con- 

2ospexit. Testis est iterum et 
saepius Italia, quae cum ser- 
vili bell5 taetro pericul5soque 
premeretur, ab hoc auxilium absente expetlvit; quod bel- 
lum exspectatione eius attenuatum atque imminutum est, 

25 adventu sublatum ac sepultum. 

31. Testes nunc vero iam omnes orae atque omnes ex- 
terae gentes ac nationes, denique maria omnia cum uni- 
versa, turn in singulis oris omnes sinus atque portus. 
Quis enim toto marl locus per hos annos aut tarn firmum 

30 habuit praesidium ut tutus esset, aut tarn f uit abditus ut 
later et? Quis navigavit qui non se aut mortis aut ser- 
vitutis perlcul5 committeret, cum aut hieme aut referto 
praedonum marl navigaret? Hoc tantum bellum, tarn 
turpe, tarn vetus, tarn late divisum atque dispersum, 

35 quis umquam arbitraretur aut ab omnibus imperatoribus 




An Ancient Ship. 



THE MANILIAN LAW 25 

lino anno aut omnibus annis ab uno imperatore confici 
posse? 32. Quam provinciam tenuistis a praedonibus 
liberam per hosce annos? Quod vectigal vobis tutum 
fuit? Quern socium defendistis? Cui praesidio classi- 
bus vestris fuistis? Quam multas existimatis Insulass 
esse desertas? Quam multas aut metu relictas aut a 
praedonibus captas urbis esse sociorum? 

The pirates who but just now were everywhere supreme on the sea, and 
most dangerous even on the coasts of Italy as well, in a few brief 
weeks have been crushed by Pompey. 

XII. Sed quid ego longinqua commemoro ? Fuit hoc 
quondam, fuit proprium popull Romani, longe a domo bel- 
lare, et propugnaculis imperi sociorum fortunas, non sua 10 
tecta defendere. Sociis ego nostris mare per hos annos 
clausum fuisse dJcam, cum exercitus vestri numquam a 
Brundisio nisi hieme summa transmiserint ? Qui ad vos 
ab exteris nationibus venirent captos querar, cum legati 
popull Roman! redempti sint ? Mercatdribus tutum mare 15 
non fuisse dicam, cum duodecim secures in praedonum 
potestatem pervenerint? 33. Cnidum aut Colophonem 
aut Samum, nobilissimas urbis, innumerabilisque alias 
captas esse commemorem, cum vestros portus, atque eos 
portus quibus vitam ac spiritum ducitis, in praedonum 20 
fuisse potestate sciatis ? An vero ignoratis portum Cai- 
etae celeberrimum ac plenissimum navium mspectante 
praetore a praedonibus esse direptum? Ex Miseno 
autem eius ipsius liberos, qui cum praedonibus antea ibi 
bellum gesserat, a praedonibus esse sublatos ? Nam quid 25 
ego Ostiense incommodum atque illam labem atque igno- 
miniam rei publicae querar, cum, prope inspectantibus 
vobis, classis ea, cui consul populi Roman! praepositus 
esset, a praedonibus capta atque oppressa est? 

Pro di immortales ! tantamne unius hominis incredi- 30 
bilis ac divina virtus tarn brevi tempore lucem afferre 



26 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

rei publicae potuit, ut vos, qui modo ante ostium Ti- 
berinum classem hostium videbatis, el nunc nullam intra 
Oceanl ostium praedonum navem esse audiatis ? 34. 
Atque haec qua celeritate gesta sint quamquam videtis, 
stamen a me in dicendo praetereunda non sunt. Quis 
enim umquam aut obeundi negoti aut consequendi quaes- 
tus studio tarn brevl tempore tot loca adire, tantos cursus 
conficere potuit, quam celeriter Cn. Pompeio duce tanti 
belli impetus navigavit? Qui nondum tempestivo ad 

lonavigandum marl Siciliam adiit, Africam exploravit; inde 
Sardiniam cum classe venit, atque haec tria frumentaria 
subsidia rei publicae firmissimis praesidiis classibusque 
munivit. 35. Inde cum se in Italiam recepisset, duabus 
Hispaniis et Gallia transalpma praesidiis ac navibus 

15 confirmata, missis item in oram Illyrici maris et in 
Achaiam omnemque Graeciam navibus, Italiae duo maria 
maximis classibus firmissimlsque praesidiis adornavit. 
Ipse autem ut Brundisio profectus est, undequlnqua- 
gesimo die totam ad imperium populi Roman! Ciliciam 

2oadiunxit; omnes, qui ubique praedones fuerunt, partim 
capti interfectique sunt, partim unius huius se imperio ac 
potestatl dediderunt. Idem Cretensibus, cum ad eum 
usque in Pamphyliam legatos deprecatoresque misissent, 
spem deditionis non ademit, obsidesque imperavit. Ita 

25tantum bellum, tarn diuturnum, tarn longe lateque di- 
spersum, quo bello omnes gentes ac nationes premebantur, 
Cn. Pompeius extrema hieme apparavit, ineunte vere 
suscepit, media aestate confecit. 

Pompey's qualifications as a general measure up to the highest standard. 

XIII. 36. Est haec divina atque incredibilis virtus im- 

3operatoris. Quid ceterae, quas paulo ante commemorare 

coeperam, quantae atque quam multae sunt ? Non enim 

bellandi virtus solum in summo ac perfecto imperatore 

quaerenda e§t, sed multae sunt artes eximiae huius ad- 



THE MANILIAN LAW 27 

ministrae comitesque virtutis. Ac prlmum, quanta in- 
nocentia debent esse imperatores? Quanta deinde in 
omnibus rebus temperantia, quanta fide, quanta facili- 
tate, quanto ingenio, quanta humanitate? Quae bre- 
viter qualia sint in Cn. Pompeio conslderemus; summas 
enim omnia sunt, Quirites, sed ea magis ex aliorum con- 
tention quam ipsa per sese cognosci atque intellegi 
possunt. 37. Quern enim imperatorem possumus ullo 
in numero putare, cuius in exercitu centuriatus veneant 
atque venierint ? Quid hunc hominem magnum aut am- 10 
plum de re publica cogitare, qui pecuniam, ex aerario 
depromptam ad bellum administrandum, aut propter 
cupiditatem provinciae magistratibus dlviserit, aut propter 
avaritiam Romae in quaestu reliquerit? Vestra admur- 
muratio facit, Quirites, ut agnoscere videamini qui haec 15 
fecerint; ego autem nomino neminem; qua re Irasci mihi 
nemo poterit, nisi qui ante de se voluerit confiteri. Itaque 
propter hanc avaritiam imperatorum quantas calami- 
tates, quocumque ventum est, nostri exercitus ferant 
quis ignorat ? 38. Itinera quae per hosce annos in Italia 20 
per agros atque oppida civium Romanorum nostri im- 
peratores fecerint recordamini; turn facilius statuetis 
quid apud exteras nationes fieri existimetis. Utrum 
pluris arbitramini per hosce annos militum vestrorum 
armis hostium urbis, an hiberms sociorum civitates esse 25 
deletas? Xeque enim potest exercitum is continere im- 
perator, qui se ipse non continet, neque severus esse in 
iudicando, qui alios in se severos esse iudices non vult. 
39. Hie miramur hunc hominem tantum excellere ceteris, 
cuius legiones sic in Asiam pervenerint, ut non modo30 
manus tantl exercitus, sed ne vestigium quidem cuiquam 
pacato nocuisse dlcatur? lam vero quern ad modum 
mllites hlbernent cotldie sermones ac litterae perferuntur; 
non modo ut sumptum faciat in militem neminl vis af- 
fertur, sed ne cupientl quidem cuiquam permittitur. 35 



28 CICERO'S ORATIONS ' 

Hiemis enim, non avaritiae perfugium maidres nostri in 
sociorum atque amlcorum tectls esse voluerunt. 

Pompey, by his exercise of rigid self-control, has avoided many ob- 
stacles to a general 7 s success, and is furthermore well liked by the 
allies. 

XIV. 40. Age vero, ceteris in rebus quail sit tempe- 
rantia considerate. Unde illam tantam celeritatem et tam 
5 incredibilem cursum inventum putatis? Non enim ilium 
eximia vis remigum aut ars inaudita quaedam gubernandi 
aut venti aliqul novl tam celeriter in ultimas terras per- 
tulerunt; sed eae res quae ceteros remorari solent, non 
retardarunt; non avaritia ab Instituto cursu ad praedam 

10 aliquam devocavit, non libido ad voluptatem, non amoe- 
nitas ad delectationem, non nobilitas urbis ad cognitionem, 
non denique labor ipse ad quietem; postremo signa et 
tabulas ceteraque ornamenta Graecorum oppidorum, 
quae ceterl tollenda esse arbitrantur, ea sibi ille ne visenda 

i5quidem exlstimavit. 41. Itaque omnes nunc in els locls 
Cn. Pompeium slcut aliquem non ex hac urbe missum, 
sed de caelo delapsum intuentur. Nunc denique incipiunt 
credere fuisse homines Romanos hac quondam conti- 
nent^ quod iam nationibus exterls incredibile ac falso 

20 memoriae proditum videbatur. Nunc imperl vestrl 
splendor illis gentibus lucem afferre coepit. Nunc in- 
tellegunt non sine causa maiores suos, turn cum ea tem- 
perantia magistrates habebamus, servlre populo Ro- 
mano quam imperare alils maluisse. Iam vero ita faciles 

25aditus ad eum prlvatorum, ita llberae querimoniae de 
aliorum iniurils esse dlcuntur, ut is, qui dignitate prin- 
cipibus excellit, facilitate Infimls par esse videatur. 42. 
Iam quantum consilio, quantum dicendl gravitate et copia 
valeat, in quo ipso inest quaedam dignitas imperatoria, 

3ovos, Quirltes, hoc ipso ex loco saepe cognovistis. Fidem 
ver5 eius quantam inter socios exlstimarl putatis, quam 



THE MANILIAN LAW 29 

hostes omnes omnium generum sanctissimam iudicarint? 
Humanitate iam tanta est, ut difficile dictu sit utrum 
hostes magis virtutem eius pugnantes timuerint, an man- 
suetudinem victi dllexerint. Et quisquam dubitabit quin 
huie hoc tantum bellum transmittendum sit, qui ad om- 5 
nia nostrae memoriae bella conficienda divino quodam 
consilio natus esse videatur ? 

A general's reputation for success is a powerful factor in winning his 

campaigns. 

XV. 43. Et quoniam auctoritas quoque in bellis ad- 
ministrandis multum atque in imperio militarl valet, 
certe neminl dubium est quin ea re idem ille imperator 10 
plurimum possit. Vehementer autem pertinere ad bella 
administranda quid hostes, quid socii de imperatoribus 
nostris existiment quis ignorat, cum sciamus homines in 
tantis rebus, ut aut contemnant aut metuant aut oderint 
aut ament, opmione non minus et fama quam aliquais 
ratione certa commoverl? Quod igitur nomen umquam 
in orbe terrarum clarius fuit? Cuius res gestae pares? 
De quo homine vos, id quod maxime facit auctoritatem, 
tanta et tarn praeclara iudicia fecistis? 44. An vero 
iillam usquam esse oram tarn desertam putatis, quo non 20 
ill! us die! fama pervaserit, cum universus populus Ro- 
manus, referto Foro completisque omnibus templis ex 
quibus hie locus conspici potest, unum sibi ad commune 
omnium gentium bellum Cn. Pompeium imperatorem de- 
poposcit? Itaque — ut plura non dicam, neque aliorum25 
exemplis conflrmem quantum auctoritas valeat in bello — ■ 
ab eodem Cn. Pompeio omnium rerum egregiarum ex- 
empla sumantur; qui quo die a vobis maritimo bello 
praepositus est imperator, tanta repente vllitas annonae 
ex summa inopia et caritate rei frumentariae eonsecuta30 
'est unius hominis spe ac nomine, quantam vix in sum- 
ma ubertate agrorum diuturna pax efficere potuisset. 45, 



30 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

lam accepta in Ponto calamitate ex eo proelio, de qu5 vos 
paulo ante invitus admonui, — cum socil pertimuissent, 
hostium opes animlque crevissent, satis firmum praesi- 
dium prdvincia non haberet, amlsissetis Asiam, Quirites, 
5 nisi ad ipsum discrimen eius temporis divmitus Cn. Pom- 
peium ad eas regiones fortuna popull Roman! attulisset. 
Huius adventus et Mithridatem msolita inflammatum 
victoria continuity et Tigranem magnls copiis minitantem 
Asiae retardavit. Et quisquam dubitabit quid virtute 
10 perf ecturus sit, qui tantum auctoritate perfecerit? aut 
quam facile imperid atque exercitu socios et vectigalia 
conservaturus sit, qui ipso nomine ac rumore defenderit? 

Pompey is known and feared throughout the East. Good fortune, so 
important for military success, always attends him. 

XVI. 46. Age vero, ilia res quantam declarat eiusdem 
hominis apud hostis popull RomanI auctoritatem, quod 

15 ex locis tarn longinquis tamque diversis tarn brevi tem- 
pore omnes huic se uni dediderunt; quod Cretensium le- 
gatl, cum in eorum insula noster imperator exercitusque 
esset, ad Cn. Pompeium in ultimas prope terras venerunt, 
eique se omnis Cretensium clvitates dedere velle dixerunt ? 

20 Quid? Idem iste Mithridates nonne ad eundem Cn. 
Pompeium legatum usque in Hispaniam misit ? eum 
quern Pompeius legatum semper iudicavit, el quibus erat 
molestum ad eum potissimum esse missum, speculatorem 
quam legatum iudicari maluerunt. Potestis igitur iam 

25 constituere, Quirites, hanc auctoritatem, multls postea 
rebus gestis magnisque vestrls iudiciis amplificatam, quan- 
tum apud illos reges, quantum apud exteras nationes vali- 
turam esse existimetis. 

47. Reliquum est ut de felicitate, quam praestare de se 

30 ipso nemo potest, meminisse et commemorare de altero 
possumus, sicut aequum est homines de potestate deorum, 
timide et pauca dicamus. Ego enim sic exlstimo: Maximo, 




o 



o 

« 

= 



H. 



32 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

Marcello, Scipioni, Mario, et ceteris magnis imperato- 
ribus non solum propter virtutem, sed etiam propter 
fortunam saepius imperia mandata atque exercitus esse 
commiss5s. Fuit enim profecto quibusdam summis viris 
5 quaedam ad amplitudinem et ad gloriam et ad res magnas 
bene gerendas divmitus adiuncta fortuna. De huius 
autem hominis felicitate, de quo nunc agimus, hac utar 
moderatione dlcendi, non ut in illlus potestate fortunam 
positam esse dlcam, sed ut praeterita meminisse, reliqua 

10 sperare videamur, ne aut in visa dis immortalibus oratio 
nostra aut ingrata esse videatur. 48. Itaque non sum 
praedicaturus quantas ille res domi mllitiae, terra man- 
que, quantaque felicitate gesserit; ut eius semper volun- 
tatibus non modo elves assenserint, socil obtemperarint, 

ishostes oboedierint^ sed etiam venti tempestatesque obse- 
cundarint: hoc brevissime dicam, neminem umquam tarn 
impudentem fuisse, qui ab dis immortalibus tot et tantas 
res tacitus auderet optare, quot et quantas di immortales 
ad Cn. Pompeium detulerunt. Quod ut ill! proprium ac 

2operpetuum sit, Quirites, cum communis salutis atque im- 
peri turn ipsius hominis causa, sicuti facitis, velle et op- 
tare debetis. 

49. Qua re, cum et bellum sit ita necessarium ut ne- 
glegi non possit, ita magnum ut accuratissime sit ad- 

25 ministrandum, et cum el imperatorem praeficere possitis, 
in quo sit eximia belli scientia, singularis virtus, claris- 
sima auctoritas, egregia fortuna, dubitatis, Quirites, quin 
hoc tantum boni, quod vobis ab dis immortalibus obla- 
tum et datum est, in rem publicam conservandam atque 

30 amplificandam conf eratis ? 

Pompey at the head of an army is now close at hand in Asia. 

XVII. 50. Quod si Romae Cn. Pompeius privatus 
esset hoc tempore, tamen ad tantum bellum is erat de- 
ligendus atque mittendus; nunc cum ad ceteras summas 



THE MANILIAN LAW 33 

utilitates haec quoque opportunities adiungatur, ut in els 
ipsis locis adsit, ut habeat exercitum, ut ab els qui habent 
accipere statim possit, quid exspectamus? Aut cur non 
ducibus dis immortalibus eidem, cui cetera summa cum 
salute rei publicae commissa sunt, hoc quoque bellums 
regium committamus? 

51. At enim vir clarissimus, amantissimus rei publicae, 
vestrls beneficiis amplissimis affectus, Q. Catulus, item- 
que summis drnamentls honoris, fortunae, virtutis, ingeni 
praeditus, Q. Hortensius, ab hac ratione dissentiunt. 10 
Quorum ego auctoritatem apud vos multis locis pluri- 
mum valuisse et valere oportere confiteor; sed in hac 
causa, tametsi cognoscitis auctoritates contrarias virorum 
fortissimcrum et clarissimorum, tamen omissis auctori- 
tatibus ipsa re ac ratione exquirere possumus veritatem, 15 
atque hoc facilius, quod ea omnia quae a me adhuc 
dicta sunt, eidem isti vera esse concedunt, — et necessa- 
rium bellum esse et magnum, et in uno Cn. Pompeio 
summa esse omnia. 52. Quid igitur ait Hortensius? 
Si tini omnia tribuenda sint, dignissimum esse Pompeium, 20 
sed ad unum tamen omnia deferri non oportere. Obso- 
levit iam ista oratio, re multo magis quam verbis re- 
futata. Xam tu idem, Q. Hortensi, multa pro tua summa 
copia ac singular! facultate dicendi et in senatti contra 
virum fortem, A. Gabmium, graviter ornateque dixisti, 25 
cum is de uno imperatore contra praedones constituendo 
legem promulgasset, et ex hoc ipso loco permulta item 
contra earn legem verba fecisti. 

53. Quid? Turn, per deos immortalis ! si plus apud 
populum Romanum auctoritas tua quam ipsius populi30 
RomanI salus et vera causa valuisset, hodie hanc gloriam 
atque hoc orbis terrae imperium teneremus ? An tibi turn 
imperium hoc esse videbatur, cum populi RomanI legati 
quaestores praetoresque capiebantur, cum ex omnibus 
provinces commeatu et prlvato et publico prohibebamur, 35 



34 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

cum ita clausfo nobis erant maria omnia, ut neque privatam 
rem transmarinam neque publicam iam obire possemus ? 

Rome, formerly a great naval power, then (i.e., just before the passing 
of the Gabinian Law), unlike all other nations in history, was un- 
able to defend its own coasts and harbors. 

XVIII. 54. Quae civitas antea umquam f uit, non dic5 
Atheniensium, quae satis late quondam mare tenuisse 
sdicitur; non Karthaginiensium, qui permultum classe ac 
maritimis rebus valuerunt; non Rhodiorum, quorum usque 
ad nostram memoriam disciplina navalis et gloria re- 
mansit, sed quae civitas umquam antea tarn tenuis, 
quae tarn parva insula fuit, quae non portus suos et 

loagros et aliquam partem regionis atque orae maritimae 
per se ipsa defenderet? At hercule aliquot annos con- 
tinuos ante legem Gabmiam ille populus Romanus, cuius 
usque ad nostram memoriam nomen invictum in navali- 
bus pugnis permanserit, magna ac multo maxima parte 

15 non modo utilitatis, sed dignitatis atque imperi caruit. 
55. Nos, quorum maiores Antiochum regem classe Per- 
semque superarunt, omnibusque navalibus pugnis Kar- 
thaginiensis, homines in maritimis rebus exercitatissimos 
paratissimosque, vicerunt, ei null5 in loco iam praedoni- 

20 bus pares esse poteramus. Nos, qui antea non modo 
Italiam tutam habebamus, sed omnis socios in ultimis 
oris auctoritate nostri imperi salvos praestare poteramus, 
— turn cum insula Delos, tarn procul a nobis in Aegaeo 
marl posita, quo omnes undique cum mercibus atque 

25oneribus commeabant, referta divitiis, parva, sine muro, 
nihil timebat, — eidem non modo prdvinchs atque oris 
Italiae maritimis ac portubus nostris, sed etiam Appia iam 
via carebamus. Et eis temporibus non pudebat magis- . 
tratus populi Roman! in hunc ipsum locum escendere, 

30 cum eum nobis maiores nostri exuviis nauticls et classium 
spoliis ornatum reliquissent. 



THE MAXILIAX LAW 



35 



Pompey's success in the former instance seems to justify the Roman 
people's opinion as against the view of Hortensius. There is in- 
justice also in refusing to appoint Gabinius Pompey's lieutenant. 

XIX. 56. Bono te animo turn, Q. Hortensi, populus 
Romanus et ceteros qui erant in eadem sententia, dicere 
existimavit ea quae sentiebatis; sed tamen in salute com- 




Quixtus Hortensius. 



muni idem populus Romanus dolori suo maluit quam 
auctoritati vestrae obtemperare. Itaque una lex, unuss 
vir, unus annus non modo nos ilia miseria ac turpitiidine 
liberavit, sed etiam effecit, ut aliquando vere videremur 
omnibus gentibus ac nationibus terra marique imperare. 
57. Quo mihi etiam indignius videtur obtrectatum esse 
adhuc, — Gabinio dlcam anne Pompeio, an utrique, id 10 
quod est verius? — ne legaretur A. Gabinius Cn. Pom- 
peio expetenti ac postulant!. Utrum ille, qui postulat ad 



36 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

tantum bellum legatum quern velit, idoneus non est qui 
impetret, cum ceterl ad expllandos socios diripiendasque 
provincial quos voluerunt legatos eduxerint; an ipse, 
cuius lege salus ac dignitas populo Romano atque omnibus 
sgentibus constituta est, expers esse debet gloriae eius 
imperatoris atque eius exercitus, qui consilio ipsius ac pe- 
riculo est constitutus? 58. An C. Falcidius, Q. Metellus, 
Q. Caelius Latmiensis, Cn. Lentulus, quos omnis honoris 
causa nomino, cum tribuni plebi fuissent, anno proximo 

lolegati esse potuerunt; in tino Gabinio sunt tarn diligentes, 
qui in hoc bell5, quod lege Gabinia geritur, in hoc im- 
peratore atque exercitu, quern per vos ipse constituit, 
etiam praecipuo iure esse deberet? De quo legando 
cdnsules spero ad senatum relaturos. Qui si dubitabunt 

isaut gravabuntur, ego me profiteor relaturum. Neque 
me impediet cuiusquam inimicum edictum, quo minus 
vobis fretus vestrum ius beneficiumque defendam; neque 
praeter intercessionem quicquam audiam, de qua, ut 
arbitror, isti ipsi, qui minantur, etiam atque etiam quid 

2oliceat considerabunt. Mea quidem sententia, Quirites, 
unus A. Gabinius belli maritimi rerumque gestarum Cn. 
Pompeio socius ascribitur, propterea quod alter uni illud 
bellum suscipiendum vestris suffragiis detulit, alter de- 
latum susceptumque confecit. 

The people hold Catulus in the highest esteem. But his present unwill- 
ingness to depart from precedent is inconsistent with his own 
record. 

25 XX. 59. Reliquum est ut de Q. Catuli auctoritate et 
sententia dicendum esse videatur. Qui cum ex vobis 
quaereret, si in un5 Cn. Pompeid omnia poneretis, si 
quid eo factum esset, in quo spem essetis habituri, cepit 
magnum suae virtutis fructum ac dignitatis, cum omnes 

30 una prope voce in eo ipso vos spem habituros esse 
dixistis. Etenim talis est vir, ut nulla res tanta sit ac 



THE MANILIAN LAW 37 

tarn difficilis, quam ille non et consilio regere et integri- 
tate tueri et virtute conficere possit. Sed in hoc ipso ab 
eo vehementissime dissentio, quod, quo minus certa est 
hominum ac minus diuturna vita, hoc magis res publica, 
dum per deos immortalis licet, frul debet summi viri vita 5 
atque virtute. 60. 'At enim ne quid novl flat contra 
exempla atque Instituta maiorum/ Xon dicam hoc loco 
maiores nostros semper in pace consuetudinl, in bello 
utilitati paruisse; semper ad novos casus temporum novo- 
rum consiliorum rationes accommodasse; non dicam duo 10 
bella maxima, Punicum atque Hispaniense, ab uno im- 
peratore esse confecta, duasque urbis potentissimas, quae 
huic imperio maxime minitabantur, Karthaginem atque 
Numantiam, ab eodem Scipione esse deletas; non com- 
memorabo nuper it a vobis patribusque vestris esse visum, 15 
ut in uno C. Mario spes imperi poneretur, ut Idem cum 
Iugurtha, idem cum Cimbris, Idem cum Teutonls bellum 
administraret. 61. In ipso Cn. Pompeio, in quo novl 
constitui nihil vult Q. Catulus, quam multa sint nova 
summa Q. Catull voluntate constituta recordaminl. 20 

Unprecedented power and privilege has previously been on many oc- 
casions conferred upon Pompey with the erttire approval of 
Catulus. 

XXL Quid tarn novum quam adulescentulum pri- 
vatum exercitum difficili rel publicae tempore conficere? 
Confecit. Huic praeesse? Praefuit. Rem optime 
ductu suo gerere? Gessit. Quid tarn praeter consue- 
tudinem quam homini peradulescenti, cuius aetas a 25 
senatori5 gradu longe abesset, imperium atque exercitum 
darl, Siciliam permitti, atque Africam bellumque in ea 
provincia administrandum ? Fuit in his provincils sin- 
gular! innocentia, gravitate, virtute; bellum in Africa 
maximum confecit, vict5rem exercitum deportavit. Quid 30 
vero tarn inaudltum quam equitem Romanum trium- 



38 ' CICERO'S ORATIONS 

phare? \At earn quoque rem populus Romanus n5n modo 
vidit, sed omnium etiam studio visendam et concele- 
brandam putavit. 62. Quid tarn inusitatum quam ut, 
cum duo consules clarissiml fortissimique essent, eques 
5 Romanus ad bellum maximum formidolosissimumque pro 
consule mitteretur? Missus est. Quo quidem tempore, 
cum esset non nemo in senatu qui diceret non oportere 
mitti hominem privatum pro consule, L. Philippus dixisse 
dicitur non se ilium sua sententia pro consule, sed pro 

10 consulibus mittere. Tanta in eo rei publicae bene geren- 
dae spes constituebatur, ut duorum consulum munus unius 
adulescentis virtutl committeretur. Quid tarn singulare 
quam ut ex senatus consulto legibus soltitus consul ante 
fieret, quam ullum alium magistratum per leges capere 

lslicuisset? quid tarn incredibile quam ut iterum eques 
Romanus ex senatus consulto triumpharet ? Quae in 
omnibus hominibus nova post hominum memoriam con- 
stituta sunt, ea tarn multa non sunt quam haec, quae in 
hoc uno homine videmus. 63. Atque haec tot exempla, 

20 tanta ac tarn nova, profecta sunt in eundem hominem a 
Q. Catuli atque a ceterorum eiusdem dignitatis amplis- 
simorum hominum auctoritate. 

The judgment of the people has been proven right in Pompey's case. 
Other generals are hated in the provinces; Pompey alone is 
loved. 

XXII. Qua re videant ne sit periniquum et non ferun- 
dum, illorum auctoritatem de Cn. Pompei dignitate a 

25v6bis comprobatam semper esse, vestrum ab illis de 
eodem homine iudicium popullque Roman! auctoritatem 
improbari; praesertim cum iam suo iure populus Romanus 
in hoc homine suam auctoritatem vel contra omnis qui 
dissentiunt possit defendere, propterea quod, Isdem istis 

30 reclamantibus, vos unum ilium ex omnibus delegistis 
quern bello praedonum praeponeretis. 64. Hoc si vos 



THE MANILIAN LAW 39 

temere fecistis, et rei publicae parum c5nsuluistis, recte 
isti studia vestra suis consilhs regere conantur. Sin 
autem vos plus turn in re publica vidistis, vos els repug- 
nantibus per vosmet ipsos dignitatem huic imperio, 
salutem orbi terrarum attulistis, aliquando isti prmcipess 
et sibi et ceteris populi RomanI universi auctoritati pa- 
rendum esse fateantur. 

Atque in hoc bello Asiatico et regio non solum militaris 
ilia virtus, quae est in Cn. Pompeio singularis, sed aliae 
quoque virtutes animi magnae et multae requiruntur. 10 
Difficile est in Asia, Cilicia, Syria regnlsque interiorum 
nationum ita versari nostrum imperatorem, ut nihil aliud 
nisi de hoste ac de laude cogitet. Deinde etiam si qui 
sunt pudore ac temperantia moderatiores, tamen eos esse 
talis propter multitudinem cupidorum hominum nemo 15 
arbitratur. 65. Difficile est dictu, Qui rites, quanto in 
odio simus apud exteras nationes propter eorum, quos 
ad eas per hos annos cum imperio misimus, libidines et 
iniurias. Quod enim fanum putatis in illis terris nostris 
magistratibus religiosum, quam clvitatem sanctam, quam 20 
domum satis clausam ac munitam fuisse? Urbes iam 
locupletes et copiosae requiruntur, quibus causa belli 
propter dlripiendi cupiditatem inferatur. 66. Libenter 
haec coram cum Q. Catulo et Q. Hortensio, summis et 
clarissimis virls, disputarem. Noverunt enim sociorum25 
vulnera, vident eorum calamitates, querimonias audiunt. 
Pro sociis vos contra hostis exercitum mittere putatis, 
an hostium simulatione contra socios atque amicos? 
Quae civitas est in Asia quae non modo imperatoris aut 
legati, sed unius tribuni mllitum animos ac spiritus capere 30 
possit ? 




40 CICERO'S ORATIONS 



No avaricious general may be sent to the East. The increasing wealth 
of such a man would be the disgrace of Rome. Pompey's peculiar 
fitness for this post is attested by men of distinction. 



XXIII. Qua re, etiam si quern habetis qui collatis 
signis exercitus regios superare posse videatur, tamen 
nisi erit Idem, qui se a pecuniis sociorum, qui ab eorum 
coniugibus ac liberis, qui ab ornamentis fanorum atque 
soppidorum, qui ab auro gazaque regia manus, oculos, 
animum cohibere possit, non erit idoneus qui ad bellum 
Asiaticum regiumque mittatur. 67. Ecquam putatis 
€ivitatem pacatam f uisse quae locuples sit ? Ecquam esse 
locupletem quae istis pacata esse videatur ? Ora maritima, 

loQuirites, Cn. Pompeium non solum propter rei militaris 
gloriam, sed etiam propter animi continentiam requisivit. 
Videbat enim praetores locupletari quot annis pecunia 
publica praeter paucds; neque eos quicquam aliud as- 
sequi, classium nomine, nisi ut detrimentis accipiendis 

i5maiore affici turpitudine videremur. Nunc qua cupidi- 
tate homines in provincias, quibus iacturls et quibus 
condicionibus proficiscantur, ignorant videlicet istl, qui 
ad unum deferenda omnia esse non arbitrantur? Quasi 
vero Cn. Pompeium non cum suis virtutibus turn etiam 

2oalienis vitiis magnum esse videamus. 68. Qua re nolite 
dubitare quln huic uni credatis omnia, qui inter tot annos 
unus inventus sit, quern socil in urbis suas cum exercitu 
venisse gaudeant. 

Quod si auctoritatibus hanc causam, Quirites, con- 

25 f irmandam putatis, est vobis auctor vir bellorum omnium 
maximarumque rerum perltissimus, P. Servilius, cuius 
tantae res gestae terra marique exstiterunt, ut cum de 
bello deliberetis, auctor vobis gravior nemo esse debeat; 
est C. Curio, summis vestris beneficiis maximisque rebus 

30gestis, summo ingenio et prudentia praeditus; est Cn. 
Lentulus, in quo omnes pro amplissimis vestris honoribus 



THE MANIUAN LAW 41 

summum consilium, summam gravitatem esse cogno- 
vistis; est C. Cassius, integritate, virtute, constantia 
singular!. Qua re videte ut horum auctoritatibus il- 
lorum oration!, qui dissentiunt, respondere posse videa- 
mur. 5 

Peroratio. Manilius may with confidence count upon the support 
of Cicero in every way. The orator is advocating the appoint- 
ment of Pompey solely from patriotic and public motives, not for 
selfish ends. 

XXIV. 69. Quae cum ita sint, C. Manlli, primum istam 
tuam et legem et voluntatem et sententiam laudo vehe- 
mentissimeque comprobd; deinde te hortor, ut auctore 
populo Romano maneas in sententia, neve cuiusquam 
vim aut minas pertimescas. Primum in te satis esse 10 
animi perseverantiaeque arbitror; deinde cum tantam 
multitudinem cum tantd studio adesse videamus, quan- 
tam iterum nunc in eodem homine praeficiendo videmus, 
quid est quod aut de re aut de perficiendi facultate 
dubitemus? Ego autem quicquid est in me studi, con- 15 
sill, laboris, ingeni, quicquid hoc beneficid populi Romani 
atque hac potestate praetoria, quicquid auctoritate, fide, 
constantia possum, id omne ad hanc rem conficiendam 
tibi et populo Romano polliceor ac defero; 70. testorque 
omnls deos, et eos maxime qui huic loco temploque20 
praesident, qui omnium mentis edrum qui ad rem publi- 
cam adeunt maxime perspiciunt, me hoc neque rogatu 
facere cuiusquam, neque quo Cn. Pompei gratiam milii 
per hanc causam conciliari putem, neque quo mihi ex 
cuiusquam amplitudine aut praesidia periculis aut adiu-25 
menta honoribus quaeram; propterea quod pericula 
facile, ut hominem praestare oportet, innocentia tecti 
repellemus, honorem autem neque ab un5 neque ex hoc 
loco, sed eadem ilia nostra laboriosissima ratione vltae, 
si vestra voluntas feret, consequemur. 71. Quam ob rem 30 



42 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

quicquid in hac causa mihi susceptum est, Quirites, id 
ego omne me rei publicae causa suscepisse confirmo; 
tantumque abest ut aliquam mihi bonam gratiam quae- 
sisse videar, ut multas me etiam simultates partim ob- 
sscuras, partim apertas intellegam mihi non necessarias, 
vobis non inutilis suscepisse. Sed ego me hoc honore 
praeditum, tantJs vestris benefichs affectum statu!, 
Quirites, vestram voluntatem et rei publicae dignitatem 
et salutem provinciarum atque sociorum meis omnibus 
locommodis et rationibus praeferre oportere. 



THE FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 

Introduction 

Catiline, or, to give him his full Roman name, Lucius 
Sergius Catilina, was a man of noble birth who had 
wasted his inheritance in profligate living. He had held 
the office of praetor in 68 B.C., and had been propraetor 
in Africa the year following. He wished to be a candi- 
date for the consulship for the year 65 B.C., but was pre- 
vented by a suit brought against him for maladminis- 
tration of his province. Autronius Paetus and Cornelius 
Sulla, who were elected consuls for that year, were con- 
victed of securing their election by the use of bribery, and 
so their opponents and accusers, Aurelius Cotta and Man- 
lius Torquatus, were installed as consuls in their stead. 
With one of these men and other associates Catiline 
formed a plan to murder the incoming consuls on the 
1st of January, the day of their assuming office. We 
are told that Catiline caused the failure of the plan 
by giving the signal too soon. This may have been his 
starting-point in conspiracy. His plans seemed to in- 
volve an ultimate overthrow of the existing forms of 
Roman government, but he chose to assume the consular 
office first by way of a regular formal election. To this 
end he presented himself as a candidate for this office 
for the year 63, since by this time he had been acquitted 
of the charge which formerly hung over him. With one 
of the other candidates, Gaius Antonius, he had at least 
a secret understanding, and hoped to have him as his 
colleague in the consulship. Antonius was elected, but 

43 



44 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

as the colleague of Cicero, who promptly won him over 
to his side in the later events by transferring to him the 
rich and much-coveted province of Macedonia, which had 
fallen to Cicero for his proconsular year. Once more, in 
the elections held during the year 63 for the consulship 
of the succeeding year, Cicero secured the defeat of 
Catiline. Then Catiline, becoming desperate, determined 
to proceed with his plans for the overthrow of the state 
without waiting to secure the consulship. Men were 
collected at Faesulae, a strong position in northern 
Etruria (near modern Florence), under the command of 
Gaius Manlius, a former centurion in the army of Sulla. 
Cicero kept himself fully informed of the progress of the 
conspiracy, and stated the facts of the situation to the 
senators, who promptly— October 21 — granted the consuls 
the special prerogative of dictatorial power. Nevertheless, 
Catiline remained in the city, and when Cicero, in spite 
of the extraordinary power conferred upon him by the 
Senate's decree, failed to order his arrest, he even had the 
hardihood to attend the special meeting of the Senate 
called by the consul in the temple of Jupiter Stator, on 
the slope of the Palatine hill, to consider his case. Then 
it was that Cicero attacked him in the following address, 
in which he gives reasons for Catiline's withdrawal from 
the city and for his own surprising leniency towards him. 
In its present form it is, doubtless, somewhat changed 
from the speech he delivered, because he could not have 
possibly foreseen the presence of Catiline at the meeting 
of the Senate; and, furthermore, we are expressly told by 
the historian Sallust that the consul afterward wrote out 
and published his speech. 




Plan of Central Rome. 



46 



CICERO'S ORATIONS 



DELIVERED BY CICERO WHEN CONSUL, NOVEMBER 8, 

63 B.C., BEFORE THE SENATE IN THE TEMPLE 

OF JUPITER STATOR 



Catiline is audacious in appearing among the senators, all of whom 
know of his treasonable plans. The consuls are failing to do 
their duty. 

1. i. Qu5 usque tandem abutere, Catilina, patientia 
nostra ? Quam diu etiam furor iste tuus nos eludet ? Quern 
ad finem sese effrenata iactabit 
audacia? Nihilne te nocturnum 

5praesidium PalatI, nihil urbis 

vigiliae, nihil timor populi, nihil 

concursus bonorum omnium, nihil 

hie munitissimus habendi sena- 

tus locus, nihil horum ora vultus- 
10 que moverunt? Patere tua con- 

silia non sentis? Constrictam 

iam hSrum omnium scientia teneri 

coniurationem tuam non vides? 

Quid proxima, quid superiore 
15 nocte egeris, ubi f ueris, quos con- 

vocaveris, quid consili ceperis, 

quern nostrum ignorare arbitraris ? 

2. O tempora ! O mores ! Senatus haec intellegit, con- 
sul videt; hie tamen vlvit. Vivit? Immo vero etiam in 
senatum venit, fit public! consili particeps, notat et 
designat oculis ad caedem unum quemque nostrum. Nos 
autem, fortes viri, satis facere rei publicae videmur, si 
istius furorem ac tela vitemus. Ad mortem te, Catilina, 
duel iussu consulis iam pridem oportebat; in te conferri 

25pestem quam tu in nos iam diu machinaris. 3. An ver5 
vir amplissimus, P. Scipio, pontifex maximus, Ti. Grac- 
chum mediocriter labefactantem statum rei publicae 




Ahala. 



THE FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 47 

privatus interfecit; Catilmam, orbem terrae caede atque 
incendils vastare cupientem, nos consules perferemus? 
Nam ilia nimis antiqua praetereo, quod C. Servilius 
Ahala Sp. Maelium novis rebus studentem manu sua 
occidit. Fuit, fuit ista quondam in hac re publica virtus, 5 
ut virl fortes acrioribus supplicils civem perniciosum 
quam acerbissimum hostem coercerent. Habemus senatus 
consultum in te, Catilma, vehemens et grave. Xon deest 
rei publicae consilium, neque auctoritas huius ordinis; 
nos, nos, dico aperte, consules desumus. Ix^io 

Former magistrates acted at once against the state's enemies. Cicero 
hesitates. His reason. 

II. 4. Deere vit quondam senatus, ut L. Opimius con- 
sul videret ne quid res publica detrimentl caperet. Nox 
nulla intercessit; interfectus est propter quasdam sedi- 
tionum suspiciones C. Gracchus, clarissimo patre, avo, 
maioribus; occisus est cum liberls M. Fulvius consularis. 15 
Simili senatus consult5 C. Mario et L. Valerio consulibus 
est permissa res publica: num unum diem postea L. 
Saturnmum tribunum plebis et C. Servllium praetorem 
mors ac rei publicae poena remorata est? At nos vice- 
simum iam diem patimur hebescere aciem horum auctori- 20 
tatis. Habemus enim huiusce modi senatus consultum, 
verum incltisum in tabulis, tamquam in vagina recon- 
ditum, quo ex senatus consulto confestim te interfectum 
esse, Catilma, convenit. Vivis, et vivis non ad deponen- 
dam, sed ad confirmandam audaciam. Cupio, patres25 
conscript!, me esse clementem; cupio in tantis rei publicae 
periculis me non dissolutum videri; sed iam me ipse 
inertiae nequitiaeque condemno. 

5. Castra sunt in Italia contra populum Romanum in 
Etruriae faucibus collocata; crescit in dies singulos hos-30 
tium numerus; eorum autem castrorum imperatorem 
ducemque hostium intra moenia atque adeo in senatu 



48 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

videmus, intestlnam aliquam cotldie perniciem rel pu- 
blicae molientem. Si te iam, Catillna, comprehend!, si 
interficl iussero, credo, erit verendum mihi ne non hoc 
potius omnes bonl serius a me, quam quisquam crudelius 
5 factum esse dicat. 

Verum ego hoc, quod iam prldem factum esse oportuit, 
certa de causa nondum adducor ut faciam. Turn denique 
interficiere, cum iam nemo tarn improbus, tarn perditus, 
tarn tui similis invenlrl poterit, qui id non iure factum esse 

lofateatur. 6. Quam diu quisquam erit qui te defendere 
audeat, vives; et vlves ita ut vlvis, multis mels et flrmls 
praesidiis obsessus, ne commovere te contra rem publi- 
cam possis. Multorum te etiam oculi et aures non sen- 
tientem, slcut adhuc fecerunt, speculabuntur atque cus- 

15 todient. 

>4 Cicero shows his complete acquaintance with Catiline's intentions. 

III. Etenim quid est, Catillna, quod iam amplius ex- 
spectes, si neque nox tenebrls obscurare coetus nefarios, 
nee privata domus parietibus continere voces coniura- 
tionis tuae potest? Si illustrantur, si erumpunt omnia? 

2oMuta iam istam mentem; mihi crede, obllvlscere caedis 
atque incendiorum. Teneris undique; luce sunt clariora 
nobis tua consilia omnia, quae iam mecum licet recog- 
noscas. 7. Meministlne me ante diem xn. Kalendas 
Novembrls dicere in senatu, fore in armls certo die, qui 

25 dies futurus esset ante diem vi. Kalendas Novembrls, 
C. Manlium, audaciae satellitem atque administrum tuae? 
Num me fefellit, Catillna, non modo res tanta, tarn atrox 
tamque incredibilis, verum, id quod multo magis est 
admlrandum, dies? Dlxl ego Idem in senatu caedem te 

30optimatium contulisse in ante diem v. Kalendas Novem- 
brls, turn cum multl prlncipes clvitatis Roma non tarn sul 
conservandl quam tuorum consiliorum reprimendorum 
causa profugerunt. Num Infitiarl potes te illo ipso die, 



THE FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 49 

meis praesidiis, mea diligentia circumclusum, com- 
movere te contra rem publicam non potuisse, cum tu 
discessu ceterorum, nostra tamen qui remansissemus 
caede, te contentum esse dicebas? 8. Quid? Cum te 
Praeneste Kalendis ipsis Xovembribus occupaturum noc- 5 
turno impetu esse confideres, sensistme illam coloniam 
meo iussu meis praesidiis, custodhs, vigilils esse munitam ? 
Nihil agis, nihil moliris, nihil cogitas, quod non ego non 
modo audiam, sed etiam videam planeque sentiam. 

The meeting at Laeca's house. Plan to kill Cicero, 

IV. Recognosce tandem mecum noctem illam superi- 10 
orem; iam intelleges multo me vigilare acrius ad salutem 
quam te ad perniciem rei publicae. Dico te priore nocte 
venisse inter falcarios — non agam obscure — in M. Laecae 
domum; convenisse eodem compliiris eiusdem amentiae 
scelerisque socios. Num negare audes ? Quid taces ? 15 
Convincam, si negas. Video enim esse hie in senatu quos- 
dam, qui tecum una fuerunt. 9. O di immortales ! Ubi- 
nam gentium sumus? In qua urbe vlvimus? Quam 
rem publicam habemus? Hie, hie sunt, in nostro nu- 
mero, patres conscript!, in hoc orbis terrae sanctissimo 20 
gravissimoque consilio, qui de nostro omnium interitu, qui 
de huius urbis atque adeo de orbis terrarum exitio cogitent. 
Hos ego video consul et de re piiblica sententiam rogo, 
et quos ferro trucidarl oportebat, eos nondum voce vul- 
nero. Fuisti igitur apud Laecam ilia nocte, Catilma;25 
distribuistl partis Italiae; statuisti qu5 quemque pro- 
ficisci placeret; delegisti quos Romae relinqueres, quos 
tecum educeres; discripsisti urbis partis ad incendia; 
confirmasti te ipsum iam esse exiturum; dixisti paulum 
tibi esse etiam nunc morae, quod ego viverem. Reperti30 
sunt duo equites Roman! qui te.ista cura liberarent, et 
sese ilia ipsa nocte paulo ante lucem me in meo lectulo 
interfecturos esse pollicerentur. 10. Haec ego omnia, 



50 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

vixdum etiam coetu vestro dimisso, comperi; domum 
meam maioribus praesidils munivi atque firmavi; ex- 
clusi eos qu5s tu ad me salutatum miseras, cum ill! ipsi 
venissent, quos ego iam multis ac summis viris ad me 
5 id temporis venturos esse praedlxeram. 

Cicero will wait no longer, Catiline must leave the city. 

V. Quae cum ita sint, Catillna, perge quo coepisti. 
Egredere aliquando ex urbe; patent portae; proficiscere. 
Nimium diu te imperatorem tua ilia Manliana castra de- 
siderant. Educ tecum etiam omnis tuos; si minus, quam 

loplurimos; purga urbem. Magno me metu liberabis, dum 
modo inter me atque te murus intersit. Nobiscum ver- 
sari iam diutius non potes; non feram, non patiar, non 
sinam. n. Magna dis immortalibus habenda est, atque 
huic ipsi Iovi Statori, antlquissimo custodi huius urbis, 

15 gratia, quod hanc tarn taetram, tarn horribilem tamque 
infestam rei publicae pestem totiens iam effugimus. 
Non est saepius in uno homine summa salus periclitanda 
rei publicae. Quam diu mihi consul! designat5, Catilma, 
msidiatus es, non publico me praesidio, sed privata dili- 

20gentia defend!. Cum proximis comitiis consularibus me 
consulem in campo et competitors tuos interficere volu- 
isti, compressi conatus tuos nefarios amicorum praesidio 
et copiis, nullo tumultu publice concitato. Denique, 
quotienscumque me petisti, per me tibi obstiti, quam- 

25 quam videbam perniciem meam cum magna calamitate 
rei publicae esse coniunctam. 12. Nunc iam aperte rem 
publicam universam petis; templa deorum immortalium, 
tecta urbis, vitam omnium civium, Italiam denique totam 
ad exitium ac vastitatem vocas. Qua re, quoniam id 

30 quod est primum, et quod huius imperl disciplinaeque 
maiorum proprium est, facere nondum audeo, faciam id 
quod est ad severitatem lenius, et ad communem salutem 
utilius. Nam si te interfici iussero, residebit in re pu- 



THE FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 51 

blica reliqua coniuratorum manus. Sin tu, quod te iam 
dudum hortor, exieris, exhaurietur ex urbe tu5rum comi- 
tum magna et perniciosa sentina rel publicae. 

13. Quid est, Catilina? Xum dubitas id me imperante 
facere, quod iam tua sponte faciebas? Exire ex urbe 5 
iubet consul hostem. Interrogas me, num in exsilium? 
Non iubeo; sed, si me consulis, suadeo. 

With his crimes known, his financial ruin certain, how can he bear to 
remain in the city f 

VI. Quid est enim, Catilina, quod te iam in hac urbe 
delectare possit? In qua nemo est extra istam coniura- 
tionem perditorum hominum qui te non metuat, nemo 10 
qui non oderit. Quae nota domesticae turpitudinis non 
inusta vltae tuae est? Quod privatarum rerum dedecus 
non haeret in f ama ? Quae libido ab oculis, quod f acinus 
a manibus umquam tills, quod flagitium a toto corpore 
afuit? Cui tti adulescentulo, quern corruptelarum ille-15 
cebris irretisses, non aut ad audaciam ferrum aut ad 
libidinem facem praetulisti ? 14. Quid vero ? Xuper cum 
morte superioris uxoris novis nuptiis domum vacue- 
fecisses, nonne etiam alio incredibili scelere hoc scelus 
cumulasti ? Quod ego praetermitto et facile patior sileri, 20 
ne in hac civitate tanti facinoris immanitas aut exstitisse 
aut non vindicata esse videatur. Praetermitto ruinas 
fortunarum tuarum, quas omnis impendere tibi proximis 
Idibus senties. Ad ilia venio, quae non ad privatam 
ignominiam vitiorum tuorum, non ad domesticam tuam25 
difficultatem ac turpitudinem, sed ad summam rem pu- 
blicam atque ad omnium nostrum vitam salutemque per- 
tinent. 15. Potestne tibi haec lux, Catilina, aut huius 
caeli spiritus esse iucundus, cum scias horum esse nemi- 
nem qui nesciat te pridie Kalendas Ianuarias Lepido et30 
Tullo consulibus stetisse in comitio cum telo? Manum 
consulum et prmcipum civitatis interficiendorum causa 



52 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

paravisse ? Sceleri ac f urori tuo non mentem aliquam aut 
timorem, sed fortunam populi Rdmani obstitisse? Ac 
iam ilia omitto — neque enim sunt aut obscura aut non 
multa commissa — quotiens tu me designatum, quotiens 
sconsulem interficere conatus es, quot ego tuas petltiones, 
ita coniectas ut vltarl posse non viderentur, parva qua- 
dam decllnatione et, ut aiunt, corpore effugi. Nihil agis, 
nihil assequeris, nihil mollris, neque tamen conari ac 
velle desistis. 16. Quotiens tibi iam extorta est ista sica 
10 de manibus ! Quotiens vero excidit casu aliquo et elapsa 
est ! Quae quidem quibus abs te initiata sacris ac devota 
sit nescio, quod earn necesse putas esse in consulis cor- 
pore defigere. 

f Catiline is looked upon by all with hatred and fear. 

VII. Nunc vero quae tua est ista vita? Sic enim iam 

15 tecum loquar, non ut odio permotus esse videar, quo 
debed, sed ut misericordia, quae tibi nulla debetur. 
Venisti paulo ante in senatum. Quis te ex hac tanta 
frequentia, tot ex tuis amicis ac necessarhs salutavit? 
Si hoc post hominum memoriam contigit nemini, vocis 

2oexspectas contumeliam, cum sis gravissimo iudicio taci- 
turnitatis oppressus? Quid, quod adventu tu5 ista sub- 
sellia vacuef acta sunt ? Quod omnes consulares, qui tibi 
persaepe ad caedem constituti fuerunt, simul atque as- 
sedisti, partem istam subselliorum nudam atque inanem 

25 rellquerunt, quo tandem animo hoc tibi f erendum putas ? 
17. Servi, mehercule, mei si me isto pacto metuerent, ut 
te metuunt omnes elves tui, domum meam relinquendam 
putarem; tu tibi urbem non arbitraris? Et, si me meis 
civibus iniuria suspectum tarn graviter atque offensum 

30 viderem, carere me aspectu civium quam inf estis omnium 
oculls conspici mallem. Tu, cum conscientia scelerum 
tuorum agnoscas odium omnium iustum et iam diu tibi 
debitum, dubitas quorum mentis sensusque vulneras, eo- 



54 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

rum aspectum praesentiamque vitare ? Si ~te parentes 
timerent atque odissent tui, neque eos ulla ratione placare 
posses, tu, ut opinor, ab eorum oculis aliquo concederes. 
Nunc te patria, quae communis est parens omnium njos- 
5trum, 5dit ac metuit, et iam diu te nihil iudicat nisi de 
parricldio suo cogitare; huius tu neque auctoritatem vere- 
bere, nee iudicium sequere, nee vim pertimesces ? 

18. Quae tecum, Catilina, sic agit, et quodam modo 
tacita loquitur: 'Nullum iam aliquot annis f acinus ex- 

lostitit nisi per te, nullum flagitium sine te; tibi uni mul- 
torum civium neces, tibi vexatio direptioque sociorum 
impunlta fuit ac libera; tu non solum ad neglegendas 
leges et quaestiones, verum etiam ad evertendas perfrin- 
gendasque valuisti. Superiora ilia, quamquam ferenda 

isnSn fuerunt, tamen, ut potui, tull; nunc vero me to tarn 
esse in metu propter unum te, quicquid increpuerit 
Catillnam timer!, nullum videri contra me consilium iniri 
posse quod a tuo scelere abhorreat, non est ferendum. 
Quam ob rem discede, atque hunc mihi timorem eripe; si 

20 est verus, ne opprimar; sin falsus, ut tandem aliquando 
timere desinam/ 

Without the speech of any senator Cicero will contrive to make obvious 
the wish of the Senate that Catiline depart. 

VIII. 19. Haec si tecum, ut dixi, patria loquatur, 
nonne impetrare debeat, etiam si vim adhibere non possit ? 
Quid, quod tu te ipse in custodiam dedisti ? Quod vitan- 

25 dae suspicionis causa, ad M\ Lepidum te habitare velle 
dixisti ? A qu5 non receptus etiam ad me venire ausus es, 
atque ut domi meae te asservarem rogasti. Cum a me 
quoque id responsum tulisses, me nullo modo posse isdem 
parietibus tiito esse tecum, qui magno in periculo essem 

30 quod isdem moenibus contineremur, ad Q. Metellum prae- 
torem venisti; a quo repudiatus ad sodalem tuum, virum 
optimum, M. Marcellum demigrasti; quern tu videlicet 



2 

a 



THE FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 55 

et ad custodiendum te diligentissimum et ad suspicandum 
sagacissimum et ad vindicandum fortissimum fore pu- 
tasti. Sed quam longe videtur a carcere atque a vinculis 
abesse debere, qui se ipse iam dignum custodia iudicarit ? 
20. Quae cum ita sint, Catilma, dubitas, si emori aequo 5 
animo non potes, abire in aliquas terras, et vitam istam, 
multis suppliers iustis debitisque ereptam, fugae soli- 
tudinique mandare? 

' Refer' inquis f ad senatum'; id enim postulas, et, si 
hie ordo placere decreverit te ire in exsilium, obtempera- 10 
turum te esse dicis. Non referam, id quod abhorret a 
meis moribus; et tamen faciam ut intellegas quid hi de 
te sentiant. Egredere ex urbe, Catilma; libera rem pu- 
blicam metu; in exsilium, si hanc vocem exspectas, pro- 
ficiscere. Quid est, Catilma ? Ecquid attendis ? Ecquid 15 
animadvert is horum silentium ? Patiuntur, tacent. Quid 
exspectas auctoritatem loquentium, quorum voluntatem 
tacitorum perspicis? 21. At si hoc idem huic adulescenti 
optimo P. Sestio, si fortissimo viro M. INIarcello dixissem, 
iam mihi consul!, hoc ipso in templo, senatus iure optimo 20 
vim et manus intulisset. De te autem, Catilma, cum 
quiescunt, probant; cum patiuntur, decernunt; cum 
tacent, clamant. Neque hi solum, quorum tibi auctoritas 
est videlicet cara, vita vilissima, sed etiam ill! equites 
Roman!, honestissimi atque optimi viri, ceterique for- 25 
tissimi elves, qui circumstant senatum, quorum tu et 
frequentiam videre et studia perspicere et voces paulo 
ante exaudire potuisti. Quorum ego vix abs te iam diu 
manus ac tela contineo, eosdem facile adducam, ut te 
haec, quae vastare iam pridem studes, relinquentem usque 30 
ad portas prosequantur. 



56 



CICERO'S ORATIONS 



Cicero prefers that Catiline should go into exile, hut his own glory will 
be enhanced by Catiline's going to Manlius. 



i 



X. 22. Quamquam quid loquor? Te ut ulla res fran- 

gat ? Tu ut umquam te corrigas ? Tu ut ullam f ugam 

meditere? Tu ut exsilium cogites? Utinam tibi istam 

mentem di immortales duint ! Tametsi video, si mea 
5 voce perterritus ire in exsilium 

animum induxeris, quanta tem- 

pestas invidiae n5bis — si minus 

in praesens tempus, recent! 

memoria scelerum tuorum, at 
10 in posteritatem — impendeat; 

sed est tanti, dum modo ista sit 

privata calamitas, et a rei pu- 

blicae periculis seiungatur. Sed 

tu ut vitiis tuis commoveare, 
15 ut legum poenas pertimescas, 

ut temporibus rei publicae 

cedas, non est postulandum. 

Neque enim is es, Catillna, ut 

te aut pudor umquam a turpi- 
20 tudine aut metus a periculo 

aut ratio a furore revocarit. 

23. Quam ob rem, ut saepe iam 

dixi, proficiscere; ac, si mihi inimic5, ut praedicas, tuo 

conflare vis invidiam, recta perge in exsilium. Vix feram 
25 sermones hominum si id feceris; vix molem istius invidiae, 

si in exsilium iussu consulis ieris, sustinebo. Sin autem 

servlre meae laudl et gloriae mavis, egredere cum impor- 

tuna sceleratorum manu; confer te ad Manlium, concita 

perditos clvls, secerne te a bonis, Infer patriae bellum, 
30 exsulta impio latrocinio, ut a me non eiectus ad alienos, 

sed invltatus ad tuos Isse videaris. 

24. Quamquam quid ego te invitem, a quo iam sciam 




A Shrine. 



THE FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 57 

esse praemissos qui tibi ad Forum Aurelium praestola- 
rentur armati? Cui sciam pactam et constitutam cum 
Manlio diem? A quo etiam aquilam illam argenteam 
quam tibi ac tuis omnibus confido perniciosam ac funes- 
tam futiiram, cui domi tuae sacrarium scelerum tuorums 
constitiitum fuit, sciam esse praemissam? Tu ut ilia 
carere diutius possis, quam venerari ad caedem pro- 
ficiscens solebas, a cuius altaribus saepe istam impiam 
dexteram ad necem avium transtulistl ? 

Catiline's nature and habits impel him to continue in his present course. 

X. 25. Ibis tandem aliquando, quo te iam prldem ista 10 
tua cupiditas effrenata ac furiosa rapiebat. Xeque enim 
tibi haec res affert dolorem, sed quandam incredibilem 
voluptatem. Ad hanc te amentiam natura peperit^ 
voluntas exercuit, fortuna servavit. Xumquam tu non 
modo otium, sed ne bellum quidem nisi nefarium con- 15 
cupisti. Xactus es ex perditis atque ab omni non modo 
fortuna verum etiam spe derelictis conflatam improbo- 
rum manum. 26. Hie tu qua laetitia perfruere ! Quibus 
gaudiis exsultabis ! Quanta in voluptate bacchabere, 
cum in tanto numero tuorum neque audies virum bonum 20 
quemquam neque videbis ! Habes ubi ostentes tuam il- 
lam praeclaram patientiam famis, frigoris, inopiae rerum 
omnium, quibus te brevi tempore confectum esse senties. 
27. Tantum profecl turn, cum te a consulatu reppull, ut 
exsul potius temptare quam consul vexare rem publicam 25 
posses, atque ut id quod est a te scelerate susceptum, 
latrocinium potius quam bellum nominaretur. 

Hoiv can the consul defend his own conduct if he permits Catiline to 

go free ? 

XL Nunc, ut a me, patres conscript!, quandam prope 
iustam patriae querimoniam detester ac deprecer, per- 
cipite, quaeso, diligenter quae dicam, et ea penitus ani-30 



58 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

mis vestris mentibusque mandate. Etenim si mecum 
patria, quae mihi vita mea multo est carior, si cuncta 
Italia, si omnis res publica, loquatur: 'M. Tulli, quid 
agis? Tune eum, quern esse hostem comperistl, quern 
5 ducem belli futurum vides, quern exspectari imperatorem 
in castris hostium sentls, auctorem sceleris, prlncipem 
coniurationis, evocatorem servorum et civium perdi- 
torum, exire patiere, ut abs te non emissus ex urbe, sed 
immissus in urbem esse videatur? Non hunc in vincula 

10 duel, non ad mortem rapi, non summo supplicio mactari 
imperabis? 28. Quid tandem te impedit? Mosne mai- 
orum? At persaepe etiam privatl in hac re publica 
perniciosos clvis morte multaverunt. An leges, quae de 
civium Romanorum supplicio rogatae sunt? At num- 

15 quam in hac urbe qui a re publica defecerunt civium iura 
tenuerunt. An invidiam posteritatis times? Praecla- 
ram vero populo Romano refers gratiam, qui te hominem 
per te cognitum, nulla commendatione maiorum, tarn 
mature ad summum imperium per omnis honorum gradus 

2oextulit, si propter invidiae aut alicuius perlcull metum 
salutem civium tuorum neglegis^29. Sed si quis est in- 
vidiae metus, num est vehementius severitatis ac forti- 
tudinis invidia quam inertiae ac nequitiae pertimescenda ? 
An cum bello vastabitur Italia, vexabuntur urbes, tecta 

25ardebunt, turn te non exlstimas invidiae incendio con- 
flagraturum ? \ 



He hopes td convince the unbelieving that the conspiracy exists, and to 
**■ — ^ get rid of all Catiline's followers as well as of their leader. 

XII. His ego sanctissimls rel publicae vocibus, et 
eorum hominum qui hoc idem sentiunt mentibus, pauca 
respondebo. Ego, si hoc optimum factu iudicarem, 
sopatres conscrlptl, Catillnam morte multarl, unlus usuram 
horae gladiatorl istl ad vlvendum non dedissem. Etenim 
si summl et clarissiml viri Saturnlnl et Gracchorum et 



• THE FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 59 

Flacci et superiorum complurium sanguine non modo se 
non contaminarunt, sed etiam honestarunt, certe veren- 
dum mihi non erat ne quid hoc parricida civium inter- 
fecto invidiae mihi in posteritatem redundaret. Quod 
si ea mihi maxime impenderet, tamen hoc anim5 fuis 
semper, ut invidiam virtute partam gloriam, non invidiam 
putarem. 30. Quamquam non null! sunt in hoc ordine, 
qui aut ea quae imminent non videant, aut ea quae vident 
dissimulent; qui spem Catilmae mollibus sentenths 
aluerunt, coniurationemque nascentem non credendo 10 
corroboraverunt; quorum auctoritatem secuti multi non 
solum improbi, verum etiam imperiti, si in hunc animad- 
vertissem, crudeliter et regie factum esse dicerent. Xunc 
intellego, si iste, quo intendit, in Manliana castra per- 
venerit, neminem tarn stultum fore qui non videat con- 15 
iurationem esse factam, neminem tarn improbum qui non 
fateatur. Hoc autem uno interfecto, intellego hanc rei 
publicae pestem paulisper reprimi, non in perpetuum 
comprimi posse. Quod si se eiecerit, secumque suos 
eduxerit, et eodem ceteros undique collectos naufragos2o 
aggregarit, exstinguetur atque delebitur non modo haec 
tarn adulta rei publicae pestis, verum etiam stirps ac 
semen malorum omnium. 

All the conspirators, not Catiline alone, must be driven out or 
destroyed. 

XIII. 31. Etenim iam diu, patres conscript!, in his 
periculis coniurationis msidiisque versamur, sed nescio25 
quo pact5 omnium scelerum ac veteris furoris et audaciae 
maturitas in nostri consulatus tempus erupit. Quod si 
ex tanto latrocinio iste unus tolletur, videbimur fortasse 
ad breve quoddam tempus cura et metu esse relevati; 
periculum autem residebit, et erit inclusum penitus in 30 
venis atque in visceribus rei publicae. Ut saepe homines 
aegrl morbo gravi, cum aestu febrlque iactantur, si aquam 



60 



CICERO'S ORATIONS 



gelidam biberunt, primd relevarl videntur, deinde multo 
gravius vehementiusque afflictantur; sic hie morbus, qui 
est in re publica, relevatus istlus poena, vehementius 
reliquis vivis ingravescet. 32. Qua re secedant improbi, 
ssecernant se a bonis, unum in locum congregentur, muro 
denique, quod saepe iam dixl, discernantur a nobis* 





gw| 


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Jupiter. 



Desinant insidiari domi suae consul!, circumstare tribunal 
praetoris urban!, obsidere cum gladiis curiam, malleolos et 
faces ad mflammandam urbem comparare. Sit denique 
lomscriptum in fronte unius cuiusque quid de re publica 
sentiat. Polliceor hoc vobis, patres conscriptl, tantam 
in nobis consulibus fore diligentiam, tantam in vobis 
auctoritatem, tantam in equitibus Romanis virtutem, 
tantam in omnibus bonis consensionem, ut Catilinae 



THE FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 61 

profectione omnia patefacta, illustrata, oppressa, vindicata 
esse videatis. 

33. Hisce ominibus, Catilina, cum summa rei publicae 
salute, cum tua peste ac pernicie, cumque eorum exitio 
qui se tecum omnl scelere parricidioque iunxerunt, pro- 5 
ficiscere ad impium bellum ac nefarium. Tu, Iuppiter, 
qui Isdem quibus haec urbs auspiciis es constitutus, quern 
Stat5rem huius urbis atque imperl vere nominamus, hunc 
et huius socios a tuis ceterisque templis, a tectis urbis ac 
moenibus, a vita fortunisque civium arcebis, et homines 10 
bonorum inimicos, hostis patriae, latrones Italiae, scele- 
rum foedere inter se ac nefaria societate coniunctos, ae- 
ternis supplicils vivos mortuosque mactabis.- 



THE SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 

Introduction 

As a result of Cicero's First Oration against Catiline, the 
arch-conspirator left the city and hastened to join the 
army of revolutionists in Etruria under the command of 
Gaius Manlius. On the following day, November 9, 
Cicero delivered to the assembly of the people (contio), 
in the Forum, his Second Oration. He announced that 
Catiline had been driven from secret plots to open war- 
fare, and thus rendered less dangerous, but added that 
unhappily the greater number of his followers had re- 
mained in Rome. He endeavors, at the same time, to 
w^arn the people against these foes within the walls, to 
show the incompetence and helplessness of the conspira- 
tors, and to make clear to the latter the hopelessness of 
further attempts against the state. 

DELIVERED NOVEMBER 9, 63 B.C., BEFORE THE PEOPLE 
GATHERED IN A CONTIO IN THE FORUM 

JVe have at last driven Catiline from the city and thus gained a great 
victory; for he has been forced to take up open warfare and is 
disappointed in his hope of killing us all. 

I. i. Tandem aliquando, Quirites, L. Catilmam, fu- 

rentem audacia, scelus anhelantem, pestem patriae nefarie 

molientem, vobis atque huic urbi ferro flammaque mini- 

tantem ex urbe vel eiecimus vel emisimus vel ipsum egre- 

sdientem verbis prosecuti sumus. Abiit, excessit, evasit, 

62 



THE SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 63 

erupit. Nulla iam pernicies a monstro illo atque prodigio 
moenibus ipsis intra moenia comparabitur. Atque hunc 
quidem iinum huius belli domestic! ducem sine contro- 
versy vicimus; non enim iam inter latera nostra sica ilia 
versabitur; non in campo, non in foro, non in curia, non 5 
denique intra domesticos parietes pertimescemus. Loco 
ille motus est, cum est ex urbe depulsus. Palam iam cum 
hoste, nullo impediente, bellum iustum geremus. Sine 
dubio perdidimus hominem magnificeque vicimus, cum 
ilium ex occultis Insidils in apertum latrocinium conie- 10 
cimus. 

2. Quod vero non cruentum mucronem, ut voluit, 
extulit, quod vivis nobis egressus est, quod ei ferrum e 
manibus extorsimus, quod incolumis civis, quod stantem 
urbem reliquit, quanto tandem ilium maerore esse af- 15 
flictum et profligatum putatis? Iacet ille nunc pro- 
stratusque est et se perculsum atque abiectum esse sentit 
et retorquet oculos profecto saepe ad hanc urbem, quam 
e suis faucibus ereptam esse luget. Quae quidem milii lae- 
tari videtur, quod tantam pestem evomuerit forasque2o 
proiecerit. 

He deserved death, but it was not safe to kill him when all were not 
convinced of his guilt. Now that he is outside of the city I have 
no fear of hi?n. 

II. 3. Ac si quis est talis, qualis esse omnis oportebat, 
qui in hoc ipso, in quo exsultat et triumphat oratio mea, 
me vehementer accuset, quod tarn capitalem hostem non 
comprehenderim potius quam emiserim, non est ista mea 25 
culpa, sed temporum. Interfectum esse L. Catilmam et 
gravissimo supplicio affectum iam pridem oportebat, id-r 
que a me et mos maiorum et huius imperi severitas et 
res publica postulabat. Sed quam multos fuisse putatis 
qui quae ego def errem non crederent ? Quam multos qui 30 
etiam defenderent? 



64 



CICERO'S ORATIONS 



Ac si illo sublato depelli a vobis omne periculum 
iudicarem, iam pridem ego L. Catilmam non modo in- 
vidiae meae, verum etiam vitae periculo sustulissem. 
4. Sed cum viderem ne vobis quidem omnibus re etiam 
5 turn probata, si ilium, ut erat meritus, morte multassem, 
fore ut eius socios invidia oppressus persequi non possem, 




Cook-Shop. 



rem hue deduxi, ut turn palam pugnare possetis, cum 
hostem aperte videretis. Quern quidem ego hostem quam 
vehementer foris esse timendum putem, licet hinc intelle- 

logatis, quod etiam moleste fero, quod ex urbe parum co- 
mitatus exierit. Utinam ille omnis secum suas copias 
eduxisset ! Tongilium mihi eduxit, quern amare in prae- 
texta coeperat, Publicium et Minucium, quorum aes 
alienum contractum in popina nullum rei publicae motum 

15 afferre poterat. Rellquit quos viros ! quanto aere alieno ! 
quam valentis ! quam- nobilis ! 



THE SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 65 

Our greatest danger is from those whom he has left behind. These are 
the more to be feared because they know that I am aware of all 
\^r their designs. 

III. 5. Itaque ego ilium exercitum prae Gallicanis 
legionibus et hoc dilectu, quern in agro Plceno et Gallico 
Q. Metellus habuit, et his copiis, quae a nobis cotidie 
comparantur, magno opere contemno, collectum ex senibus 
desperatis, ex agresti luxuria, ex rusticis decoctoribus, 5 
ex els, qui vadimonia deserere quam ilium exercitum 
maluerunt. Quibus ego non modo si aciem exercitus nos- 
tri, verum etiam si edictum praetoris ostendero, con- 
cident. Hos, quos video volitare in Foro, quos stare ad 
curiam, quos etiam in senatum venire, qui nitent unguen- 10 
tls, qui fulgent purpura, mallem secum milites eduxisset. 
Qui si hie permanent, mementote non tarn exercitum il- 
ium esse nobis quam hos, qui exercitum deseruerunt, 
pertimescendos. 

Atque hoc etiam sunt timendi magis, quod quicquidis 
cogitant me scire sentiunt, neque tamen permoventur. 
6. Vide5 cui sit Apulia attributa, quis habeat Etruriam, 
quis agrum Picenum, quis Gallicum, quis sibi has ur- 
banas msidias caedis atque incendiorum depoposcerit. 
Omnia superioris noctis consilia ad me perlata esse sen- 20 
tiunt; patefeci in senatu hesterno die; Catilma ipse per- 
timuit, prof ugit. Hi quid exspectant ? Ne ill! vehementer 
errant, si illam meam pristinam lenitatem perpetuam 
sperant futuram. 

These men must not look for mercy, but leave the city at once. The 
community would indeed be blest if it got rid of them; it is re- 
lieved by freeing itself of Catiline, the friend of every class of 
criminals. 

IV. Quod exspectavi iam sum assecutus, ut vos om-25 
nes factam esse aperte coniurationem contra rem publi- 
cam videretis; nisi vero si quis est qui Catillnae simills 



66 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

cum Catilina sentire non putet. Ndn est iam lenitati 
locus; severitatem res ipsa flagitat. Unum etiam nunc 
concedam. Exeant, proficiscantur, ne patiantur desiderio 
sui Catilmam miserum tabescere. Demonstrabo iter. 
5 Aurelia via profectus est; si accelerare volent, ad vesperam 
consequentur. 

7. O fortunatam rem publicam, si quidem hanc sen- 
tinam urbis eiecerit ! Uno mehercule Catilina exhausto, 
levata mihi et recreata res publica videtur. Quid enim 

10 mall aut sceleris fingi aut cogitarl potest quod non ille 
conceperit ? Quis tota Italia veneficus, quis gladiator, quis 
latro, quis sicarius, quis parricida, quis testamentorum 
subiector, quis circumscriptor, quis gane5, quis nepos, 
quis adulter, quae mulier infamis, quis corruptor iuven- 

istutis, quis corruptus, quis perditus inveniri potest qui se 
cum Catilina non familiarissime vixisse fateatur? Quae 
caedes per hosce annos sine illo facta est ? Quod nef arium 
stuprum non per ilium ? 

8. Iam vero quae tanta umquam in ullo homine iuven- 
2otutis illecebra fuit quanta in illo? Qui alios ipse ama- 

bat turpissime, aliorum amori flagitiosissime serviebat. 
Aliis fructum libidinum, aliis mortem parentum non modo 
impellendo, verum etiam adiuvando pollicebatur. Nunc 
vero quam subito non solum ex urbe, verum etiam ex 
25agris ingentem numerum perditorum hominum colle- 
gerat ! Nemo n5n modo Romae, sed ne ullo quidem in 
angulo totius Italiae oppressus aere alieno fuit, quern 
non ad hoc incredibile sceleris foedus asdverit. 

He was intimate with all kinds of desperate men and admired by them. 
If my consulship shall see the last of these desperadoes, who think 
of nothing but murder and incendiarism, it will be forever famous. 

V. 9. Atque ut eius diversa studia in dissimili ratione 

3operspicere possitis, nemo est in ludo gladiatorio paulo ad 

facinus audacior qui se non intimum Catillnae esse fate- 



THE SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 67 

atur, nemo in scena levior et nequior qui se non eiusdem 
prope sodalem fuisse commemoret. Atque idem tamen, 
stuprorum et scelerum exercitatione assuefactus, frigore 
et fame et siti et vigiliis perferendis fortis ab istis prae- 
dicabatur, cum industriae subsidia atque mstrumenta vir- 5 
tutis in libidine audaciaque consumeret. 

10. Hunc vero si secuti erunt sui comites, si ex urbe 
exierint desperatorum hominum flagitiosi greges, 6 nos 
beatos, 6 rem publicam fortunatam, 6 praeclaram laudem 
consulatus mei! Xon enim iam sunt mediocres homi-10 
num libldines, non humanae ac tolerandae audaciae; 
nihil cogitant nisi caedem, nisi incendia, nisi rapinas. 
Patrimonia sua profuderunt, fortunas suas obligaverunt; 
res eos iam pridem, fides nuper deficere coepit. Eadem 
tamen ilia, quae erat in abundantia, libido permanet. 15 
Quod si in vino et alea comissationes solum et scorta 
quaererent, essent ill! quidem desperandi, sed tamen 
essent ferendi. Hoc vero quis ferre possit, inertis homines 
fortissimis viris Insidiari, stultissimos prudentissimis, 
ebriosos sobriis, dormientis vigilantibus ? Qui mihi ac-20 
cubantes in convivils, vino languid!, conferti cibo, sertis 
redimiti, unguentis obliti, debilitati stupris, eructant 
sermonibus suis caedem bonorum atque urbis incendia. 

11. Quibus ego confido impendere fatum aliquod et 
poenam iam diu improbitati, nequitiae, sceleri, libidini25 
debitam aut instare iam plane aut certe appropinquare. 
Quos si meus consulatus, quoniam sanare non potest, sus- 
tulerit, non breve nescio quod tempus, sed multa saecula 
propagarit rel publicae. Xulla est enim natio quam per- 
timescamus, nullus rex qui bellum populo Romano f acere 30 
possit; omnia sunt externa unius virtute terra manque 
pacata. Domesticum bellum manet, intus Insidiae sunt, 
intus inclusum periculum est, intus est hostis; cum luxu- 
ria nobis, cum amentia, cum scelere certandum est. Huic 
ego me bello ducem profiteor, Quirites; suscipio inimi-35 



68 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

citias hominum perditSrum; quae sanarl poterunt, qua- 
cumque ratione sanabo; quae resecanda erunt, non patiar 
ad perniciem clvitatis manere. Proinde 'aut exeant aut 
quiescant aut, si et in urbe et in eadem mente permanent, 
5 ea quae merentur exspectent. 

Some say that I drove Catiline into exile. I wish I had ; but he has 
not gone into exile. Seeing that his plots were discovered, he went 
to join Manlius. 

VI. 12. At etiam sunt qui dlcant, Quirltes, a me in 
exsilium eiectum esse Catilmam. Quod ego si verbo 
assequi possem, istos ipsos eicerem, qui haec loquuntur. 
Homo enim videlicet timidus aut etiam permodestus 

lovocem consulis ferre non potuit; simul atque Ire in ex- 
silium iussus est, paruit. Quid? Hesterno die, Quirites, 
cum domi meae paene interf ectus essem, senatum in aedem 
Iovis Statoris convocavi, rem omnem ad patres con- 
scriptos detuli. Quo cum Catillna venisset, quis eum 

15 senator appellavit? Quis salutavit? Quis denique ita 
aspexit ut perditum clvem ac non potius ut importunis- 
simum hostem ? Quin etiam prmcipes eius ordinis par- 
tem illam subselliorum, ad quam ille accesserat, nudam 
atque inanem reliquerunt. 

20 13. Hie ego vehemens ille consul, qui verbo civis in 
exsilium eicio, quaesivi a Catillna in nocturno conventu 
ad M. Laecam fuisset necne. Cum ille, homo audacis- 
simus, conscientia convictus, prim5 reticuisset, patefeci 
cetera: quid ea nocte egisset, quid in proximam constituis- 

25 set, quern ad modum esset el ratio totius belli descripta, 
edocui. Cum haesitaret, cum teneretur, quaesivi quid 
dubitaret proficlscl eo, quo iam prldem pararet, cum 
arma, cum securls, cum fascls, cum tubas, cum signa 
mllitaria, cum aquilam illam argenteam, cui ille etiam 

3osacrarium scelerum domi suae fecerat, sclrem esse prae- 
missam. 



THE SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 69 



s 



qui 



14. In exsilium eiciebam, quern iam ingressum esse in 
ellum videbam? Etenim, credo, Manlius iste centurio, 



in agr5 Faesulano castra posuit, bellum populo 
R5mano suo nomine indixit, et ilia castra nunc non Ca- 
tilinam ducem exspectant et ille eiectus in exsilium ses 
]\Iassiliam, ut aiunt, non in haec castra conferet. 



m 

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H 

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*r" «tr 


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*5I 


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v 


SPS 






^^^ 


k- 


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Theatre at Fiesole. 



// he really goes into exile, I shall be regarded as a tyrant, but I am 
willing to bear that for the sake of my country. But he has not 
gone to Massilia, as his followers fear and as we ought to hope. 

VII. O condicionem miseram non modo adminis- 
trandae, verum etiam conservandae rei publicae! Nunc 
si L. Catillna cdnsiliis, laboribus, periculls meis cir- 
cumclusus ac debilitatus subito pertimuerit, sententiam 10 
mutaverit, deseruerit suos, consilium belli faciendl abie- 
cerit, ex hoc cursu sceleris ac belli iter ad fugam atque 
in exsilium converterit, non ille a me spoliatus armis 
audaciae, non obstupefactus ac perterritus mea dili- 



70 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

gentia, non de spe conatuque depulsus, sed indemnatus, 
innocens in exsilium eiectus a consule vi et minis esse 
dicetur. Et erunt, qui ilium, si hoc fecerit, non impro- 
bum, sed miserum, me non diligentissimum consulem, 
5 sed crudelissimum tyrannum existimari velint ! 

15. Est mihi tanti, Quirites, huius invidiae falsae atque 
iniquae tempestatem subire, dum modo a vobis huius 
horribilis belli ac nefarh periculum depellatur. Dicatur 
sane eiectus esse a me, dum modo eat in exsilium. Sed 

10 mihi credite, non est iturus. Numquam ego a dis 
immortalibus optabo, Quirites, invidiae meae levandae 
causa, ut L. Catilmam ducere exercitum hostium atque 
in armis volitare audiatis; sed triduo tamen audietis, 
multoque magis illud timed, ne mihi sit invidiosum ali- 

15 quando, quod ilium emiserim potius quam quod eiecerim. 
Sed cum sint homines qui ilium, cum profectus sit, eiec- 
turn esse dicant, eidem, si interf ectus esset, quid dlcerent ? 

16. Quamquam isti, qui Catilmam Massiliam ire die- 
titant, non tarn hoc queruntur quam verentur. Nemo est 

20 istorum tarn misericors qui ilium non ad Manlium quam 
ad Massiliensis ire malit; ille autem, si mehercule hoc, 
quod agit, numquam antea cogitasset, tamen latrocinan- 
tem se interfici mallet quam exsulem vlvere. Nunc ver5, 
cum el nihil adhuc praeter ipsius voluntatem cogitatio- 

25nemque acciderit, nisi quod vivis nobis Roma profectus 
est, optemus potius ut eat in exsilium quam queramur. 

Enough of Catiline. Let me rather describe the sort of men his fol- 
lowers are. They fall into six classes, of which the first consists 
of men of means who are heavily in debt. These are weak and 
fond of pleasure ; we need have no fear of them. 

VIII. 17. Sed cur tarn diu de uno hoste loquimur et de 

hoste qui iam fatetur se esse hostem, et quern, quia, quod 

semper volui, mums interest, non timeo. De els qui dis- 

30 simulant, qui Romae remanent, qui noblscum sunt, nihil 



THE SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 71 

dicimus ? Quos quidem ego, si ullo modo fieri possit, non 
tarn ulcisci studeo quam sanare sibi ipsos, placare rei 
publicae, neque id qua re fieri non possit, si me audire 
volent, intellego. Exponam enim vobis, Quirites, ex qui- 
bus generibus hominum istae copiae comparentur; deindes 
singulis medicmam consili atque orationis meae, si quam 
potero, afferam. 

18. Unum genus est eorum, qui magno in aere alieno 
maiores etiam possessiones habent, quarum amore ad- 
ducti dissohi nullo modo possunt. Horum hominum 10 
species est honestissima; sunt enim locupletes; voluntas 
vero et causa impudentissima. Tu agris, tu aedificiis, 
tu argento, tu familia, tu rebus omnibus ornatus et 
copiosus sis et dubites de possessione detrahere, acqui- 
rere ad fidem ? Quid enim exspectas ? Bellum ? Quid 15 
ergo? In vastatione omnium tuas possessiones sacro- 
sanctas futuras putas? An tabulas novas? Errant qui 
istas a Catilma exspectant. Meo beneficio tabulae novae 
proferentur, verum auctionariae; neque enim isti, qui 
possessidnes habent, alia ratione ulla salvi esse possunt. 20 
Quod si maturius facere voluissent neque, id quod stultis- 
simum est/ certare cum usuris fructibus praediorum, et 
locupletioribus his et melioribus civibus uteremur. Sed 
hosce homines minime puto pertimescendos, quod aut 
deduci de sententia possunt aut, si permanebunt, magis25 
mihi videntur vota facturi contra rem publicam quam 
arma laturi. 



\ 



The second class consists of men who are loaded with debts, but desirous 
of power. I warn them that their hopes are vain. Even if they 
gained what they seek, they could not hold it. The third is com- 
posed of /Suva's veterans, eager for another civil war. 

IX. 19. Alterum genus est eorum qui, quamquam 
premuntur aere alieno, dominationem tamen exspectant, 
rerum potirl volunt, honores, quos quieta re publica de-30 



72 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

sperant, perturbata se c5nsequi posse arbitrantur. Quibus 
hoc praecipiendum videtur, unum scilicet et idem quod 
reliquis omnibus, ut desperent id quod conantur se con- 
sequi posse: primum omnium me ipsum vigilare, adesse, 
sprovidere rei publicae; deinde magnos animos esse in 
bonis viris, magnam concordiam in maxima multitudine, 
magnas praeterea copias militum; deos denique immor- 
talls huic invicto populo, clarissimo imperio, pulcher- 
rimae urbi contra tantam vim sceleris praesentis auxi- 

10 Hum esse laturos. Quod si iam sint id, quod cum summo 
furore cupiunt adept!, num ill! in cinere urbis et in 
sanguine civium, quae mente conscelerata ac nefaria 
concuplverunt, se consules ac dictatores aut etiam reges 
sperant futuros? Non vident id se cupere, quod si 

15 adept! sint, fugitivd alicui aut gladiatorl concedi sit 
necesse ? 

20. Tertium genus est aetate iam affectum, sed 
tamen exercitatione robustum, quo ex genere iste est 
Manlius, cui nunc Catillna succedit. Sunt homines ex 

20 els coloniis quas Sulla constituit; quas ego iiniversas 
civium esse optimorum et fortissimorum virorum sentio, 
sed tamen el sunt colon!, qui se in msperatls ac repen- 
tinis pecuniis sumptuosius insolentiusque iactarunt. H! 
dum aedificant tamquam beat!, dum praedi!s lect!s, fa- 

25miliis magnis, conviviis apparatis delectantur, in tantum 
aes alienum inciderunt ut, si salvi esse velint, Sulla sit 
els ab inferis excitandus. Qui etiam non nullos agres- 
tis, homines tenuis atque egentis, in eandem illam spem 
rapmarum veterum impulerunt; quos ego utrosque in 

3oeodem genere praedatorum direptorumque pono. Sed 
eos hoc moneo: desinant furere ac proscriptiones et dic- 
taturas cogitare; tantus enim illorum temporum dolor 
inustus est clvitati, ut iam ista non modo homines, sed 
ne pecudes quidem mihi passurae esse videantur, 



THE SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 73 

The fourth is a motley crew of bankrupts. They must not involve 
others in their downfall. The fifth is made up of criminals of 
every description. They are Catiline's own and he may have 
them. The sixth consists of young profligates, special favorites 
of Catiline. Unless it be got rid of, it will produce others like him. 

X. 21. Quartum genus est sane varium et mixtum et 
turbulentum, qui iam pridem premuntur, qui numquam 
emergunt, qui partim inertia, partim/ male gerendo ne- 
gotio, partim etiam sumptibus in vetere aere alieno 
vacillant. Qui vadimoniis, iudiciis, proscriptione bono- 5 
rum defatigati, permulti et ex urbe et ex agris se in ilia 
castra conferre dicuntur. Hosce ego non tarn milites 
acris quam infitiatores lentos esse arbitror; qui homines 
primum, si stare non possunt, corruant, sed ita, ut non 
modo civitas, sed ne vicini quidem proximl sentiant. 10 
Nam illud non intelleg5, quam ob rem, si vivere honeste 
non possunt, perire turpiter velint, aut cur minore 
dolore perituros se cum multis, quam si soli pereant, 
arbitrentur. 

22. Quintum genus est parricidarum, sicariorum, de-is 
nique omnium facinorosorum; quos ego a Catilma non 
revoco; nam neque ab eo dlvelli possunt et pereant sane 
in latrocinio, quoniam sunt ita multl, ut eos career capere 
non possit. 

Postremum autem genus est non solum numero, verum 20 
etiam genere ipso atque vita, quod proprium Catilinae 
est, de eius dilectu, immo vero de complexu eius ac 
sinu, quos pexo capillo, nitidos, aut imberbls aut bene 
barbatos videtis, manicatis et talaribus tunicis, veils 
amictos, non togis, quorum omnis industria vitae et25 
vigilandi labor in antelucanis cenis expromitur. 

23. In his gregibus omnes aleatores, omnes adulter!, 
omnes impuri impudlcique versantur. Hi pueri tarn lepidl 
ac delicati non s5lum amare et amari, neque saltare et 
cantare, sed etiam sicas vibrare et spargere venena didi-30 



74 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

cerunt. Qui nisi exeunt, nisi pereunt, etiam si Catilma 
perierit, scitote hoc in re publica seminarium Catillnarum 
futurum. 

If we compare Catiline's forces with our own, the advantage is all on 
our side. We are stronger in material resources, but especially 
in the justice of our cause. 

XL 24. O bellum magno opere pertimescendum, cum 
shanc sit habiturus Catilma scortorum cohortem prae- 
toriam ! Instruite nunc, Quirites, contra has tarn prae- 
claras Catilmae copias vestra praesidia vestrosque ex- 
ercitus. Et primum gladiator! ill! confecto et saucio 
consules imperatoresque vestros opponite; deinde contra 

10 illam naufragorum eiectam ac debilitatam manum florem 
totius Italiae ac robur educite. lam vero urbes colo- 
niarum ac municipiorum respondebunt Catilmae tumulls 
silvestribus. Neque ego ceteras copias, ornamenta, prae- 
sidia vestra cum illius latronis inopia atque egestate con- 

lsferre debeo. 

25. Sed si, omissis his rebus, quibus nos suppedi- 
tamur, eget ille, senatu, equitibus Romanis, urbe, aerario, 
vectigalibus, cuncta Italia, provinchs omnibus, exteris 
nationibus; si his rebus omissis causas ipsas, quae inter 

20 se confllgunt, contendere velimus, ex eo ipso quam valde 
ill! iaceant intellegere possumus. Ex hac enim parte 
pudor pugnat, illinc petulantia; hinc pudicitia, illinc stu- 
prum; hinc fides, illinc fraudatio; hinc pietas, illinc sce- 
lus; hinc constantia, illinc furor; hinc honestas, illinc 

25turpitudo; hinc continentia, illinc libido; denique aequi- 
tas, temperantia, fortitudo, prudentia, virtutes omnes, cer- 
tant cum iniquitate, luxuria, ignavia, temeritate, cum vi- 
ths omnibus. Postremo copia cum egestate, bona ratio 
cum perdita, mens sana cum amentia, bona denique spes 

30 cum omnium rerum desperatione confligit. In eius modi 
certamine ac proelio nonne, etiam si hominum studia 




From the painting by Gonde. 

A Gladiator. 



76 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

deficiant, di ipsi immortales cogant ab his praeclarissimis 
virtutibus tot et tanta vitia superari ? 

All you have to do is to protect your homes ; I have provided for the 
safety of Rome and the towns of Italy. Once more I warn the 
conspirators in the city to leave it. They will not be stopped, but 
if they remain they will feel our power. 

XII. 26. Quae cum ita sint, Quirites, vos, quern ad 
modum iam antea, vestra tecta custodiis vigiliisque de- 
sfendite; mihi, ut urbl sine vestro motu ac sine ullo tu- 
multu satis esset praesidi, consultum atque pro visum est. 
Colon! omnes municipesque vestrl, certiores a me fact! 
. de hac nocturna excursione Catilmae, facile urbis suas 
finisque defendent. Gladiatores^ quam sibi ille manum 

10 certissimam fore putavit, quamquam animo meliore 
sunt quam pars patriciorum, potestate tamen nostra 
continebuntur. Q. Metellus, quern ego hoc prospiciens 
in agrum Gallicum Picenumque praemisi, aut opprimet 
hominem aut omnis eius motus conatusque prohibebit. 

is Reliquis autem de rebus constituendis, maturandis, agen- 
dis iam ad senatum referemus, quern vocari videtis. 

27. Nunc illos, qui in urbe remanserunt atque adeo 
qui contra urbis salutem omniumque vestrum in urbe 
a Catilma relict! sunt, quamquam sunt hostes, tamen, 

20 quia sunt elves, monitos etiam atque etiam volo. Mea 
lenitas adhuc si cui solutior visa est, hoc exspectavit, 
ut id, quod latebat, erumperet. Quod reliquum est, 
iam non possum oblivisci meam hanc esse patriam, 
me horum esse consulem, mihi aut cum his vivendum 

25 aut pro his esse moriendum. Nullus est portis custos, 
nullus insidiator viae. Si qui exlre volunt, conivere 
possum. Qui vero se in urbe commSverit, cuius ego 
non modo factum, sed inceptum ullum conatumve con- 
tra patriam deprehendero, sentiet in hac urbe esse con- 

3osules vigilantes, esse magistratus egregios, esse fortem 



THE SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 77 

senatum, esse arma, esse carcerem, quern vindicem ne- 
fariorum ac manifestorum scelerum maiores nostri esse 
voluerunt. 

Everything will be done quietly and without disturbance, and only the 
guilty will be punished. For the ability to fulfil my promises I 
rely upon the gods. Do you pray to them to save our city. 

XIII. 28. Atque haec omnia sic agentur, Quirites, 
ut maximae res minimo motu, pericula summa nullo5 
tumultu, bellum intestlnum ac domesticum post ho- 
minum memoriam crudelissimum et maximum me un5 
togato duce et imperatore sedetur. Quod ego sic ad- 
ministrabo, Quirites, ut, si ullo modo fieri poterit, ne 
improbus quidem quisquam in hac urbe poenam sui 10 
sceleris sufferat. Sed si vis manifestae audaciae, si 
impendens patriae periculum me necessario de hac 
animi lenitate deduxerit, illud profecto perficiam, quod 
in tanto et tarn insidioso bello vix optandum videtur, ut 
neque bonus quisquam intereat paucorumque poena vosi5 
iam omnes salvl esse possltis. 

29. Quae quidem ego neque mea prudentia neque hu- 
manis consiliis fretus polliceor vobis, Quirites, sed multis 
et non dubiis deorum immortalium significationibus, qui- 
bus ego ducibus in hanc spem sententiamque sum ingres- 20 
sus. Qui iam non procul, ut quondam solebant, ab ex- 
terno hoste atque longinquo, sed hie praesentes suo 
numine atque auxilio sua templa atque urbis tecta de- 
fendent. Quos vos, Quirites, precari, venerarl, implorare 
debetis, ut, quam urbem pulcherrimam florentissimamque 25 
esse voluerunt, hanc, omnibus hostium copiis terra man- 
que superatis, a perditissimorum civium nefario scelere 
defendant. 



THE THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 
Introduction 

Catiline had arranged with his fellow conspirators in 
the city that they should murder the consuls, set fire to 
Rome, and join him in Etruria. Before they were ready 
to carry out these plans, ambassadors came to Rome 
from the Allobroges to make complaint about the ad- 
ministration of the province and ask for relief. The 
conspirators made overtures to the envoys in the hope 
of securing the aid of the Allobroges. After some hesi- 
tation the envoys decided not to take part in the con- 
spiracy but revealed the plot to their patron, who re- 
ported it to Cicero. Cicero instructed the Allobroges to 
get letters from the conspirators to take to their people, 
and they did so. As the ambassadors were returning 
home, they were stopped at the Mulvian Bridge and the 
letters taken from them. Then, on the 3d of December, 
Cicero called the Senate together and accused Lentulus 
and the other leaders of the conspiracy, who confessed 
their guilt when confronted with the letters which they 
had given to the envoys. 

After the close of the session of the Senate, which 
lasted until evening, Cicero called an assembly of the 
people (contio) in the Forum and told them what had 
taken place. 

DELIVERED DECEMBER 3, 63 B.C., BEFORE THE PEOPLE 
GATHERED IN A CONTIO IN THE FORUM 

The conspiracy has been crushed and the lives of all of you saved. I 
will give a brief account of what happened in the Senate. 

I. i. Rem publicam, Quirites, vitamque omnium ves- 
trum, bona, fortunas, coniuges liberosque vestros atque 

78 



THE THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 79 

hoc domicilium clarissimi imperi, fortunatissimam pul- 
cherrimamque urbem hodierno die deorum immortalium 
summo erga vos amore, laboribus, consiliis, periculis mels 
e flamma atque ferro ac paene ex faucibus fati ereptam et 
vobis conservatam ac restitutam videtis. 5 

2. Et si non minus nobis iucundi atque illustres sunt el 
dies quibus conservamur, quam ill! quibus nascimur, 
quod salutis certa laetitia est, nascendi incerta condicio, et 
quod sine sensu nascimur, cum voluptate servamur, pro- 
f ecto, quoniam ilium qui hanc urbem condidit ad deos 10 
immortalis benevolentia famaque sustulimus, esse apud 
vos posterosque vestros in honore debebit is, qui eandem 
hanc urbem conditam amplificatamque servavit. Xam 
toti urbi, templis, delubris, tectis ac moenibus subiectos 
prope iam ignis circumdatosque restmximus, idemque gla- 15 
dios in rem publicam destrictos rettudimus mucronesque 
eorum a iugulis vestris deiecimus. 3. Quae quoniam in 
senatu illustrata, patefacta, comperta sunt per me, vo- 
bis iam exponam breviter, Quirites, ut et quanta et qua 
ratione investigata et comprehensa sint, vos, qui ignoratis 20 
et exspectatis, scire possitis. 

Principio, ut Catilma paucis ante diebus erupit ex 
urbe, cum sceleris sui socios, huiusce nefarii belli acerri- 
mos duces, Romae reliquisset, semper vigilavi et providi, 
Quirites, quern ad modum in tantis et tarn absconditis 25 
Insidiis salvi esse possemus. 

After Catiline left the city, I used every effort to prove his guilt and 
that of his accomplices. I accomplished this by intercepting 
letters written to the Allobroges by Lentulus and his associates, 
inviting them to join the conspiracy. 

II. Nam turn, cum ex urbe Catilinam eiciebam, — non 
enim iam vereor huius verb! invidiam, cum ilia magis sit 
timenda, quod vivus exierit, — sed turn, cum ilium ex- 
terminari volebam, aut reliquam coniuratorum manum3o 



80 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

simul exituram aut eos qui restitissent Infirm5s sine illo 
ac debilis fore putabam. 4. Atque ego, ut vidi, quos 
maximo furore et scelere esse mflammatos sciebam, eos 
noblscum esse et Romae remansisse, in eo omnis dies 
snoctisque consumpsi, ut quid agerent, quid molirentur, 
sentirem ac viderem, ut, quoniam auribus vestris propter 
incredibilem magnitudinem sceleris minorem fidem faceret 
oratio mea, rem ita comprehenderem, ut turn demuin 
animis saluti vestrae provideretis, cum oculis maleficium 

loipsum videretis. 

Itaque ut comperi legatos Allobrogum belli Tran^al- 
pmi et tumultus Gallic! excitandi causa a P. LentulS esse 
sollicitatos, eosque in Galliam ad suos civis eodemque 
itinere cum litteris mandatisque ad Catilmam esse missos, 

15 comitemque els adiunctum esse T. Volturcium, atque huic 
ad Catilmam esse datas litteras, facultatem mibi oblatam 
putavi, ut, quod erat difficillimum quodque ego semper 
optabam ab dis immortalibus, tota res non solum a 
me, sed etiam a senatu et a vobis manifesto depre- 

20 henderetur. 

5. Itaque hesternS die L. Flaccum et C. Pomptmum 
praetores, fortissimos atque amantissimos rei publicae 
viros, ad me vocavi, rem exposui, quid fieri placeret ostendi; 
ill! autem, qui omnia de re publica praeclara atque 

25egregia sentirent, sine recusatione ac sine ulla mora ne- 
gotium susceperunt et, cum advesperasceret, occulte ad 
pontem Mulvium pervenerunt atque ibi in proximis villis 
ita bipartito fuerunt, ut Tiberis inter eos et pons inter- 
esset. Eddem autem et ipsi sine cuiusquam suspicione 

30 multos f ortis viros eduxerant, et ego ex praef ectura Rea- 
tina compluris delectos adulescentis, quorum opera utor 
assidue in re publica, praesidio cum gladiis miseram. 

6. Interim tertia fere vigilia exacta, cum iam pontem 
Mulvium magno comitatu legati Allobrogum ingredi in- 

35ciperent unaque Volturcius, fit in eos impetus; educuntur 




pq 



82 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

et ab illis gladii et a nostris. Res praetoribus erat nota 
soils, ignorabatur a ceteris. 

I thereupon arrested Lentulus and the other leaders of the conspiracy 
and called a meeting of the Senate. 

III. Turn interventu Pomptini atque Flacci pugna 
quae erat commissa sedatur; litterae quaecumque erant 

5 in eo comitatu, integris signis praetoribus traduntur; ipsi 
comprehensi ad me, cum iam dilucesceret, deducuntur. 
Atque horum omnium scelerum improbissimum machina- 
torem Cimbrum Gabmium statim ad me, nihildum sus- 
picantem, vocavi; deinde item arcessitus est L. Statilius 
10 et post eum C. Cethegus; tardissime autem Lentulus 
venit, credo quod in litteris dandls praeter consuetudinem 
proxima nocte vigilarat. 

7. Cum summis ac clarissimis huius civitatis viris, 
qui audita re frequentes ad me mane convenerant, lit- 
is teras a me prius aperiri quam ad senatum deferrem, 
placeret, ne, si nihil esset inventum, temere a me tantus 
tumultus iniectus civitati videretur, negavi me esse 
facturum ut de periculo publico non ad consilium publi- 
cum rem integram deferrem. Etenim, Quirites, si ea 
20 quae erant ad me delata reperta non essent, tamen ego 
non arbitrabar in tantis rei publicae periculis esse mihi 
nimiam diligentiam pertimescendam. 8. Senatum fre- 
quentem celeriter, ut vidistis, coegi. Atque interea sta- 
tim admonitu Allobrogum C. Sulpicium praetorem, fortem 
25virum, misi, qui ex aedibus Cethegi, si quid telorum 
esset, efferret; ex quibus ille maximum sicarum numerum 
et gladiorum extulit. 

Volturcius turned state's evidence and with the Allobroges revealed the 

whole plot. 

IV. Introduxi Volturcium sine Gallis; fidem publicam 
iussu senatus dedl; hortatus sum, ut ea quae sciret sine 



THE THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 83 

timore indicaret. Turn ille dixit, cum vix se ex magno 
timore recreasset, ab Lentulo se habere ad Catillnam 
mandata et litteras, ut servorum praesidio uteretur, ut 
ad urbem quam primum cum exercitu accederet ; id autem 
eo consilio, ut, cum urbem ex omnibus partibus, quern 5 
ad modum discriptum distributumque erat, incendissent 
caedemque infinitam civium fecissent, praesto esset ille 
qui et fugientis exciperet et se cum his urbanis ducibus 
coniungeret. 

9. IntroductI autem Galli ius iurandum sibi et litteras 10 
ab Lentul5, Cethego, Statilio ad suam gentem data esse 
dixerunt, atque ita sibi ab his et a L. Cassio esse praescrip- 
tum, ut equitatum in Italiam quam primum mitterent; 
pedestrls sibi copias non defuturas. Lentulum autem sibi 
confirmasse ex fatis Sibyllinis haruspicumque responsis se 15 
esse tertium ilium Cornelium, ad quern regnum huius urbis 
atque imperium pervenlre esset necesse; Cmnam ante 
se et Sullam fuisse. Eundemque dixisse fatalem hunc 
annum esse ad interitum huius urbis atque imperi, qui 
esset annus decimus post virginum absolutionem, post 20 
Capitol! autem incensionem vicesimus. 10. Hanc autem 
Cethego cum ceteris controversiam fuisse dixerunt, quod 
Lentulo et aliis Saturnalibus caedem fieri atque urbem in- 
cendi placeret, Cethego nimium id longum videretur. 

Cethegus, Statilius, Lentulas, and Gabinius admitted their guilt when 
confronted with their letters and the testimony of the Allobro 



Tr^V- Ac ne longum sit, Quirites, tabellas proferri ius- 25 
simus, quae a quoque dicebantur datae. Primum osten- 
dimus Cethego signum; cognovit. Nos linum incldimus; 
legimus. Erat scrlptum ipsius manu Allobrogum senatui 
et populo, sese quae e5rum legatis confirmasset facturum 
esse; orare ut item ill! facerent quae sibi eorum legati30 
recepissent. Turn Cethegus, qui paulo ante aliquid ta- 
men de gladiis ac sicis, quae apud ipsum erant deprehensa, 



84 



CICERO'S ORATIONS 



respondisset dlxissetque se semper bondrum ferramento- 
rum studiosum fuisse, recitatis litteris debilitatus atque 
abiectus conscientia repente conticuit. 

Introductus est Statilius; cognovit et signum et manum 

5suam. Recitatae sunt tabellae in eandem fere senten- 

tiam; confessus est. Turn ostendi tabellas Lentulo et 




Tablet and Stylus. 



quaesivi cognosceretne signum. Annuit. 'Est vero' in- 
quam 'ndtum quidem signum, imago avi tui, clarissiml 
viri, qui amavit unice patriam et civls suos; quae quidem 

10 te a tanto scelere etiam muta revocare debuit/ 

ii. Leguntur eadem ratione ad senatum Allobrogum 
populumque litterae. Si quid de his rebus dicere vellet, 
feci potestatem. Atque ille prlmo quidem negavit; post 
autem aliquanto, toto iam indicio exposito atque edito, 

i5surrexit, quaesivit a Gallis quid sibi esset cum els, quam 
ob rem domum suam venissent, itemque a Volturcio. 



THE THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 85 

Qui cum ill! breviter constanterque respond]' ssent, per 
quern ad eum quotiensque venissent, quaeslssentque ab 
eo nihilne secum esset de fatis Sibyllinis locutus, turn ille 
subito scelere demens quanta conscientiae vis esset osten- 
dit. Nam cum id posset infitiari, repente praeter opinio- 5 
nem omnium confessus est. Ita eum non modo ingenium 
illud et dicendi exercitatio, qua semper valuit, sed etiam 
propter vim sceleris manifestl atque deprehensi impu- 
dentia, qua superabat omnis, improbitasque defecit. 

12. Yolturcius vero subito litteras proferri atque io 
aperiri iubet, quas sibi a Lentulo ad Catilinam datas esse 
dicebat. Atque ibi vehementissime perturbatus Lentulus 
tamen et signum et manum suam cognovit. Erant autem 
scriptae sine nomine, sed ita : 'Quis sim, scies ex eo quern 
ad te misi. Cura ut vir sis, et cogita quern in locum sis is 
progressus; vide ecquid tibi iam sit necesse, et cura ut 
omnium tibi auxilia adiungas, etiam infimorum/ Ga- 
binius deinde introductus, cum primo impudenter re- 
spondere coepisset, ad extremum nihil ex els quae Galli 
insimulabant negavit. 20 

13. Ac mihi quidem, Quirites, cum ilia certissima visa 
sunt argumenta atque indicia sceleris: tabellae, signa, 
manus, denique unius cuiusque confessio; turn multo 
certiora ilia: color, oculi, voltus, taciturnitas. Sic enim 
obstupuerant, sic terram intuebantur, sic furtim non 25 
numquam inter sese aspiciebant, ut non iam ab aliis 
indicari, sed indicare se ipsi viderentur. 

The Senate passed a vote of thanks to myself, my colleague, and the two 
praetors who had aided me. They imprisoned the four leaders 
and five other prominent conspirators. A thanksgiving was de- 
creed in my honor. 



VI. Indiciis expositis atque editis senatum consului de 
summa re publica quid fieri placeret. Dictae sunt a prin- 
cipibus acerrimae ac fortissimae sententiae, quas senatus3o 



86 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

sine ulla varietate est secutus. Et quoniam nondum est 
perscrlptum senatus consultum, ex memoria vobls, Qui- 
rites, quid senatus censuerit exponam. 

14. Primum mihi gratiae verbis amplissimis aguntur, 
5 quod virtute, consilio, providentia mea res publica maxi- 

mls perlculls sit llberata; deinde L. Flaccus et C. Pomp- 
tinus praetores, quod eorum opera fortl fidelique usus 
essem, merito ac iure laudantur, atque etiam viro fortl, 
collegae meo, laus impertltur, quod eos qui huius con- 

10 iurationis participes fuissent a suis et a rei publicae con- 
siliis removisset. Atque ita censuerunt : ut P. Lentulus, 
cum se praetura abdicasset, in custodiam traderetur; 
itemque uti C. Cethegus, L. Statilius, P. Gablnius, qui 
omnes praesentes erant, in custodiam traderentur. Atque 

15 idem hoc decretum est in L. Cassium, qui sibi procura- 
tionem incendendae urbis depoposcerat; in M. Ceparium, 
cui ad sollicitandos pastores Apuliam attributam esse 
erat indicatum; in P. Furium, qui est ex els colonls, quos 
Faesulas L. Sulla deduxit; in Q. Annium Chilonem, qui 

20 una cum hoc Furio semper erat in hac Allobrogum sol- 
licitatione versatus; in P. Umbrenum, llbertinum homi- 
nem, a quo primum Gallos ad Gablnium perductos esse 
constabat. Atque ea lenitate senatus est usus, Quirltes, 
ut ex tanta coniuratione tantaque hac multitudine do- 

25mesticorum hostium novem hominum perditissimorum 
poena re publica conservata, reliquorum mentis sanarl 
posse arbitraretur. 

15. Atque etiam supplicatio dls immortalibus pro 
singularl eorum merito meo nomine decreta est, quod 

30 mihi primum post hanc urbem conditam togato contigit, 
et his verbis decreta est: quod urbem incendils, caede 
clvls, Italiam bello llberassem. Quae supplicatio si cum 
ceteris conferatur, hoc interest, quod ceterae bene gesta, 
haec una conservata re publica constituta est. 

35 Atque illud, quod faciendum primum fuit, factum atque 



THE THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 87 

transactum est. Xam P. Lentulus, quamquam patefactis 
indiciis, confessionibus suis, iudicio senatus non modo 
praet5ris ius, verum etiam civis amiserat, tamen magis- 
trate se abdicavit, ut, quae religio C. Mario, clarissimo 
viro, non fuerat, quo minus C. Glauciam, de quo nihil 5 
nominatim erat decretum, praetorem occideret, ea nos 
religione in privato P. Lentulo puniendo liberaremur. 

At last the conspiracy is crushed. It was hopeless from the time that 
I forced Catiline to leave the city. 

VII. 16. Nunc quoniam, Quirites, consceleratissimi 
periculosissimique belli nefarios duces captos iam et com- 
prehensos tenetis, existimare debetis omnis Catilmae co- 10 
pias, omnis spes atque opes his depulsis urbis periculis 
concidisse. Quern quidem ego cum ex urbe pellebam, 
hoc providebam animo, Quirites, remoto Catilma non 
mihi esse P. Lentuli somnum nee L. Cassi adipes nee C. 
Cethegi furiosam temeritatem pertimescendam. Ille erat 15 
unus timendus ex istis omnibus, sed tarn diu, dum urbis 
moenibus continebatur. Omnia norat, omnium aditus te- 
nebat; appellare, temptare, sollicitare poterat, audebat; 
erat el consilium ad facinus aptum, consilio autem neque 
manus neque lingua deerat. Iam ad certas res con- 20 
ficiendas certos homines delectos ac descriptos habebat. 
Xeque vero, cum aliquid mandarat, confectum putabat; 
nihil erat quod non ipse obiret, occurreret, vigilaret, labo- 
raret; frigus, sitim, famem ferre poterat. 

17. Hunc ego hominem tarn acrem, tarn audacem, 25 
tarn paratum, tarn callidum, tarn in scelere vigilantem, 
tarn in perditis rebus diligentem nisi ex domesticis in- 
sidhs in castrense latrocinium compulissem, dicam id 
quod sentio, Quirites, non facile hanc tantam molem mall 
a cervicibus vestris depulissem. Xon ille nobis Satur-30 
nalia c5nstituisset, neque tanto ante exiti ac fat! diem 
rei publicae denuntiavisset neque commisisset, ut signum, 



88 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

ut litterae suae testes manifest! sceleris deprehenderentur. 
Quae nunc illo absente sic gesta sunt, ut nullum in pri- 
vata domo furtum umquam sit tarn palam inventum, 
quam haec tanta in re publica coniuratio manifesto in- 
5venta atque deprehensa est. Quod si Catilma in urbe ad 
'. hanc diem remansisset, quamquam, quoad fuit, omnibus 
eius consiliis occurri atque obstiti, tamen, ut levissime 
dicam, dimicandum nobis cum illo fuisset neque nos um- 
quam, cum ille in urbe hostis esset, tantis periculis rem 
aopublicam tanta pace, tanto otio, tant5 silentio liberas- 
semus. 

It is evident that we owe this success to the help of the gods, for at the 
moment the conspiracy was detected a statue of Jupiter was being 
put in the place of one which had been struck by lightning. 

VIII. 18. Quamquam haec omnia, Quirites, ita sunt a 
me admini strata, ut deorum immortalium ntitu atque 
cdnsilio et gesta et provisa esse videantur. Idque cum 

isconiectura consequi possumus, quod vix videtur humanl 
consili tantarum rerum gubernatio esse potuisse, turn 
vero ita praesentes his temporibus opem et auxilium 
nobis tulerunt, ut eos paene oculis videre possemus. Nam 
ut ilia omittam, visas nocturno tempore ab occidente 

20 faces ardoremque caeli, ut fulminum iactus, ut terrae 
motus relinquam, ut omittam cetera, quae tarn multa 
nobis consulibus facta sunt, ut haec, quae nunc fiunt, 
canere di immortales viderentur : hoc certe, quod sum dic- 
turus, neque praetermittendum neque relinquendum est. 

25 19. Nam profecto memoria tenetis Cotta et Torquato 
consulibus compluris in Capitolio res de caelo esse per- 
cussas, cum et simulacra deorum depulsa sunt et statuae 
veterum hominum deiectae et legum aera liquefacta. 
Tactus est etiam ille, qui hanc urbem condidit, Romulus, 

30 quern inauratum in Capitolio, parvum atque lactentem, 
uberibus lupinis inhiantem, fuisse meministis. Quo qui- 



THE THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 89 

dem tempore cum haruspices ex tota Etruria convenis- 
sent, caedes atque incendia et legum interitum et bellum 
civile ac domesticum et totius urbis atque imperi occasum 
appropinquare dixerunt, nisi di immortales omni ratione 
placati suo numine prope fata ipsa flexissent. 5 

20. Itaque illorum responsis turn et ludi per decern 
dies fact! sunt neque res ulla quae ad placandos deos 




The Wolf of the Capitol. 



pertineret praetermissa est. Idemque iusserunt simula- 
crum Iovis facere maius et in excelso collocare et contra 
atque antea fuerat ad orientem convertere; ac se sperareio 
dlxerunt, si illud signum, quod videtis, solis ortum et 
Forum curiamque conspiceret, fore ut ea consilia quae 
clam essent inita contra salutem urbis atque imperi il- 
lustrarentur, ut a senatu populoque Romano perspici 
possent. Atque illud signum collocandum consules illiis 
locaverunt, sed tanta fuit operis tarditas, ut neque supe- 
rioribus consulibus neque nobis ante hodiernum diem col- 
locaretur. 



90 CICERO'S ORATIONS 



Jupiter's protection of our country is shown by the blunders of the con- 
spirators, whom he deprived of their senses, and by the unlooked- 
for help of the Gauls. 

IX. 21. Hie quis potest esse tarn a versus a vero, tarn 
praeceps, tarn mente captus, qui neget haec omnia quae 
videmus praecipueque hanc urbem deorum immortalium 
nutu ac potestate administrarl ? Etenim cum esset ita re- 
ssponsum, caedes, incendia, interitum rei publicae com- 
parari, et ea per civis, quae turn propter magnitudinem 
scelerum non nullls incredibilia videbantur, ea non modo 
cogitata a nefarhs civibus, verum etiam suscepta esse 
sensistis. Illud vero nonne ita praesens est, ut nutu Iovis 

loOptimi Maximi factum esse videatur, ut, cum hodierno 
die mane per Forum meo iussu et coniurati 'et eorum in- 
dices in aedem Concordiae ducerentur, eo ipso tempore 
signum statueretur ? Qud collocatd atque ad vos senatum- 
que converso, omnia et senatus et vos, quae erant cogi- 

i5tata contra salutem omnium, illustrata et patefacta vi- 
distis. 

22. Quo etiam maidre sunt isti odi5 supplicioque digni, 
qui non solum vestris domicilils atque tectis, sed etiam 
deorum templis atque delubris sunt funestos ac nefa- 

2orios Ignis Inferre conati. Quibus ego si me restitisse 
dicam, nimium mihi sumam et non sim ferendus. Ille, 
ille Iuppiter restitit; ille Capitolium, ille haec templa, 
ille cunctam urbem, ille vos omnis salvos esse voluit. 
Dis ego immortalibus ducibus hanc mentem, Quirites, 

25 voluntatemque suscepi, atque ad haec tanta indicia per- 
veni. lam vero ab Lentulo ceterisque domesticis hostibus 
tarn dementer tantae res creditae et ignotis et barbaris, 
commissaeque litterae numquam essent profecto, nisi 
ab dis immortalibus huic tantae audaciae consilium 

30 esset ereptum. Quid vero? Ut homines Galli ex civi- 
tate male pacata, quae gens una restat quae bellum po- 



THE THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 91 

pulo Romano facere posse et non nolle videatur, spem 
imperi ac rerum maximarum ultro sibi a patricils homini- 
bus oblatam neglegerent vestramque salutem suis opibus 
anteponerent, id non divlnitus esse factum putatis? 
Praesertim qui nos non pugnando, sed tacendo superares 
potuerint. 

Celebrate the thanksgiving which has been decreed, for never was our 
country saved from greater danger. The civil strife of the past was 
child's play compared with this conspiracy. 

X. 23. Quam ob rem, Quirites, quoniam ad omnia pul- 
vinaria supplicatio decreta est, celebratote illos dies cum 
coniugibus ac liberis vestris. Xam multi saepe honores 
dis immortalibus iusti habitl sunt ac debiti, sed profecto 10 
iustiores numquam. EreptI enim estis ex crudelissimo 
ac miserrimo interitu; erepti sine caede, sine sanguine, 
sine exercitu, sine dimicatione. Togati me uno togato 
duce et imperatore vicistis. 

24. Etenim recordamini, Quirites, omnis civilis dissen- 15 
siones, non solum eas, quas audistis, sed eas quas vos- 
met ipsi meministis atque vidistis. L. Sulla P. Sulpi- 
cium oppressit; eiecit ex urbe C. Marium, custodem 
huius urbis, multosque fortis viros partim eiecit ex civi- 
tate, partim interemit. Cn. Octavius consul armis expulit 20 
ex urbe collegam; omnis hie locus acervis corporum et 
civium sanguine redundavit. Superavit postea Cinna cum 
]\lario; turn vero, clarissimis viris interfectis, lumina civi- 
tatis exstincta sunt. Ultus est huius victoriae criidelitatem 
postea Sulla; ne dici quidem opus est quanta deminutione 25 
civium et quanta calamitate rel publicae. Dissensit M. 
Lepidus a clarissimo ac fortissimo viro Q. Catulo; attulit 
non tarn ipsius interitus rel publicae luctum quam ce- 
terorum. 

25. Atque illae tamen omnes dissensiones erant eius30 
modi, quae non ad delendam, sed ad commutandam rem 



92 



CICERO'S ORATIONS 



publicam pertinerent. [ Non ill! nullam esse rem publicanx, 

sed in ea quae esset se esse principes, neque hanc urbem 

conflagrare, sed se in hac 

urbe florere voluerunt. Atque 
sillae tamen omnes dissen- 

si5nes, quarum nulla exitium 

rei publicae quaesivit, eius 

modi fuerunt, ut non recon- 

ciliatione concordiae, sed in- 
10 ternecione civium diiudicatae 

sint. In hoc autem uno post 

hominum memoriam maximo 

crudelissimoque bello, quale 

bellum nulla umquam bar- 
lsbaria cum sua gente gessit, 

quo in bello lex haec fuit a 

Lentulo, Catilma, Cethego, 

Cassio constituta, ut omnes 

qui salva urbe salvi esse 
2opossent in hostium numero 

ducerentur, ita me gessi, Qui- 

rites, ut salvi omnes conser- 

vareminl, et, cum hostes 

vestri tantum civium super- 
25futurum putassent, quantum 

mfinitae caedi restitisset, 

tantum autem urbis, quantum flamma obire non potuis- 

set, et urbem et civJs integros incolumisque servavi. 




Toga. 



For what I have done I ask no reward, except that you will be mindful 

of my services. 

XI. 26. Quibus pro tantis rebus, Quirites, nullum ego 
30 a vobis praemium virtutis, nullum insigne honoris, nul- 
lum monumentum laudis postulo praeterquam huius 
diel memoriam sempiternam. In animis ego vestris 



THE THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 93 

omnis triumphos meos, omnia ornamenta honoris, monu- 
menta gloriae, laudis insignia condi et collocari volo. 
Nihil me mutum potest delectare, nihil taciturn, nihil 
denique eius modi, quod etiam minus digni assequi pos- 
sint. Memoria vestra, Quirites, res nostrae alentur, ser-5 
monibus crescent, litterarum monumentls inveterascent 
et corroborabuntur. Eandemque diem intellego, quam 
spero aeternam fore, propagatam esse et ad salutem urbis 
et ad memoriam consulates mei, unoque tempore in 
hac re publica duos clvis exstitisse, quorum alter finis 10 
vestrl imperi non terrae, sed caeli regionibus terminaret, 
alter eiusdem imperi domicilium sedisque servaret. 

See to it that you protect me against the enemies that I have made for 
your sake. You have already given me all that I could wish and 
I shall try to show myself worthy of it. Go to your homes and 
protect them as before. I shall see to it that you will not have to 
do so for long. 

XII. 27. Sed quoniam earum rerum, quas ego gessi, 
n5n eadem est fortuna atque condicio quae illorum, qui 
externa bella gesserunt, quod mihi cum els vivendum est, 15 
quos vici ac subegi, isti hostis aut interfectos aut op- 
pressos reliquerunt, vestrum est, Quirites, si ceteris facta 
sua recte prosunt, mihi mea ne quando obsint providere. 
Mentes enim hominum audacissimorum sceleratae ac ne- 
fariae ne vobis nocere possent ego providi; ne mihi no- 20 
ceant vestrum est providere. Quamquam, Quirites, mihi 
quidem ipsi nihil ab istls iam nocerl potest; magnum enim 
est in bonis praesidium, quod mihi in perpetuum compa- 
ratum est, magna in re publica dignitas, quae me semper 
tacita defendet, magna vis conscientiae, quam qui negle-25 
gunt, cum me violare volent, se ipsi indicabunt. 

28. Est etiam nobis is animus, Quirites, ut non modo 
nulllus audaciae cedamus, sed etiam omnis improbos ul- 
tro semper lacessamus. Quod si omnis impetus domes- 



94 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

tic5rum hostium, depulsus a v5bis, se in me unum con- 
vertit, vobls erit videndum, Quirites, qua condicione 
posthac eos esse velitis, qui se pro salute vestra obtule- 
rint invidiae pericullsque omnibus. Mihi quidem ipsi 

5 quid est quod iam ad vitae fructum possit acquiri, cum 

praesertim neque in honore vestrd neque in gloria vir- 

tutis quicquam videam altius, quo mihi libeat ascendere ? 

29. IUud profecto perficiam, Quirites, ut ea, quae 

gessl in consulatu, privatus tuear atque ornem, ut, si 

10 qua est invidia conservanda re publica suscepta, laedat 
invidos, mihi valeat ad gloriam. Denique ita me in re 
publica tractabo, ut meminerim semper quae gesserim 
curemque ut ea virtute, non casu gesta esse videantur. 
Vos, Quirites, quoniam iam nox est, venerati Iovem, il- 

lslum custodem huius urbis ac vestrum, in vestra tecta 
discedite et ea, quamquam iam est periculum depulsum, 
tamen aeque ac priore nocte custodiis vigilhsque de- 
fendite. Id ne vobls diutius faciendum sit atque ut 
in perpetua pace esse possltis providebo. 



THE FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 

Introduction 

Two days after he delivered his Third Oration Cicero 
convened the Senate in the Temple of Concord in order 
to discuss and determine the fate of the arrested con- 
spirators. As presiding officer he brought up the matter 
and asked the individual senators for their opinions. 
The consul-elect, Silanus, had declared for the death of 
these prisoners; the praetor-elect, Caesar, for their life 
imprisonment in various towns of Italy, and the con- 
fiscation of their property. The general trend of opinion 
favored Caesar's view. Whereupon Cicero took part 
in the debate with the following speech and then re- 
turned to his duty of asking for the opinions of others. 
While he appeared to be discussing the practical value of 
the two proposals made, and to hold himself aloof from an 
absolute judgment, he contrived to show clearly that he 
desired the opinion of Silanus to prevail, without regard 
to the possible or even probable risk to himself. 

While this speech doubtless had much influence in 
determining the final vote in favor of putting the accused 
men to death, it would hardly have had this result but 
for the speech which the tribune-elect, M. Cato, delivered 
against the men and incidentally against the powerful 
nobles who were supposed to be interested in securing the 
decision which Caesar advocated. The historian Sallust 
gives us what purport to be the speeches of Caesar and 
of Cato on this occasion. From these two speeches and 
Cicero's we get a very clear idea of the debate. Though 
the decree of the Senate thus passed was illegal, the men 

95 



96 



CICERO'S ORATIONS 



were executed in the prison, the Tullianum, that very 
night by the consul's order. For his action in this matter 
Cicero was afterward (57 B.C.) exiled, and remained away 
from Italy for nearly one and one-half years. 




Temple of Concord, Restored. 



DELIVERED DECEMBER 5, 63 B.C., BEFORE THE SENATE IN 
THE* TEMPLE OF CONCORD 

Cicero is ready to endure everything if only the state is benefited. 

I. i. Video, patres conscript!, in me omnium vestrum 
ora atque oculos esse conversos. Video vos non solum de 
vestro ac rei publicae, verum etiam, si id depulsum sit, de 
meo periculo esse sollicitos. Est mihi iucunda in malls et 
5 grata in dolore vestra erga me voluntas; sed earn, per deos 
immortalis, deponite; atque obliti salutis meae, de vobis 
ac de vestrls llberis cogitate. Mihi si haec condicio con- 
sulatus data est, ut omnis acerbitates, omnis dolores 
cruciatusque perferrem, feram non solum fortiter, verum 
10 etiam libenter, dum modo meis laboribus vobis populoque 
Romano dignitas salusque pariatur. 




THE FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 97 

2. Ego sum ille consul, patres conscript!, cui non forum, 
in quo omnis aequitas continetur, non campus consulari- 
bus auspiciis consecratus, non curia, summum auxilium 
omnium gentium, non domus, commune perfugium, non 
lectus ad quietem datus, non denique haec sedes honoris 5 
umquam vacua mortis periculo atque Insidiis fuit. Ego 
multa tacul, multa pertuli, multa concessi, multa meo 
quodam dolore in vestrd timore 
sanavi. Nunc si hunc exitum con- 
sulates me! dl immortales esse vo-io 
luerunt, ut vos populumque Ro- 
manum ex caede miserrima, coniuges 
liberosque vestros virginesque Ves- 
talis ex acerbissima vexatione, 
templa atque delubra, hanc pulcher- 15 

Sella Curuljs, . . 

nmam patnam omnium nostrum ex 
foedissima flamma, totam Italiam ex bello et vastitate 
eriperem, quaecumque mihi uni proponetur fortuna, sub- 
eatur. Etenim si P. Lentulus suum nomen, inductus a 
vatibus, fatale ad perniciem rei publicae fore putavit, 20 
cur ego non laeter meum consulatum ad salutem populi 
Roman! prope fatalem exstitisse? 

His ambition is satisfied by his becoming consul. His duty to his 
country is of more weight with him than his personal safety or his 
relatives' appeals. The atrocity of the crime of the conspirators. 

II. 3. Qua re, patres conscript!, consulite vobis, pr5- 
spicite patriae, conservate vos, coniuges, liberos for- 
tunasque vestras, popul! Roman! nomen salutemque25 
defendite: mihi parcere ac de me cogitare desinite. Nam 
primum debeo sperare omnis deos, qui huic urbi praesi- 
dent, pro eo mihi ac mereor relatur5s esse gratiam; 
deinde, s! quid obtigerit, aequo animo paratoque moriar. 
Nam neque turpis mors fort! viro potest accidere, neque30 
immatura consular!, nee misera sapient!. Nee tamen ego 



98 



CICERO'S ORATIONS 



sum ille ferreus, qui fratris carissimi atque amantissimi 

praesentis maerdre non movear, horumque omnium 

lacrimls, a quibus me circumsessum videtis. Neque 

meam mentem non domum saepe revocat exanimata 
5 uxor, et abiecta metu filia, et parvolus fllius, quern mihi 

videtur amplecti res publica tam- 

quam obsidem consulates mei, neque 

ille. qui exspectans huius exitum die! 

astat in conspectu meo gener. Mo- 
loveor his rebus omnibus, sed in earn 

partem, uti salvi sint vobiscum 

omnes, etiam si me vis aliqua op- 

presserit, potius quam et illl et nos 

una rei publicae peste pereamus. 
15 4. Qua re, patres conscript!, in- 

cumbite ad salutem rei publicae, cir- 

cumspicite omnis procellas, quae im- 
pendent nisi pr5videtis. Non Ti. 

Gracchus, quod iterum tribunus ple- 
20 bis fieri voluit, non C. Gracchus, 

quod agrarios concitare conatus est, 

non L. Saturnlnus, quod C. Mem- 

mium occidit, in discrimen aliquod 

atque in vestrae severitatis iudicium 
25adducitur; tenentur el qui ad urbis 

incendium, ad vestram omnium cae- 

dem, ad Catillnam accipiendum, Ro- 

mae restiterunt; tenentur litterae, signa, manus, deni- 

que unius cuiusque confessio; sollicitantur Allobroges, 
30servitia excitantur, Catilina arcessitur; id est initum 

consilium, ut interfectis omnibus nemo ne ad deploran- 

dum quidem populi Roman! nomen atque ad lamentan- 

dam tant! imper! calamitatem relinquatur. 




Vestal Virgin. 



THE FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 99 

The Senate has already practically condemned the conspirators. It 
remains only to pass speedily the formal resolution. 

III. 5. Haec omnia indices detulerunt, rei confess! 
sunt, vos multis iam iudiciis ifidicavistis : primum quod 
mihi gratias egistis singularibus verbis, et mea virtute 
atque diligentia perditorum hominum coniurationem 
patefactam esse decrevistis; deinde quod P. Lentulum se5 
abdicare praetura coegistis; turn quod eum et ceteros, 
de quibus iudicastis, in custodiam dandos censuistis; 
maximeque quod meo nomine supplicationem decrevistis, 
qui honos togato habitus ante me est nemini; postremo 
hesterno die praemia legatis Allobrogum Titoque Vol- 10 
turcio dedistis amplissima. Quae sunt omnia eius modi, 
ut el qui in custodiam nominatim dati sunt sine ulla 
dubitatione a vobis damnati esse videantur. 

6. Sed ego institui referre ad vos, patres conscript!, 
tamquam integrum, et de facto quid iiidicetis, et de poena 15 
quid censeatis. Ilia praedicam quae sunt consulis. Ego 
magnum in re piiblica versari furorem, et nova quaedam 
miscer! et concitari mala iam pridem videbam; sed hanc 
tantam, tarn exitiosam haberl coniiirationem a civibus 
numquam putavi. Nunc quicquid est, quocumque vestrae 20 
mentes incllnant atque sententiae, statuendum vobis ante 
noctem est. Quantum facinus ad vos delatum sit videtis. 
Huic si paucos putatis affinis esse, vehementer erratis. 
Latius opinione disseminatum est hoc malum; manavit 
non solum per Italiam, verum etiam transcendit Alpis, et 25 
obscure serpens multas iam provincias occupavit. Id op- 
primi sustentando ac prolatando nullo pacto potest. Qua- 
cumque ratione placet, celeriter vobis vindicandum est. 

The death-penalty has been proposed by Silanus, imprisonment for 

life by Caesar. 

IV. 7. Video adhuc duas esse sententias: imam D. 
Silani, qu! censet eos, qui haec delere conati sunt, morte3o 



100 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

esse multandos; alteram C. Caesaris, qui mortis poenam 
removet, ceterorum suppliciorum omnis acerbitates am- 
plectitur. Uterque et pro sua dignitate et pr5 rerum 
magnitudine in summa severitate versatur. Alter eos 
5 qui nos omnis vita prlvare c5natl sunt, qui delere im- 
perium, qui populi Roman! nomenexstinguere, punctum 
temporis frul vita et hoc communl splritu non putat 
oportere; atque hoc genus poenae saepe in improbos clvis 
in hac re publica esse usurpatum recordatur. Alter intel- 

10 legit mortem ab dis immortalibus non esse supplici causa 
constitutam, sed aut necessitatem naturae, aut laborum 
ac miseriarum quietem. Itaque earn sapientes numquam 
inviti, fortes saepe etiam libenter oppetiverunt. Vin- 
cula vero et ea sempiterna certe ad singularem poenam 

isnefarii sceleris inventa sunt. Municiphs dispertiri iubet. 
Habere videtur ista res iniquitatem si imperare veils, 
difficultatem, si rogare. Decernatur tamen, si placet. 

8. Ego enim suscipiam, et, ut spero, reperiam qui id 
quod salutis omnium causa statueritis, non putent esse 

20 suae dignitatis recusare. Adiungit gravem poenam muni- 
cipibus, si quis eorum vincula ruperit; horribills cus- 
todies circumdat, et dignas scelere hominum perditorum; 
sancit ne quis eorum poenam quos condemnat, aut per 
senatum aut per populum, levare possit; eripit etiam 

25spem, quae sola hominem in miserils consolarl solet; bona 
praeterea publican iubet; vltam solam relinquit nef arils 
hominibus, quam si eripuisset, multos uno dolores animi 
atque corporis et omnis scelerum poenas ademisset. Ita- 
que, ut aliqua in vita formldo improbls esset posita, apud 

30 Inferos eius modi quaedam illl antlqul supplicia impils 
constituta esse voluerunt, quod videlicet intellegebant, 
his remotis, non esse mortem ipsam pertimescendam. 



THE FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 101 



Caesar's proposal a safer plan for Cicero. He claims that the death- 
penalty is not illegal. 

V. 9. Nunc, patres conscript!, ego mea video quid in- 
tersit. Si eritis secuti sententiam C. Caesaris, quoniam 
hanc is in re publica viam quae popularis habetur secutus 
est, fortasse minus erunt, hoc auctore et cognitore huiusce 
sententiae, mihi populares impetus pertimescendi; sins 
illam alteram, nescio an amplius mihi negoti contrahatur. 
Sed tamen meorum periculorum rationes utilitas re! 
publicae vincat. Habemus enim a Caesare, sicut ipsius 
dignitas et maiorum eius amplitudo postulabat, senten- 
tiam tamquam obsidem perpetuae in rem publicam volun- 10 
tatis. Intellectum est quid interesset inter levitatem 
contionatorum et animum vere popularem, saluti populi 
consulentem. 10. Video de istis, qui se popularis haberi 
volunt, abesse non neminem, ne de capite videlicet civium 
Romanorum sententiam ferat. At is et nudius tertius in 15 
custodiam civis Romanos dedit, et supplicationem mihi 
decrevit, et indices hesterno die maximis praemhs affecit. 
lam hoc nemini dubium est, qui reo custodiam, quaesi- 
tori gratulationem, indici praemium decrevit, quid de 
tota re et causa iudicarit. At vero C.Caesar intellegit20 
legem Semproniam esse de civibus Romanis constitutam; 
qui autem rei publicae sit hostis, eum civem nullo modo 
esse posse; denique ipsum latorem Semproniae legis iussu 
populi poenas rei publicae dependisse. Idem ipsum Len- 
tulum, largltorem et prodigum, non putat, cum de per- 25 
nicie populi Roman!, exitio huius urbis tarn acerbe, tarn 
crudeliter cogitarit, etiam appellari posse popularem. Ita- 
que homo mitissimus atque lenissimus non dubitat P. 
Lentulum aeterms tenebris vinculisque mandare, et sancit 
in posterum, ne quis huius supplicid levando se iactare, 30 
et in perniciem populi Roman! posthac popularis esse 
possit; adiungit etiam publicationem bonorum, ut omnis 



102 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

animi cruciatus et corporis etiam egestas ac mendicitas 
consequatur. 

Cicero claims he is not cruel, that no cruelty is possible in this case. 

VI. ii. Quam ob rem, sive h5c statueritis, dederitis 
mihi comitem ad contionem populo carum atque iucun- 
5dum; sive Silani sententiam sequi malueritis, facile me 
atque vos crudelitatis vituperatione exsolveritis, atque 
obtinebo earn multo leniorem fuisse. Quamquam, patres 
conscript!, quae potest esse in tanti sceleris immanitate 
punienda crudelitas? Ego enim de meo sensu iudico. 

10 Nam ita mihi salva re publica vobiscum perfrui liceat, ut 
ego, quod in hac causa vehementior sum, non atroci- 
tate animi moveor — quis est enim me mltior? — sed sin- 
gular! quadam humanitate et misericordia. Videor enim 
mihi videre hanc urbem, lucem orbis terrarum atque 

isarcem omnium gentium, subito uno incendio conciden- 
tem. Cerno animo sepulta in patria miseros atque inse- 
pultos acerv5s civium. Versatur mihi ante oculos aspectus 
Cetheg!, et furor in vestra caede bacchantis. 

12. Cum vero mihi proposu! regnantem Lentulum, s!cut 

20 ipse ex fat!s se sperasse confessus est, purpuratum esse 
huic Gabinium, cum exercitu venisse Catilinam, turn la- 
mentationem matrum f amilias, turn fugam virginum atque 
puerorum ac vexationem virginum Vestalium perhor- 
resco; et quia mihi vehementer haec videntur misera atque 

25miseranda, idcirco in eos qui ea perficere voluerunt me 
severum vehementemque praebeo. Etenim quaero, si 
quis pater familias, liberis suis a servo interfectis, uxore 
occlsa, incensa domo, supplicium de servo non quam 
acerbissimum sumpserit, utrum is clemens ac misericors, 

30 an inhumanissimus et crudelissimus esse videatur ? Mihi 
vero importunus ac ferreus, qui non dolore et cruciatu 
nocentis suum dolorem cruciatumque lenierit. Sic nos 
in his hominibus, qui nos, qui coniuges, qui liberos 



THE FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 103 

nostros trucidare voluerunt; qui singulas unlus cuiusque 
nostrum domos et hoc universum rei publicae domicilium 
delere conati sunt; qui id egerunt, ut gentem Allobrogum 
in vestigiis huius urbis atque in cinere deflagrati imperi 
collocarent, si vehementissimi f uerimus, misericordes habe- 5 
bimur; sin remissiores esse voluerimus, summae nobis cru- 
delitatis in patriae civiumque pernicie fama subeunda est. 
13. Nisi vero cuipiam L. Caesar, vir fortissimus et 
amantissimus rei publicae, crudelior nudius tertius visus 
est, cum sororis suae, feminae lectissimae, virum praesen- 10 
tern et audientem vita privandum esse dixit, cum avum 
suum iussu consulis interfectum, filiumque eius impube- 
rem, legatum a patre missum, in carcere necatum esse 
dixit. Quorum quod simile factum ? quod initum delen- 
dae rei publicae consilium ? Largitionis voluntas turn in 15; 
re publica versata est, et partium quaedam contentio. 
Atque illo tempore huius avus Lentuli, vir clarissimus, 
armatus Gracchum est persecutus. Ille etiam grave turn 
vulnus accepit, ne quid de summa re publica deminue- 
retur; hie ad evertenda rei publicae fundamenta Gal- 20 
los arcessit, servitia concitat, Catilmam vocat, attribuit 
nos trucldandos Cethego, et ceteros civis interficiendos 
Gabinio, urbem mflammandam Cassio, totam Italiam 
vastandam diripiendamque Catilmae. VereaminI cen- 
seo ne in hoc scelere tarn immani ac nefando nimis ali-25 
quid severe statuisse videamini; multo magis est veren- 
dum ne remissione poenae crudeles in patriam, quam ne 
severitate animadversionis nimis vehementes in acer- 
bissimos hostis, fuisse videamur. 

Cicero is ready for the emergency. Every one is supporting him against 
the conspirators. 

VII. 14. Sed ea quae exaudio, patres conscript!, dis-30 
simulare non possum. Iaciuntur enim voces, quae per- 
veniunt ad auris meas, eorum qui vereri videntur ut 



104 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

habeam satis praesidi ad ea quae vos statueritis hodiernS 
die transigenda. Omnia et provisa et parata et con- 
stituta sunt, patres cdnscrlptl, cum mea summa cura 
atque diligentia, turn multo etiam maiore popull Ro- 
5 man! ad. summum imperium retinendum et ad com- 
munis fortunas conservandas voluntate. Omnes adsunt 
omnium ordinum homines, omnium denique aetatum; 
plenum est Forum, plena templa circum Forum, pleni 
omnes aditus huius tempi! ac loci. Causa est enim post 

lourbem conditam haec inventa sola, in qua omnes sen- 
tirent unum atque idem, praeter eos qui, cum sibi viderent 
esse pereundum, cum omnibus potius quam soli perire 
voluerunt. 15. Hosce ego homines excipio et secerno 
libenter, neque in improborum civium, sed in acerbissi- 

i5morum hostium numero habendds puto. 

Ceteri vero, di immortales ! qua frequentia, quo studio, 
qua virtute ad communem salutem dignitatemque c5n- 
sentiunt ! Quid ego hie equites R5manos commemorem ? 
qui vobis ita summam ordinis consilique concedunt, ut 

sovobiscum de amore rei publicae certent; quos ex mul- 
torum ann5rum dissensione huius ordinis ad societatem 
concordiamque revocatos hodiernus dies vobiscum atque 
haec causa coniungit. Quam si coniunctionem, in con- 
sulate confirmatam meo, perpetuam in re publica tenu- 

25erimus, confirmo vobis nullum posthac malum civile ac 
domesticum ad ullam rei publicae partem esse venturum. 
Pari studio defendendae rei publicae convenisse vide5 
tribunos aerarios, fortissimos viros; scrlbas item uni- 
versos, quos cum casu hie dies ad aerarium frequentasset, 

30 video ab exspectati5ne sortis ad salutem communem esse 
conversos. 16. Omnis ingenuSrum adest multitudo, 
etiam tenuissimSrum. Quis est enim cui non haec templa, 
aspectus urbis, possessio llbertatis, lux denique haec ipsa 
et hoc commune patriae solum, cum sit carum turn vero 

35dulce atque iucundum? 



THE FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 105 



The freed?nen, yes, even the slaves, are loyal. An attempt to kindle 
disaffection among the tradesmen and the humblest artisans has 
failed. 

VIII. Operae pretium est, patres conscript!, liber- 
tmorum hominum studia cognoscere, qui, sua virtute 
fortunam huius civitatis consecuti, hanc suam patriam 
iudicant, quam quldam hie nati, et summo loco nati, 
non patriam suam sed urbem hostium esse iudicaverunt. 5 
Sed quid ego hosce homines ordinesque commemoro, 
quos privatae fortunae, quos communis res publica, quos 
denique libertas, ea quae dulcissima est, ad salutem pa- 
triae def endendam excitavit ? Servus est nemo, qui mo- 
do tolerabill condicione sit servitutis, qui non audaciam 10 
civium perhorrescat, qui non haec stare cupiat, qui n5n 
quantum audet et quantum potest conferat ad salutem 
voluntatis. 

17. Qua re si quern vestrum forte commovet hoc, quod 
audltum est, lenonem quendam Lentuli concursare cir-15 
cum tabernas, pretio sperare sollicitari posse animos egen- 
tium atque imperit5rum, — est id quidem coeptum atque 
temptatum; sed null! sunt invent! tarn aut fortuna miseri 
aut voluntate perdit!, qui non ilium ipsum sellae atque 
operis et quaestus cotldiani locum, qui non cubile ac lee- 20 
tulum suum, qui denique non cursum hunc otiosum vitae 
suae salvum esse velint. ]\Iulto vero maxima pars eo- 
rum qui in tabernis sunt, immo vero — id enim potius est 
dicendum — genus hoc universum, amantissimum est oti. 
Etenim omne instrumentum, omnis opera atque quaestus 25 
frequentia civium sustentatur, alitur otio; quorum si 
quaestus occlusis tabernis minul solet, quid tandem in- 
censis futurum fuit? 

18. Quae cum ita sint, patres conscriptl, vobis populi 
Roman! praesidia non desunt; vos ne populo Romano 30 
deesse videamini providete. 



106 



CICERO'S ORATIONS 



The consul is ready to lead; the people are united; the danger is great; 
the Senate must act. 

IX. Habetis consulem ex plurimis periculis et Insidiis 
atque ex media morte, non ad vitam suam, sed ad salu- 
tem vestram reservatum. Omnes ordines ad conservan- 
dam rem publicam mente, voluntate, voce consentiunt. 




Temple of Jupiter, Restored. 

sObsessa facibus et tells impiae coniurationis vobis sup- 
plex manus tendit patria communis; vobis se, vobis 
vitam omnium civium, vobis arcem et Capitolium, vobis 
aras Penatium, vobis ilium ignem Vestae sempiternum, 
vobis omnium dedrum templa atque delubra, vobis 

10 muros atque urbis tecta commendat. Praeterea de vestra 
vita, de coniugum vestrarum atque llberorum anima, de 
fortunis omnium, de sedibus, de focls vestris, hodierno 
die vobis iudicandum est. 

19. Habetis ducem memorem vestri, oblitum sui, quae 

15 non semper facultas datur: habetis omnis ordines, omnis 
homines, universum populum Romanum, id quod in civili 



THE FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 107 



causa hodierno die primum videmus, unum atque idem 
sentientem. C5gitate quantis laboribus fundatum im- 
perium, quanta virtute stabilitam llbertatem, quanta de- 

orum benignitate auctas ex- 
aggeratasque fortunas, una 5 
nox paene delerit. Id ne 
umquam posthac non modo 
non confici, sed ne cogitarl 
quidem possit a civibus, 
hodierno die providendum 10 
est. Atque haec non ut 
vos, qui mihi studio paene 
praecurritis, excitarem, lo- 
cutus sum; sed ut mea vox, 
quae debet esse in re pu- 15 
blica princeps, oiBBcio f uncta 
SciPIO , consulari videretur. 




Cicero's course has made him many enemies, but he regrets nothing. 
Among Rome's heroes there will be a place for him. He does not 
fear his enemies. 

X. 20. Nunc, antequam ad sententiam redeo, de me 
pauca dicam. Ego, quanta manus est coniuratorum, 
quam videtis esse permagnam, tantam me inimicorum2o 
multitudinem suscepisse video: sed earn iudico esse 
turpem et mfirmam et abiectam. Quod si aliquando 
alicuius furore et scelere concitata manus ista plus va- 
luerit quam vestra ac rei publicae dignitas, me tamen 
meorum factorum atque consiliorum numquam, patres25 
conscrlpti, paenitebit. Etenim mors, quam ill! fortasse 
minitantur, omnibus est parata: vitae tantam laudem, 
quanta vos me vestris decretis honestastis, nemo est 
assecutus. Ceteris enim semper bene gesta, mihi tini 
conservata re publica, gratulationem decrevistis. 30 

21. Sit Scipio ille clarus, cuius consilio atque virtute 



108 



CICERO'S ORATIONS 



Hannibal in Africam redire atque Italia decedere coactus 
est; ornetur alter eximia laude Africanus, qui duas urbis 
huic imperio mfestissimas, Karthaginem Numantiamque, 
delevit; habeatur vir egregius Paulus ille, cuius currum 
5 rex potentissimus quondam et nobilissimus Perses hones- 
tavit; sit aeterna glo- 
ria Marius, qui bis 
Italiam obsidione 
et metu servitutis li- 

loberavit; anteponatar 
omnibus Pompeius, 
cuius res gestae atque 
virtutes Isdem quibus 
s5lis cursus regionibus 

15 ac terminis continen- 
tur: erit profecto in- 
ter horum laudes 
aliquid loci nostrae 
gloriae, nisi forte 

2omaius est patefacere 
nobis provincias quo 
exire possimus, quam 
curare ut etiam ill! qui 
absunt habeant quo 

25 victores revertantur. 

22. Quamquam est uno loco condicio melior externae 
victoriae quam domesticae, quod hostes alienigenae aut 
oppress! serviunt, aut recepti in amicitiam beneficio se 
obligatos putant; qui autem ex numero civium, dementia 

30 aliqua depravati, hostes patriae semel esse coeperunt, eos 
cum a pernicie rei publicae reppuleris, nee vi coercere nee 
beneficio placare possls. Qua re mihi cum perditis civi- 
bus aeternum bellum susceptum esse video. Id ego vestro 
bonorumque omnium auxilio, memoriaque tantorum peri- 

35 culorum, quae non modo in hoc populo, qui servatus est, 




Marius. 




Th 



THE FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 109 



r riOOB OF LBVTtP church 



sed in omnium gentium sermonibus ac mentibus semper 
haerebit, a me atque a meis facile propulsari posse con- 
fido. Neque ulla profecto tanta vis reperietur, quae con- 
iunctionem vestram equitumque Romanorum, et tantam 

conspirationem bonorum om-5 
nium, confringere et labefac- 
tare possit. 

If they remember his consulship he 
has no fear of the future; he will 
fearlessly carry out their decree. 

XL 23. Quae cum ita sint, 
pro imperio, pro exercitu, pro 
provincia, quam neglexi, pro 10 
triumpho ceterisque laudis In- 
signibus, quae sunt a me 
propter urbis vestraeque sa- 
lutis custodiam repudiata, pro 
clientelis hospitiisque provin- 15 
cialibus, quae tamen urbanis 
opibus non minore labore 
tueor quam comparo, pro his 
igitur omnibus rebus, pr5 meis 
in vos singularibus studiis, 20 
proque hac quam perspicitis 
ad conservandam rem publi- 
cam diligentia, nihil a vobis 
nisi huius temporis totmsque 
mei consulatus memoriam postulo; quae dum erit vestrls25 
fixa mentibus, tutissimo me muro saeptum esse arbi- 
trabor. Quod si meam spem vis improborum fefellerit 
atque superaverit, commendo vobis parvum meum 
filium, cui profecto satis erit praesidi non solum ad 
salutem, verum etiam ad dignitatem, si eius, qui haec30 
omnia suo sollus periculo conservarit, ilium filium esse 




Plan and Section of the 

Carcee. 

A. Opening in floor over the 

Tullianum. 
BB. Tufa rock. 
CC. Cloaca. 
FF. Front wall of Career with 

inscription. 



110 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

memineritis. 24. Quapropter de summa salute vestra 
populique Roman!, de vestrls coniugibus ac liberis, de 
aris ac focis, de fanis atque templls, de totius urbis tectis 
ac sedibus, de imperio ac libertate, de salute Italiae, de 
5iiniversa re publica, decernite diligenter, ut mstituistis, 
ac fortiter. Habetis eum consulem qui et parere vestris 
decretis non dubitet, et ea quae statueritis, quoad vivet, 
defendere et per se ipsum praestare possit. 



THE ORATION FOR THE POET ARCHIAS 
Introduction 

This speech was delivered in 62 B.C., the year follow- 
ing Cicero's consulship, before Quintus Cicero, brother 
of the orator, in defense of the claim of Archias to Roman 
citizenship. 

Archias was a native of Antioch, the principal city of 
Syria, where he was born about 120 B.C. Perhaps be- 
cause his talents, which developed early, were not suf- 
ficiently appreciated, he left home and came to Rome 
in the year 102 B.C. In the course of his journey through 
Asia Minor, Greece, and Southern Italy (Magna (Jraecia) 
he was everywhere received with high honor and he was 
made a citizen of Tarentum, Regium, Naples, and Locri, 
according to the Greek custom of holding citizenship in 
several different communities. 

At Rome the conquest of Macedonia and Greece had 
aroused great interest in Greek art and letters, which 
had increased as time went on, so that poets, philosophers, 
painters, and sculptors flocked to Rome and were received 
with honor. Archias therefore met with a cordial wel- 
come, and became intimate with several distinguished 
families, in particular with that of the Luculli. In his 
attendance upon his patrons he accompanied Marcus 
Lucullus to Sicily and later to Heraclea, where he was 
made a citizen also of that important city. He was with 
Lucius Lucullus in Greece and Asia from 88 to 83, in 
Africa in 76, and again in Asia during the second Mithri- 
datic War, beginning in 73 B.C. 

Ill 



112 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

The lex Plautia-Papiria, passed at the end of 89 or 
the beginning of 88 B.C. by the tribunes M. Plautius 
Silvanus and C. Papirius Carbo, had provided that all 
those who had obtained the rights of citizenship in 
Italian cities in alliance with Rome should have the 
privileges of Roman citizenship as well, if they had a 
residence in Italy at the time when the law was passed 
and announced their intention of availing themselves of 
the provisions of the law before a praetor within sixty 
days. Archias made such an announcement to the prae- 
tor Q. Metellus Pius, and as a Roman citizen assumed 
the name of Aulus Licinius Archias, according to the 
usual custom taking the gentile name of his patron and 
retaining his original name as a surname. The origin of 
his praenomen is uncertain. 

It was not until many years later, when Archias was 
nearly sixty years of age, that a certain Grattius, other- 
wise unknown, challenged his right to Roman citizen- 
ship, mainly on the ground that, because of his absence 
from Rome, his name did not appear in the censors' 
lists. The lex Papia of 65 B.C. provided that those who 
wrongfully laid claim to citizenship should be banished 
from Rome, and it was this penalty that Grattius tried 
to have imposed upon the poet. His motive is unknown, 
but it seems probable that it was personal enmity towards 
Archias or his patrons the Luculli. 

Cicero undertook the case partly in gratitude to Ar- 
chias as a former teacher and in part because he hoped 
that the poet would celebrate in verse the deeds of 
his memorable consulship. In defending the suit Cicero 
gave little attention to its legal aspect, but spoke at 
length in praise of poetry and learning, maintaining that 
Archias ought to be a Roman citizen, even if he were not 
legally entitled to the honor. 

The result of the plea is unknown, but it seems alto- 



THE ORATION FOR THE POET ARCHIAS 113 

gether probable that it was successful, both because of 
the justice of Archias's claim and because otherwise the 
orator would hardly have published his address. The 
speech was not highly rated by Tacitus, who says, in 
his Dialogue on Distinguished Orators, that neither the 
Defense of Publius Quintius nor that of Licinius Archias 




Athens. 



makes Cicero a great orator. Some modern critics have 
agreed with this view, but the majority decidedly dis- 
sent from it. 

Nothing further is known of the life of Archias. In 
44 B.C. Cicero speaks of him as no longer living. We 
learn from Cicero's speech that he had written poems 
on the exploits of Marius in the Cimbric War and those 
of Lucullus in the war with Mithridates. He seems never 
to have written the poem on Cicero's consulship. The 
Greek Anthologies contain thirty-five epigrams of an 
Archias, but none of them can with certainty be assigned 
to our Archias. 



114 



CICERO'S ORATIONS 



DELIVERED IN 62 B.C. BEFORE THE PRAETOR URBANUS, 
QUINTUS CICERO. 

All the oratorical power I possess I owe to the inspiration of Archias. 
It is therefore my duty to use it in his defense. 

I. I. Si quid est in me ingeni, iudices, quod sentio 
quam sit exiguum, aut si qua exercitatio dicendi, in qua 
me non Infitior mediocriter esse versatum, aut si huiusce 
rei ratio aliqua ab optimarum 
5artium studiis ac disciplma 
profecta, a qua ego nullum 
confiteor aetatis meae tempus 
abhorruisse, earum rerum om- 
nium vel in primis hie A. 

loLicinius fructum a me repe- 
tere prope su5 iure debet. 
Nam quoad longissime potest 
mens mea respicere spatium 
praeteriti temporis et pueri- 

15 tiae memoriam recordari ulti- 
mam, inde usque repetens 
hunc video mihi principem et 
ad suscipiendam et ad ingre- 
diendam rationem horum studiorum exstitisse. Quod si 

2ohaec vox, huius hortatu praeceptisque conformata, non- 
nullis aliquando saluti fuit, a quo id accepimus quo 
ceteris opitulari et alios servare possemus, huic profecto 
ipsi, quantum est situm in nobis, et opem et salutem 
ferre debemus. 

25 2. Ac ne quis a nobis hoc ita dici forte miretur, quod 
alia quaedam in hoc facultas sit ingeni neque haec dicendi 
ratio aut disciplma, ne nos quidem huic uni studio peni- 
tus umquam dediti fuimus. Etenim omnes artes, quae ad 
humanitatem pertinent, habent quoddam commune vin- 

30 culum et quasi cognatione quadam inter se continentur. 




Archias. 



THE ORATION FOR THE POET ARCHIAS 115 

My speech is of a kind unusual in a court of justice, but it is suited 
to the characters of the defendant, the jurors, and the presiding 
judge. 

II. 3. Sed ne cui vestrum mlrum esse videatur me in 
quaestione legitima et in iudicio publico, cum res agatur 
apud praetorem populi Roman!, lectissimum virum, et 
apud severissimos iudices, tanto conventu hominum ac 
frequentia, hoc uti genere dicendi quod non modo as 
consuetudine iudiciorum, verum etiam a forensi ser- 
mone abhorreat, quaeso a vobis, ut in hac causa mihi 
detis hanc veniam, accommodatam huic reo, vobis, quern 
ad modum spero, non molestam, ut me pro summo poeta 
atque eruditfesimo homine dicentem, hoc concursu homi- 10 
num litteratissimorum, hac vestra humanitate, hoc de- 
nique praetore exercente iudicium patiamini de studhs 
humanitatis ac litterarum paulo loqui liberius et in eius 
modi persona, quae propter otium ac studium minime 
in iudichs periculisque tractata est, uti prope novo 15 
quodam et inusitato genere dicendi. 

4. Quod si mihi a vobis tribui concedique sentiain, 
perficiam profecto ut hunc A. Licinium non modo non 
segregandum, cum sit civis, a numero civium, verum 
etiam si non esset, putetis asciscendum fuisse. 20 

Archias is a native of Antioch and devoted himself to literature from 
early youth. After winning a reputation in Asia he came by 
way of Greece to Italy and Rome, where our best citizens sought 
his friendship. 

III. Xam ut primum ex pueris excessit Archias atque 
ab els artibus, quibus aetas puerilis ad humanitatem In- 
formal! solet, se ad scribendi studium contulit, primum 
Antiochlae, — nam ibi natus est loco nobili, — celebri 
quondam urbe et copiosa atque eruditissimis hominibus25 
liberalissimisque studiis affluent!, celeriter antecellere 
omnibus ingeni gloria contigit. Post in ceteris Asiae 



116 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

partibus cunctaeque Graeciae sic eius adventus celebra- 
bantur, ut famam ingeni exspectati5 hominis, exspecta- 
tionem ipsius adventus admlratioque superaret. 

5. Erat Italia tunc plena Graecarum artium ac disci- 
spllnarum studiaque haec et in Latio vehementius turn 

colebantur quam nunc elsdem in oppidis et hie Romae 
propter tranquillitatem rei publicae non neglegebantur. 
Itaque hunc et Tarentmi et Locrenses et Reglnl et Nea- 
politan! civitate ceterlsque praemiis donarunt et omnes, 

10 qui aliquid de ingeniis poterant iudicare, cognitione atque 
hospitio dignum exist imarunt. Hac tanta celebritate 
famae cum esset iam absentibus notus, Romam venit 
Mario consule et Catulo. Nactus est prlmum consules 
eos, quorum alter res ad scrlbendum maximas, alter cum 

15 res gestas turn etiam studium atque aurls adhibere pos- 
set. Statim LucullI, cum praetextatus etiam turn Ar- 
chias esset, eum domum suam receperunt. Sed etiam 
hoc non solum ingeni ac litterarum, verum etiam na- 
turae atque virtutis, ut domus, quae huius adulescentiae 

20 prima fuit, eadem esset familiarissima senectutl. 

6. Erat temporibus illls iucundus Metello illl Numi- 
dico et eius Pio fllio, audiebatur a M. Aemilio, vlvebat 
cum Q. Catulo et patre et fllio, a L. Crasso colebatur, 
Lucullos vero et Drusum et Octavios et Catonem et to- 

25 tarn Hortensiorum domum devinctam c5nsuetudine cum 
teneret, afficiebatur summo honore, quod eum n5n solum 
colebant qui aliquid percipere atque audlre studebant, 
yerum etiam si qui forte simulabant. 

Being made a citizen of Heraclea, he acquired Roman citizenship by 
the law of Silvanus and Carbo. The records of Heraclea have 
been destroyed, but Lucullus vouches for his enrolment and he has 
fulfilled all the other requirements. 

IV. Interim satis longo intervallo, cum esset cum M. 
3oLucullo in Siciliam profectus et cum ex ea provincia cum 




The Genius of Axtioch. 



118 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

eodem Lucullo decederet, venit Heracliam. Quae cum 
esset civitas aequissimo iure ac foedere, ascribi se in earn 
civitatem voluit, idque, cum ipse per se dignus putare- 
tur, turn auctoritate et gratia Luculli ab Heracliensibus 
5 impetravit. 

7. Data est civitas Silvan! lege et Carbdnis, si qui 

FOEDERATTS CIVITATTBUS ASCRIPTI FUISSENT; SI TUM, CUM 
LEX FEREBATUR, IN ITALIA DOMICILIUM HABUISSENT ET SI 
SEXAGINTA DIEBUS APUD PRAETOREM ESSENT PROFESSI. 

10 Cum hie domicilium Romae multos iam annos haberet, 
professus est apud praetorem Q. Metellum familiaris- 
simum suum. 8. Si nihil aliud nisi de civitate ac lege 
dicimus, nihil dlc5 amplius, causa dicta est. Quid enim 
horum infirmari, Gratti, potest? Heracllaene esse turn 

i5ascriptum negabis? Adest vir summa auctoritate et 
religione et fide, M. Lucullus, qui se non opinari, sed 
scire, non audisse, sed vldisse, non interfuisse, sed egisse 
dlcit; adsunt Heraclienses legatl, nobilissimi homines 
huius iudici causa cum mandatis et cum publico tes- 

2otimonio, qui hunc ascriptum Heracliensem dicunt. 

Hie tu tabulas desideras Heracliensium publicas, quas 
Italico bello incenso tabulario interisse scimus omnis. 
Est ridiculum ad ea quae habemus nihil dicere, quaerere 
quae habere non possumus, et de hominum memoria 

25tacere, litterarum memoriam flagitare; et, cum habeas 
amplissimi viri religionem, integerrimi municipi ius 
iurandum fidemque, ea, quae depravari nullo mod5 
possunt, repudiare, tabulas, quas idem dicis solere cor- 
rumpi, deslderare. 

30 9. An domicilium Romae non habuit is, qui tot annls 
ante civitatem datam sedem omnium rerum ac fortu- 
narum suarum Romae collocavit? At non est professus. 
Immo vero els tabulis professus, quae solae ex ilia profes- 
sione collegioque praetorum obtinent publicarum tabula- 

35 rum auctoritatem. 



THE" ORATION FOR THE POET ARCHIAS 119 



His name appears in the carefully kept records of Metellus, while his 
absence from Rome explains its omission from the two preceding 
lists. He has besides made use of all the rights of a citizen. 

V. Nam cum Appi tabulae neglegentius asservatae dl- 
cerentur, Gabmi, quam diu incolumis fuit, levitas, post 
damnationem calamitas omnem tabularum fidem resig- 
nasset, Metellus, homo sanctissimus modestissimusque 
omnium, tanta diligentia fuit, ut ad L. Lentulum prae-5 
torem et ad iudices venerit et unius nominis litura se 
commotum esse dlxerit. In his igitur tabulis nullam 
lituram in nomine A. Licini videtis. 

10. Quae cum ita sint, quid est quod de eius civitate 
dubitetis, praesertim cum aliis quoque in civitatibus 10 
fuerit ascriptus? Etenim cum mediocribus multis et 
aut nulla aut humili aliqua arte praeditis gratulto civi- 
tatem in Graecia homines impertiebant, Reginos cred5 
aut Locrensis aut Neapolitanos aut Tarentmos, quod 
scenicis artificibus largiri solebant, id huic summa ingeni 15 
praedito gl5ria noluisse ! Quid ? Cum ceteri non modo 
post civitatem datam, sed etiam post legem Papiam ali- 
qu5 modo in eorum municipiorum tabulas irrepserunt, 
hie, qui ne utitur quidem illis, in quibus est scrlptus, quod 
semper se Heracliensem esse voluit, reicietur? 20 

11. Census nostros requlris scilicet; est enim obscurum 
proximis censoribus hunc cum clarissimo imperatore L. 
Lucullo apud exercitum fuisse, superioribus cum eodem 
quaestore fuisse in Asia, primis Iulio et Crasso nullam 
popull partem esse censam. Sed quoniam census non ius 25 
civitatis confirmat ac tantum modo indicat eum, qui sit 
census, se iam turn gessisse pro cive, els temporibus, 
quibus tu criminaris ne ipsius quidem iudicid in civium 
Romanorum iure esse versatum, et testamentum saepe 
fecit nostris legibus et adiit hereditates civium Romano- 30 
rum et in benefices ad aerarium delatus est a L. Lucullo 



120 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

pro cSnsule. Quaere argumenta, si qua potes; numquam 
enim hie neque suo neque amicorum iudicio revincetur. 

/ am devoted to Archias because he supplies me with the means of in- 
tellectual recreation, to which I have as much right as other men 
have to their amusements. My studies also add to my efficiency 
as an orator and the examples of the men of old inspire me. 

VI. 12. Quaeres a nobis, GrattI, cur tanto opere hoc 
homine delectemur. Quia suppeditat n5bls ubi et animus 
5 ex hdc f orensl strepitu reficiatur et aures convlcid def es- 
sae conquiescant. An tu exlstimas aut suppetere nobis 
posse quod cotldie dicamus in tanta varietate rerum, nisi 
animos nostros doctrlna excolamus, aut ferre animos tan- 
tam posse contentionem, nisi eos doctrlna eadem relaxe- 

10 mus ? Ego vero fateor me his studiis esse deditum; ceteros 
pudeat, si qui se ita litteris abdiderunt, ut nihil possint ex 
els neque ad communem afferre fructum neque in aspec- 
tum lticemque proferre; me autem quid pudeat, qui tot 
annos ita viv5, iudices, ut a nullius umquam me tempore 

15 aut commodo aut otium meum abstraxerit aut voluptas 
avocarit aut denique somnus retardarit? 

13. Qua re quis tandem me reprehendat aut quis mihi 
iure suscenseat, si, quantum ceteris ad suas res obeundas, 
quantum ad festos dies ludorum celebrandos, quantum 

20 ad alias voluptates et ad ipsam requiem animi et corpo- 
ris conceditur temporum, quantum alii tribuunt tempestl- 
vls convlvils, quantum denique alveolo, quantum pilae, 
tantum mihi egomet ad haec studia recolerida sumpsero ? 
Atque hoc ide5 mihi concedendum est magis, quod ex his 

25 studiis haec quoque crescit oratio et f acultas, quae quan- 
tacumque in me est, numquam amicorum perlculls defuit; 
quae si cui levior videtur, ilia quidem certe, quae summa 
sunt, ex quo fonte hauriam sentio. 

14. Nam nisi multorum praeceptls multlsque litteris 
30 mihi ab adulescentia suasissem nihil esse in vita magno 



THE ORATION FOR THE POET ARCHIAS 121 

opere expetendum nisi laudem atque honestatem, in ea 
autem persequenda omnis cruciatus corporis, omnia peri- 
cula mortis atque exsili parvi esse ducenda, numquam 
me pro salute vestra in tot ac tantas dimicationes atque 
in hos profllgatorum hominum cotldianos impetus obie-5 
cissem. Sed plenl omnes sunt libri, plenae sapientium 
voces, plena exemplorum vetustas; quae iacerent in tene- 
bris omnia, nisi litterarum lumen accederet. Quam mul- 
tas nobis imagines non solum ad intuendum, verum etiam 
ad imitandum fortissimorum virorum expresses scrip- 10 
tores et Graeci et Latlnl reliquerunt ! Quas ego mihi 
semper in administranda re publica proponens animum 
et mentem meam ipsa cogitatione hominum excellentium 
conformabam. 

Not all great men have been highly educated, but the best results surely 
come from natural ability combined with sound training. But ' 
liberal studies are worth while for their own sake. 

VII. 15. Quaeret quispiam: Quid? 111! ipsi summi 15 
viri, quorum virtutes litteris proditae sunt, istane doc- 
trina, quam tu effers laudibus, erudltl f uerunt ? Difficile 
est hoc de omnibus conflrmare, sed tamen est certe quod 
respondeam. Ego multos homines excellent! animo ac 
virtute f uisse et sine doctrina naturae ipsius habitu prope 20 
dlvino per se ipsos et moderatos et gravis exstitisse fateor. 
Etiam illud adiung5, saepius ad laudem atque virtutem 
naturam sine doctrina quam sine natura valuisse doc- 
trinam. Atque idem ego contendo, cum ad naturam 
eximiam atque illustrem accesserit ratio quaedam con- 25 
formatioque doctrinae, turn illud nescio quid praeclarum 
ac singulare solere exsistere. 

16. Ex hoc esse hunc numero, quern patres nostri 
viderunt, dlvinum hominem Africanum, ex hoc C. Lae- 
lium, L. Furium, moderatissimos homines et continen-30 
tissimos, ex hoc fortissimum virum et illis temporibus 



VZ'Z CICERO'S ORATIONS 

doctissimum, M. Catdnem ilium senem; qui profecto si 

nihil ad percipiendam colendamque virtutem litteris adiu- 

varentur, numquam se ad earum studium contulissent. 

Quod si non hie tantus fructus ostenderetur et si ex 

5 his studils delectatio sola peteretur, tamen, ut oplnor, 

hanc animi adversionem humanissimam ac llberalissi- 

mam iudicaretis. Nam ceterae neque temporum sunt 

neque aetatum omnium neque locorum; haec studia 

adulescentiam alunt, senectutem oblectant, secundas res 

loornant, adversis perfugium ac solacium praebent, de- 

lectant domi, non impediunt foris, pernoctant nobiscum, 

peregrlnantur, rusticantur. 

17. Quod si ipsi haec neque attingere neque sensu 
nostro gustare possemus, tamen ea mirari deberemus, 

lsetiam cum in alhs videremus. 

We all admired the actor Roscius ; does not Archias deserve equal re- 
gard f The great poets of the past are honored and respected, and 
many cities claim Homer as their citizen. 

VIII. Quis nostrum tarn animo agresti ac durd fuit, 
ut Rose! morte nuper non commoveretur ? Qui cum esset 
senex mortuus, tamen propter excellentem artem ac 
venustatem videbatur omnino mori non debuisse. Ergo 
2oille corporis motu tantum amorem sibi conciliarat a no- 
bis omnibus; nos animorum incredibilis mottis celerita- 
temque ingeniorum neglegemus? 

18. Quotiens ego hunc Archiam vldi, iudices, — utar 
enim vestra benignitate, quoniam me in hoc novo genere 

25dicendi tarn diligenter attenditis, — quotiens ego hunc 
vidi, cum litteram scripsisset nullam, magnum numerum 
optimorum versuum de els ipsis rebus, quae turn ageren- 
tur, dicere ex tempore ! Quotiens revocatum eandem rem 
dlcere commutatis verbis atque sentenths ! Quae verd 

30 accurate cogitateque scripsisset, ea sic vldi probari, ut 
ad veterum scriptorum laudem perveniret. Hunc ego 



THE ORATION FOR THE POET ARCHIAS 123 

non diligam, non admirer, non omni ratione defenden- 
dum putem? Atque sic a summis hominibus eruditis- 
simisque accepimus, ceterarum rerum studia ex doctrma 
et praeceptis et arte constare; poetam natura ipsa valere 
et mentis viribus excitari et quasi divino quodam spiritus 
inflarl. Qua re suo iure noster ille Ennius sanctos ap- 
pellat poetas, quod quasi deorum aliquo dono atque mu- 
nere commendati nobis esse videantur. 

19. Sit igitur, iiidices, sanctum apud vos, hiimanis- 
simos homines, hoc poetae nomen, quod nulla umquamio 
barbaria violavit. Saxa et solitudines voci respondent, 
bestiae saepe immanes cantu flectuntur atque consistunt; 
nos Institutl rebus optimis non poetarum voce moveamur ? 
Homerum Colophonii civem esse dicunt suum, Chh 
suum vindicant, Salammii repetunt, Smymaei vero suum 15 
esse confirmant, itaque etiam delubrum eius in oppido 
dedicaverunt; permulti alii praeterea pugnant inter se 
atque contendunt. 

Shall we not show equal honor to the living Archias, especially since 
he is celebrating the glory of Rome ? In singing of the Mithri- 
datic War he honors not only Lucullus but Rome, as Ennius did 
in singing of Scipio. 

IX. Ergo ill! alienum, quia poeta fuit, post mortem 
etiam expetunt; nos hunc vivum qui et voluntate et2o 
legibus noster est, repudiabimus ? Praesertim cum omne 
olim studium atque omne ingenium contulerit Archias 
ad populi Roman! gloriam laudemque celebrandam? 
Nam et Cimbricas res adulescens attigit et ipsi ill! C. 
^Nlario, qui durior ad haec studia videbatur, iucundus fuit. 25 

20. Xeque enim quisquam est tarn a versus a Musis qui 
non mandari versibus aeternum suorum laborum facile 
praeconium patiatur. Themistoclem ilium, summum 
Athenis virum, dlxisse aiunt, cum ex eo quaereretur, quod 
acroama aut cuius vocem libentissime audiret: Eius, a 30 



124 



CICERO'S ORATIONS 



quo sua virtus optime praedicaretur. Itaque ille Marius 
item eximie L. Plotium dilexit, cuius ingenio putabat ea 
quae gesserat posse celebrari. 

21. Mithridaticum vero bellum, magnum atque dif- 

5 ficile et in multa varietate terra marique versatum, to turn 

ab h5c expressum est; qui libri non modo L. Lucullum, 

fortissimum et clarissimum virum, verum etiam popull 




Tomb of Scipio Barbatus. 



RomanI n5men illustrant. Populus enim R5manus ape- 
ruit Lucullo imperante Pontum et regils quondam opi- 

10 bus et ipsa natura et regione vallatum; populi Roman! 
exercitus eodem duce non maxima manu innumerabilis 
Armeniorum c5pias fudit; populi RomanI laus est urbem 
amicissimam Cyzicenorum eiusdem consilio ex omn! im- 
petu regio atque totius belli ore ac faucibus ereptam 

15 esse atque servatam; nostra semper feretur et praedica- 
bitur, L. Lucullo dimicante, cum interfectis ducibus de- 
pressa hostium classis est, incredibilis apud Tenedum 



THE ORATION FOR THE POET ARCHIAS 125 

pugna ilia navalis; nostra sunt tropaea, nostra monu- 
menta, nostri triumph!: quae quorum ingenhs efferuntur, 
ab els populi Roman! fama celebratur. 

22. Cams fuit Africano su- 
perior! noster Ennius, itaques 
etiam in sepulcro Sclpionum 
1^ putatur is esse constitutus ex 

IL marmore; at eis laudibus certe 

K» non solum ipse qui laudatur, 

(L W sed etiam populi RomanI no- 10 

: \_ men ornatur. In caelum huius 

,// &^>, proavus Cato tollitur; magnus 

Jf) -r^l > honos populi RomanI rebus 

i~ f / S • /> /f adiungitur. Omnes denique ill! 
\Jf J W^ MaximI, Marcelli, Fulvil nonio 

yjr sine communl omnium nos- 

Cato. trum laude decorantur. 

Ennius was made a citizen for his services. Shall Archias lose his 
citizenship f That he wrote in Greek only makes his writings the 
more widely known. Alexander regretted that he had no Homer, 
Pompey made Theophanes a citizen, and Archias could certainly 
have gained that favor from some of our generals. 

X. Ergo ilium qui haec fecerat, Rudlnum hominem, 
maiores nostri in clvitatem receperunt; nos hunc He- 
racliensem, multls clvitatibus expetltum, in hac autem2o 
legibus c5nstitutum, de nostra clvitate eiciemus? 

23. Xam si quis minorem gloriae fructum putat ex 
Graecls versibus percip! quam ex Latlnls, vehementer 
errat, propterea quod Graeca leguntur in omnibus fere 
gentibus, Latlna suls flnibus, exiguls sane, continentur. 25 
Qua re si res eae, quas gessimus, orbis terrae regionibus 
deflniuntur, cupere debemus, quo manuum nostrarum tela 
pervenerint, eodem gloriam famamque penetrare; quod 
cum ipsls populls, de quorum rebus scrlbitur, haec ampla 



126 



CICERO'S ORATIONS 



sunt, turn els certe, qui de vita gloriae causa dimicant, 
hoc maximum et periculorum incitamentum est et labo- 
rum. 

24. Quam multos scriptores rerum suarum magnus ille 
5 Alexander secum habuisse dicitur ! Atque is tamen, cum 

in Sigeo ad Achillis 

tumulum astitisset: 

' O fortunate, ' inquit, 

'adulescens, qui tuae 
lovirtutis Homerum 

praeconem inveneris V 

Et vere; nam nisi 

Ilias ilia exstitisset, 

Idem tumulus, qui 
15 corpus eius contexe- 

rat, nomen etiam ob- 

ruisset. Quid ? Nos- 

ter hie Magnus, qui 

cum virtute fortunam 
2oadaequavit, nonne 

Theophanem Mytile- 

naeum, scriptorem re- 
rum suarum, in con- 

tione mllitum clvitate 
25 donavit ? Et nostri 

ill! fortes viri, sed rustic! ac milites, dulcedine quadam 

gloriae commoti, quasi participes eiusdem laudis, magno 

illud clamore approbaverunt. 

25. Itaque, credo, si civis Romanus Archias legibus 
30 non esset, ut ab aliquo imperatore clvitate donaretur, per- 

ficere non potuit. Sulla cum Hispanos donaret et Gallos, 
credo hunc petentem repudiasset; quern nos in contione 
vidimus, cum el libellum malus poeta de populo subiecis- 
set, quod epigramma in eum fecisset, tantummodo alter- 
35 ms versibus longiusculis, statim ex els rebus, quas tunc 




Alexander the Great. 




Pompey the Great. 



128 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

vendebat, iubere el praemium tribul sed ea condiciSne, 
ne quid postea scriberet. Qui sedulitatem mall poetae 
duxerit aliquo tamen praemio dignam, huius ingenium 
et virtutem in scribendo et copiam non expetlsset? 
5 26. Quid ? A Q. Metello Pio, f amiliarissimo su5, qui 
civitate multos donavit, neque per se neque per Lucull5s ! 
impetravisset ? Qui praesertim usque eo de suis rebus 
scribi cuperet, ut etiam Cordubae natis poetls, pingue 
quiddam sonantibus atque peregrmum, tamen auris suas 
10 dederet. 

We are all lovers of glory and should therefore honor the poet, the herald 
of glory. My own regard for Archias is the greater because he 
is planning to celebrate the events of my consulship. 

XL Neque enim est hoc dissimulandum, quod obscu- 
rari non potest, sed prae nobis ferendum; trahimur omnes 
studio laudis et optimus quisque maxime gloria ducitur. 
Ipsi ill! philosophi etiam in els libellls, quos de con- 

i5temnenda gloria scribunt, nomen suum mscrlbunt; in e5 
ipso, in quo praedicationem nobilitatemque despiciunt, 
praedicari de se ac nominari volunt. 
] 27. Decimus quidem Brutus, summus vir et imperator, 
Acci, amicissimi sui, carminibus templorum ac monu- 

20mentorum aditus exornavit suorum. lam vero ille, qui 
cum Aetolis Ennio comite bellavit, Fulvius, non dubi- 
tavit Martis manubias Musis consecrare. Qua re in qua 
urbe imperatores prope armatl poetarum nomen et Mu- 
sarum delubra coluerunt, in ea non debent togati iudices 

25 a Musarum honore et a poetarum salute abhorrere. 

28. Atque ut id libentius faciatis, iam me vobis, iudices, 
indicabo et de me5 quodam amore gloriae nimis acrl 
fortasse, verum tamen honesto vobis confitebor. Nam 
quas res nos in consulatu nostro vobiscum simul pr5 sa- 

30 lute huiusce imperi et pro vita civium proque universa 
re publica gessimus, attigit hie versibus atque inchoavit; 



THE ORATION FOR THE POET ARCHIAS 129 

quibus auditis, quod mihi magna res et iucunda visa 
est, hunc ad perficiendum adornavi. Nullam enim vir- 
tus aliam mercedem laborum periculorumque desiderat 
praeter hanc laudis et gloriae; qua quidem detracta, in- 
dices, quid est quod in hoc tarn exiguo vitae curriculos 
tantis nos in laboribus exerceamus? 

29. Certe si nihil animus praesentiret in posterum et 
si quibus regionibus vitae spatium circumscriptum est, 
eisdem omnls cogitationes terminaret suas, nee tantis 
se laboribus frangeret neque tot curls vigilhsque angere- 10 
tur nee totiens de ipsa vita dimicaret. Nunc Insidet 
quaedam in optimo quoque virtus, quae noctis ac dies 
animum gloriae stimulis concitat atque admonet non 
cum vitae tempore esse dimittendam commemorationem 
nominis nostri, sed cum omni posteritate adaequandam. 15 

Many great men have left statues as memorials of their lives. Much 
better is a record in literature. Therefore, since there is no doubt 
about the merits of Archias's case, and since he is a man whom we 
all ought to honor for his gifts and his services to our country, do 
not let him be deprived of his rights. And pardon me for the un- 
usual form of my plea. 

XII. 30. An vero tarn parvi animi videamur esse 
omnes, qui in re publica atque in his vitae periculis labori- 
busque versamur, ut, cum usque ad extremum spatium 
nullum tranquillum atque otiosum spiritum duxerimus, 
noblscum simul moritura omnia arbitremur ? An statuas 20 
et imagines, non animorum simulacra, sed corporum, 
studiose multi summi homines reliquerunt; consiliorum 
relinquere ac virtutum nostrarum effigiem non multo 
malle debemus, summis ingeniis expressam et politam? 
Ego vero omnia, quae gerebam, iam turn in gerendo25 
spargere me ac disseminare arbitrabar in orbis terrae 
memoriam sempiternam. Haec vero sive a meo sensu 
post mortem afutura est sive, ut sapientissimi homines 



130 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

putaverunt, ad aliquam mel partem pertinebit, nunc 
quidem certe cogitatione quadam speque delector. 

31. Qua re conservate, iudices, hominem pudore eo, 
quern amicorum videtis comprobari cum dignitate turn 

setiam vetustate, ingenio autem tanto, quantum id con- 
venit existimari, quod summorum hominum ingeniis ex- 
petitum esse videatis, causa vero eius modi, quae be- 
neficid legis, auctoritate municipi, testimonio Luculli, 
tabulls Metelli comprobetur. Quae cum ita sint, petimus 

10 a vobis, iudices, si qua non modo humana, verum etiam 
divina in tantis ingeniis commendati5 debet esse, ut 
eum, qui vos, qui vestros imperatores, qui populi Ro- 
man! res gestas semper 5rnavit, qui etiam his recentibus 
nostris vestrisque domesticis periculis aeternum se testi- 

lsmonium laudis daturum esse profitetur estque ex e5 nu- 
mero, qui semper apud omnis sancti sunt habiti itaque 
dicti, sic in vestram accipiatis fidem, ut humanitate ves- 
tra levatus potius quam acerbitate violatus esse videatur. 

32. Quae de causa pro mea consuetudine breviter sim- 
20 pliciterque dlxi, iudices, ea confido probata esse omnibus; 

quae autem remota a mea iudicialique consuetudine et de 
hominis ingenio et communiter de ipso studio locutus 
sum, ea, iudices, a vobis spero esse in bonam partem 
accepta; ab eo, qui iudicium exercet, certo scio. 



THE ORATION FOR MILO 

Introduction 

The Oration for Milo is of special interest because of 
the vivid picture which it gives us of conditions in Rome 
towards the end of the Republican Period. In order to 
understand the relations of Clodius, Milo, and Cicero 
it is necessary to go back about ten years. 

In the year 62 B.C. the Vestal virgins and some of the 
most distinguished of the Roman women met at the house 
of Julius Caesar, who at the time was praetor and pon- 
tifex maximus, to celebrate the festival of Bona Dea. 

Even the name of this "Good Goddess" of fertility was 
kept a secret by the women, and all men were excluded 
from the meetings in her honor. Clodius, however, who 
was in love with Caesar's wife Pompeia, made his way 
into the house in the dress of a woman, but was dis- 
covered and made his escape. Caesar divorced his wife 
and the question of sacrilege was made the subject of an 
investigation by the Senate. Clodius's attempt to prove 
an alibi was frustrated by Cicero, who testified that 
Clodius had been in his house three hours before; but 
nevertheless he was acquitted by the narrow margin of 
thirty-one votes to twenty-five. From that time on 
Clodius was the bitter enemy of Cicero and was on the 
lookout for an opportunity for revenge. 

Before his departure for Gaul Caesar wished to get 
rid of Cato and Cicero, as two influential leaders of the 
senatorial party, and for this purpose he made use of 
the services of Clodius. The latter had himself adopted 
by a plebeian, one Publius Fonteius, and thus became 

131 



132 



CICERO'S ORATIONS 



technically eligible for the tribunate of the commons, to 
which he was elected in 58 B.C. After gaining popularity 
by various measures, he brought out a bill providing that 
any one who had put to death a Roman citizen without 



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ROME AND VICINITY 

SCALE OF MILES 



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a trial should be banished. Cicero was not named, 
but he realized that his execution of the Catilinarian 
conspirators was meant, and went into exile. His prop- 
erty was confiscated, his house and villas plundered and 
burned, while his wife was obliged to seek sanctuary with 
her sister Fabia, a priestess of Vesta. 

The period between the departure of Caesar for Gaul 



THE ORATION FOR MILO 133 

and the outbreak of the Civil War was one of incredible 
disturbance and anarchy at Rome. Pompey, to whom 
the care of the city was delegated by the triumvirs, 
proved unequal to the task, and the power was in the 
hands of various adventurers, who maintained it with 
the help of armed bands of slaves and gladiators. Prom- 
inent among these was Clodius. In 53 he aspired to the 
praetorship and proposed a number of popular and 
radical innovations in case he was elected. He soon 
found himself at odds with Pompey, who became his 
bitter enemy. To resist him, Pompey and the Senate 
resorted to his own tactics, employing for the purpose 
T. Annius Milo and his band. 

Milo was a member of the gens Papia, but was adopted 
by his maternal grandfather, T. Annius. His surname 
of Milo he owed to his great strength, which led to his 
being compared with the celebrated Milo of Crotona. 
In 57 Milo was tribune of the commons and aided materi- 
ally in bringing about Cicero's recall from exile, thereby 
earning the gratitude of Cicero and incurring the bitter 
hostility of Clodius. 

The consular elections during this period were strug- 
gles between the candidates of the triumvirate and the 
Senate, and were attended with shameless and shameful 
intrigues and bribery. This went so far that in 53 the 
elections were postponed for a full year and the ques- 
tion of appointing Pompey dictator was agitated. In 53 
Milo offered himself as a candidate for the consulship, 
in opposition to Q. Metellus Scipio and P. Plautius Hyp- 
saeus, the candidates of the triumvirs. Milo received the 
support of the Senate, including Cicero and Cato. 

On the 18th of January of 52 B.C. Milo, who with the 
title of dictator was chief magistrate of his native town 
of Lanuvium, about twenty miles southeast of Rome 
near the Via Appia, was on his way thither, to attend to 



134 



CICERO'S ORATIONS 



the appointing of a flamen. He was attended by a large 
retinue and accompanied by his wife Fausta, a daughter 
of Lucius Sulla. On his way he fell in with Clodius near 
Bovillae at the shrine of Bona Dea (a fateful coincidence) 




The Curia. 



and in a collision which ensued Clodius was wounded 
by an arrow. He took refuge in an inn at Bovillae, but 
Milo had him dragged out and slain. 

When the body of the ex-tribune was brought to Rome, 
a riot ensued, in which the Senate-house (the Curia 
Hostilia) was burned and various acts of violence and 
disorder were committed. To meet the emergency, Pom- 
pey was appointed consul without a colleague, and he 



THE ORATION FOR MILO 135 

promptly brought legal proceedings against Milo. Lucius 
Domitius Ahenobarbus was appointed quaesitor, or spe- 
cial judge, to try the case, and the jurors were selected, 
according to the law in force at the time, from the sen- 
atorial and equestrian orders and the tribuni aerarii, 
the most influential of the plebeians. For this case 
eighty-one jurors were selected by lot, of whom thirty 
were rejected, leaving fifty-one to sit in judgment. There 
was no question as to the fact, and the only plea was self- 
defense. 

On the day of the trial the court was surrounded by 
Pompey's soldiers and when Cicero began to speak he 
was interrupted by the jeers of the partisans of Clodius. 
He therefore did not speak with his customary effective- 
ness and Milo was found guilty by a vote of thirty-eight 
to thirteen and went into exile at Massilia. 

The speech which has come down to us is not the one 
which Cicero delivered, but one which he wTote later, as 
we are told by Cassius Dio (40. 54). Dio says: "Cicero, 
seeing Pompey and the soldiers contrary to custom in 
the court, was alarmed and overwhelmed with dread. 
This speech which is now supposed to have been delivered 
at that time in behalf of Milo he wrote some time later 
and at leisure, when he had recovered his courage. There 
is also the following story about it. When Milo, in ban- 
ishment, made the acquaintance of the speech sent to 
him by Cicero, he wrote back saying that it was lucky 
for him those words had not been spoken in that form 
in the court; for he would not now be eating such fine 
mullets in Massilia (where he was passing his exile), if 
any such defense had been made." 



136 CICERO'S ORATIONS 



DELIVERED IN 52 B.C. BEFORE A SPECIAL COMMISSION 

The sight of armed men in a court of justice might cause us some alarm ; 
but we may be reassured by the wisdom and justice of Pompey, 
who has not placed them here in opposition to Milo } but to preserve 
the peace. The citizens, too, are all on our side. 

I. I. Etsi vereor, iudices, ne turpe sit pr5 fortissim5 
viro dicere incipientem timere, minimeque deceat, cum 
T. Annius ipse magis de rel publicae salute quam de sua 
perturbetur, me ad eius causam parem animi magnitu- 

5dinem afferre non posse, tamen haec novi iudici nova 
forma terret oculos, qui, quocumque inciderunt, consue- 
tudinem fori et pristinum morem iudiciorum requlrunt. 
Non enim corona consessus vester cinctus est, ut solebat; 
non usitata frequentia stipati sumus; 2. non ilia praesidia, 

10 quae pro templls omnibus cernitis, etsi contra vim col- 
locata sunt, non afferunt tamen oratorl terroris aliquid, 
ut in foro et in iudicio, quamquam praesidiis salutaribus 
et necessariis saepti sumus, tamen ne non timere quidem 
sine aliquo timore posslmus. 

15 Quae si opposita Miloni putarem, cederem tempori, 
iudices, nee inter tantam vim armorum existimarem esse 
oratorl locum. Sed me recreat et reficit Cn. Pompel, 
sapientissimi et iustissimi viri, consilium, qui profecto 
nee iustitiae suae putaret esse, quern reum sententiis 

2oiudicum tradidisset, eundem tells militum dedere, nee 
sapientiae temeritatem concitatae multitudinis auctori- 
tate publica armare. 

3. Quam ob rem ilia arma, centuriones, cohortes non 
perlculum nobis, sed praesidium denuntiant, neque so- 

25lum ut quieto, sed etiam ut magno animo simus hortan- 
tur, neque auxilium modo defensioni meae, verum etiam 
silentium pollicentur. Reliqua vero multitudo, quae qui- 
dem est civium, tota nostra est, neque eorum quisquam, 
quos undique intuentis, unde aliqua fori pars aspic! po- 



THE ORATION FOR MILO 137 

test, et huius exitum iudicl exspectantis videtis, non cum 
virtutl Milonis favet turn de se, de llberls suls, de patria, 
de fortunls hodierno die decertarl putat. 

The only ones opposed to us are the hirelings of Clodius. Therefore 
take courage. You have to-day the povjer of rewarding Milo 
for his services ; but I shall also show beyond question that Clodius 
plotted against Milo and not Milo against him. 

II. Unurn genus est adversum Infestumque nobis eo- 
runi quos P. Clodi furor rapinis et incendiis et omnibus 5 
exitiis publicis pavit; qui hesterna etiam contione in- 
citati sunt, ut vobis voce praeirent quid iudicaretis. 
Quorum clamor si qui forte fuerit, admonere vos debe- 
bit, ut eum civem retineatis, qui semper genus illud 
hominum clamoresque maximos prae vestra salute ne- 10 
glexit. 

4. Quam ob rem adeste animis, iudices, et timorem, si 
quern habetis, deponite; nam si umquam de bonis et 
fortibus virls, si umquam de bene meritis civibus po- 
testas vobis iudicandi fuit, si denique umquam locus 15 
amplissimorum ordinum delectis virls datus est ut sua 
studia erga fortis et bonos civis, quae voltu et verbis 
saepe significassent, re et sententiis declararent, hoc pro- 
fecto tempore earn potestatem omnem vos habetis, ut 
statuatis utrum nos, qui semper vestrae auctoritati dediti 20 
fuimus, semper miseri lugeamus an diu vexatl a perdi- 
tissimis civibus aliquando per vos ac per vestram fidem, 
virtutem sapientiamque recreemur. 

5. Quid enim nobis duobus, iudices, laboriosius, quid 
magis sollicitum, magis exercitum did aut fingl potest, 25 
qui spe amplissimorum praemiorum ad rem publicam 
adductl, metu crudelissimorum suppliciorum carere non 
possumus? Equidem ceteras tempestates et procellas in 
illls dum taxat fluctibus contionum semper putavi MilonI 
esse subeundas, quia semper pro bonis contra improbos30 



138 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

senserat, in iudici5 ver5 et in e5 consilio in quo ex 
cunctis ordinibus amplissimi virl iudicarent numquam 
existimavi spem ullam esse habituros Milonis inimicos ad 
eius non modo salutem exstinguendam, sed etiam gloriam 
5 per talis viros infringendam. 

6. Quamquam in hac causa, iudices, T. Ann! tribunatu 
rebusque omnibus pro salute rei publicae gestis ad huius 
criminis defensionem non abutemur. Nisi oculis videritis 
insidias Miloni a Clodio factas, nee deprecaturi sumus, 

10 ut crimen hoc nobis propter multa praeclara in rem 
publicam merita condonetis, nee postulaturl, ut, si mors 
P. Clodi salus vestra fuerit, idcirco earn virtutl Milonis 
potius quam populi Roman! fellcitati assignetis. Sed 
si illius Insidiae clariores hac luce fuerint, turn denique 

isobsecrabo obtestaborque vos, iudices, si cetera amisi- 
mus, hoc saltern nobis ut relinquatur, ab inimicorum 
audacia telisque vitam ut impune liceat defendere. 

Before beginning I must correct three false opinions. First, that every 
one who kills a man is deserving of death. That this is not true 
is clear from many instances. 

III. 7. Sed ante quam ad earn orationem venio, quae 
est propria vestrae quaestionis, videntur ea esse refu- 

20 tanda, quae et in senatu ab inimlcis saepe iactata sunt et 
in contione ab improbis et paulo ante ab accusatoribus, 
ut omni errore sublato rem plane, quae veniat in indicium, 
videre possltis. 

Negant intueri lucem esse fas el, qui a se hominem oc- 

25 cisum esse fateatur. In qua tandem urbe hoc homines stul- 
tissimi disputant ? Nempe in ea quae primum iudicium 
de capite vidit M. HoratI, fortissiml viri, qui nondum 
libera civitate tamen populi R5mani comitiis liberatus est, 
cum sua manu sororem esse interfectam fateretur. 

30 8. An est quisquam qui hoc ignoret, cum de homine 
occiso quaeratur, aut negari solere omnino esse factum 



THE ORATION FOR MILO 139 

aut recte et iure factum esse defend!? Xisi vero exis- 
timatis dementem P. Africanum fuisse, qui cum a C. 
Carbone tribuno plebis seditiose in contione interro- 
garetur quid de Ti. Gracchi morte sentlret, responderit 
iure caesum viderl. Xeque enim posset aut Aliala illes 
Servilius aut P. Nasica aut L. Oplmius aut C. Marius 
aut me consule senatus non nefarius haberl, si sceleratos 
civis interfici nefas esset. Itaque hoc, iudices, non sine 
causa etiam fictls fabulis doctissimi homines memoriae 
prodiderunt, eum, qui patris ulciscendi causa matrem ne- 10 
cavisset, variatis hominum sententiis, non solum dlvina, 
sed etiam sapientissimae deae sententia liberatum. 

9. Quod si duodecim tabulae nocturnum furem quo- 
quo modo, diurnum autem, si se telo defenderet, interfici 
impune voluerunt, quis est qui, quoquo modo quis inter- 15 
fectus sit, puniendum putet, cum videat aliquando gla- 
dium nobis ad hominem occidendum ab ipsis porrigi 
legibus ? 

Self-defense is always a justification for homicide, and so is the de- 
fense of one's honor. 

IV. Atqui si tempus est ullum iure hominis necandi, 
quae multa sunt, certe illud est non modo iustum, verum 20 
etiam necessarium, cum vi vis illata defenditur. Pudlci- 
tiam cum eriperet mlliti tribunus mllitaris in exercitu 
C. Marl, propinquus eius imperatoris, interfectus ab eo 
est, cui vim afferebat; facere enim probus adulescens 
periculose quam perpetl turpiter maluit. Atque hunc25 
ille summus vir scelere solutum perlculo libera vit. 10. In- 
sidiatori vero et latroni quae potest Inferri iniusta nex? 
Quid comitatus nostrl, quid gladii volunt? Quos habere 
certe non liceret, si uti illls nullo pact5 liceret. Est 
igitur haec ? iudices, non scrlpta, sed nata lex, quam non 30 
didicimus, accepimus, legimus, verum ex natura ipsa 
arripuimus, hausimus, expressimus, ad quam non docti, 



140 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

sed facti, non institute sed imbuti sumus, ut, si vita 
nostra in aliquas msidias, si in vim et in tela aut latro- 
num aut inimicorum incidisset, omnis honesta ratio esset 
expediendae salutis. 
5 ii. Silent enim leges inter arma nee se exspectari 
iubent, cum el, qui exspectare velit, ante iniusta poena 
luenda sit quam iusta repetenda. Etsi persapienter et 
quodam modo tacite dat ipsa lex potestatem defendendi, 
quae n5n hominem occidi, sed esse cum telo hominis 

looccidendi causa vetat, ut, cum causa, non telum quae- 
reretur, qui sui defendendi causa telo esset usus, non 
hominis occldendi causa habuisse telum iudicaretur. 
Quapropter hoc maneat in causa, iudices; non enim 
dubito quln probaturus sim vobis defensionem meam, 

15 si id memineritis, quod oblivisci non potestis, insidia- 
torem iure interficl posse. 

A second false impression is that the Senate has already condemned 
Milo. This is not so and it is not shown by the resolution that 
the murder of Clodius and the events connected with it were con- 
trary to the public welfare. 

V. 12. Sequitur illud, quod a Milonis inimicis saepis- 
sime dicitur, caedem, in qua P. Clodius occisus est, 
senatum iudicasse contra rem publicam esse factam. 

2oIllam verd senatus non sentenths suis solum, sed etiam 
studiis comprobavit. Quotiens enim est ilia causa a 
nobis acta in senatu ! Quibus assensionibus universi 
ordinis, quam nee tacitis nee occultls ! Quando enim 
frequentissimo senatu quattuor aut summum quinque 

25 sunt invent! qui Milonis causam non probarent? De- 
clarant huius ambustl tribuni plebis illae intermortuae 
contiones, quibus cotidie meam potentiam invidiose 
crlminabatur, cum diceret senatum non quod sentiret, 
sed quod ego vellem decernere. Quae quidem si potentia 

aoest appellanda potius quam aut propter magna in rem 



THE ORATION FOR MILO 141 

publicam merita mediocris in bonis causis auctoritas 
aut propter hos officiosos labores meos non nulla apud 
bonos gratia, appelletur ita sane, dum modo. ea nos 
utamur pro salute bonorum contra amentiam perdi- 
torum. 5 

13. Hanc vero quaestionem, etsi non est iniqua, num- 
quam tamen senatus constituendam putavit. Erant enim 
leges, erant quaestiones vel de caede vel de vi, nee tan- 
tum maerorem ac luctum senatui mors P. Clodi afferebat, 
ut nova quaestio constitueretur. Cuius enim de illo. in- 10 
cesto stupro iudicium decernendi senatui potestas esset 
erepta, de eius interitu quis potest credere senatum iudi- 
cium novum constituendum putasse? Cur igitur incen- 
dium curiae, oppugnationem aedium M. Lepidi, caedem 
hanc ipsam contra rem publicam senatus factam esse 15 
decrevit? Quia nulla vis umquam est in libera clvitate 
suscepta inter civis non contra rem publicam. 14. Non 
enim est ilia defensio contra vim umquam optanda, sed 
non numquam est necessaria. Xisi vero aut ille dies, quo 
Ti. Gracchus est caesus, aut ille, quo Gaius, aut arma23 
Saturnml, etiam si e re publica oppressa sunt, rem pu- 
blicam tamen non vulnerarunt. 

The Senate was unwilling to appoint a new court for the trial of this 
case. Third, it is untrue that Pompey's action is a condemna- 
tion of Milo. His only interest is to maintain the law. 

VI. Itaque ego ipse decrevi, cum caedem in Appia 
factam esse constaret, non eum, qui se defendisset, 
contra rem publicam fecisse, sed, cum inesset in re vis 25 
et msidiae, crimen iudicio reservavi, rem notavi. Quod 
si per furiosum ilium tribunum senatui quod sentiebat 
perficere licuisset, novam quaestionem nullam haberemus. 
Decernebat enim ut veteribus legibus, tantum modo 
extra ordinem, quaereretur. Dlvisa sententia est postu-30 
lante nescio quo; nihil enim necesse est omnium me 



142 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

flagitia proferre. Sic reliqua auctoritas senatus empta 
intercessione sublata est. 

15. At enim Cn. Pompeius rogatione sua et de re et 
de causa iudicavit; tulit enim de caede, quae in Appia 

5 via facta esset, in qua P. Clodius occisus esset. Quid 
ergo tulit ? Nempe ut quaereretur. Quid porro quaeren- 
dum est ? Factumne sit ? At constat. A quo ? At paret. 
Vidit igitur etiam in confessione fact! iuris tamen defen- 
sionem suscipi posse. Quod nisi vidisset posse absolvi 

loeum qui fateretur, cum videret nos fateri, neque quaerl 
umquam iussisset nee vobis tarn hanc salutarem in iudi- 
cando litteram quam illam trlstem dedisset. Mihi vero 
Cn. Pompeius non modo nihil gravius contra Milonem 
iudicasse, sed etiam statuisse videtur quid vos in iudi- 

i5cand5 spectare oporteret; nam qui non poenam confes- 
sion!, sed defensionem dedit, is causam interitus quaeren- 
dam, non interitum putavit. 

16. lam illud ipse dicet profecto, quod sua sponte fecit, 
Publione Clodio tribuendum putarit an tempori. 

Many men have been put to death in Rome and no new tribunal has 
been appointed to try their slayers, 

20 VII. Domi suae nobilissimus vir, senatus propug- 
nator atque illis quidem temporibus paene patronus, 
avunculus huius iudicis nostri, fortissimi viri, M. Ca- 
tonis, tribunus plebis M. Drusus occisus est. Nihil de 
eius morte populus consultus, nulla quaestio decreta a 

25 senatu est. Quantum luctum in hac urbe f uisse a nostris 
patribus accepimus, cum P. Africano domi suae quies- 
cent! ilia nocturna v!s esset illata? Quis turn non ge- 
muit? Quis non arsit dolore, quern immortalem, si fieri 
posset, omnes esse cuperent, eius ne necessariam quidem 

30 exspectatam esse mortem ! Num igitur ulla quaestio de 
African! morte lata est? Certe nulla. 17. Quid ita? 
Quia non alio facinore clar! homines, alio obscurl necan- 



THE ORATION FOR MILO 143 

tur. Intersit inter vitae dignitatem summorum atque In- 
fimorum; mors quidem illata per scelus iisdem et poems 
teneatur et legibus. Nisi forte magis erit parriclda, si 
qui consularem patrem qiiam si quis humilem necarit, aut 
eo mors atrocior erit P. ClodI, quod is in monumentlss 
maiorum suorum sit interfectus, — hoc enim ab istis saepe 
dlcitur, — proinde quasi Appius ille Caecus viam muni- 
verit, non qua populus uteretur, sed ubi impune sul pos- 
terl latrocinarentur ! 

18. Itaque in eadem ista Appia via cum ornjitissi- 10 
mum equitem Romanum P. Clodius M. Papirium occldis- 
set, non fuit illud f acinus puniendum; homo enim nobi- 
lis in suls monumentis equitem Romanum occiderat: 
nunc eiusdem Appiae nomen quantas tragoedias excitat ! 
Quae cruentata antea caede honest! atque innocentis virl 15 
silebatur, eadem nunc crebro usurpatur, postea quam 
latronis et parricldae sanguine imbuta est. 

Sed quid ego ilia commemoro? Comprehensus est in 
templo Castoris servus P. ClodI, quern ille ad Cn. Pom- 
peium interficiendum collocarat; extorta est el confitenti20 
sica de manibus; caruit foro postea Pompeius, caruit 
senatu, caruit publico; ianua se ac parietibus, non iure 
legum iudiciorumque texit. 

19. Num quae rogatio lata, num quae nova quaestio 
decreta est ? Atqui si res, si vir, si tempus ullum dignum 25 
fuit, certe haec in ilia causa summa omnia fuerunt. 
Insidiator erat in foro collocatus atque in vestibulo ipso 
senatus; el viro autem mors parabatur, cuius in vita 
nitebatur salus civitatis; eo porro rel publicae tempore, 
quo si unus ille occidisset, non haec solum clvitas, sed 30 
gentes omnes concidissent. 

Nisi vero quia perfecta res non est, non fuit punienda, 
proinde quasi exitus rerum, non hominum consilia legi- 
bus vindicentur. Minus dolendum fuit re non perfecta, 
sed puniendum certe nihilo minus. 35 



144 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

20. Quotiens ego ipse, iudices, ex P. Clodi tells et ex 
cruentis eius manibus effugi ! Ex quibus si me non vel 
mea vel rei publicae fortuna servasset, quis tandem de 
interitu meo quaestionem tulisset? 

Of course Clodius was a far greater loss to the state than any of these 
men. That, however, was not Pompey's reason for appointing a 
new tribunal, but a desire to maintain the law and see that justice 
was done. For the same reason he chose a fearless judge. 

5 VIII. Sed stulti sumus qui Drusum, qui Africanum, 
Pompeium, nosmet ipsos cum P. Clodio conferre audea- 
mus. Tolerabilia fuerunt ilia; P. Cl5di mortem aequo 
animd ferre nemo potest. Luget senatus, maeret equester 
ordo, tota clvitas confecta senio est, squalent municipia, 
loaffllctantur coloniae, agri denique ipsi tarn beneficum, 
tarn salutarem, tarn mansuetum civem desiderant. 

21. Non fuit ea causa, iudices, profecto non fuit, cur 
sibi censeret Pompeius quaestionem ferendam, sed homo 
sapiens atque alta et divlna quadam mente praeditus 

ismulta vidit: fuisse ilium sibi inimlcum, familiarem Milo- 
nem; in communi omnium laetitia si etiam ipse gauderet, 
timuit ne videretur Inflrmior fides reconciliatae gratiae; 
multa etiam alia vidit, sed illud maxime, quamvis atro- 
citer ipse tulisset, vos tamen fortiter iudicaturos. Ita- 

20 que delegit ex florentissimis ordinibus ipsa lumina, neque 
vero, quod non null! dictitant, secrevit in iudicibus le- 
gendls amicos meos. Neque enim hoc cogitavit vir iustis- 
simus, neque in bonis viris legendls id assequi potuisset, 
etiam si cupisset. Non enim mea gratia familiaritatibus 

25 continetur, quae late patere non possunt, propterea quod 
consuetudines victus non possunt esse cum multis; sed, 
si quid possumus, ex eo possumus, quod res publica 
nos coniunxit cum bonis. Ex quibus ille cum optimos 
viros legeret, idque maxime ad fidem suam pertinere 

so arbitraretur, non potuit legere non studiosos mei. 



THE ORATION FOR MILO 145 

22. Quod vero te, L. Domiti, huic quaestiom praeesse 
maxime voluit, nihil quaesivit aliud nisi iustitiam, gravi- 
tatem, humanitatem, fidem. Tulit ut consularem necesse 
esset; credo, quod principum munus esse ducebat resistere 
et levitati multitudinis et perditorum temeritati. Ex eon- 5 
sularibus te creavit potissimum ; dederas enim, quam con- 
temners popularis Insanias, iam ab adulescentia docu- 
menta maxima. 

Clodius saw that if he were elected praetor, his opportunities would be 
greatly diminished if Milo was at the same time consul. There- 
fore, fearful of Milo's growing popularity, he openly made threats 
of violence. 

IX. 23. Quam ob rem, iudices, ut aliquando ad causam 
crimenque veniamus, si neque omnis confessio fact! 10 
est inusitata, neque de causa nostra quicquam aliter ac 
nos vellemus a senatu iudicatum est, et lator ipse legis, , 
cum esset controversia nulla factl, iuris tamen discepta- 
tionem esse voluit, et el lectl iudices isque praepositus 
quaestiom, qui haec iuste sapienterque disceptet, reli- 15 
quum est, iudices, ut nihil iam quaerere aliud debeatis 
nisi uter utrl Insidias fecerit. Quod quo facilius argu- 
mentis perspicere possitis, rem gestam vobis dum breviter 
expono, quaeso, diligenter attendite. 

24. P. Clodius cum statuisset omni scelere in praetura20 
vexare rem publicam, videretque ita tracta esse comitia 
anno superiore, ut non multos mensis praeturam gerere 
posset (qui non honoris gradum spectaret, ut ceteri, sed 
et L. Paulum collegam effugere vellet, singularl virtute 
civem, et annum integrum ad dilacerandam rem publi-25 
cam quaereret) subito rellquit annum suum seseque in 
annum proximum transtulit; non, ut fit, religione aliqua, 
sed ut haberet, quod ipse dicebat, ad praeturam geren- 
dam (hoc est, ad evertendam rem publicam) plenum an- 
num atque integrum. so 



146 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

25. Occurrebat el mancam ac debilem praeturam 
futuram suam consule Milone; eum porro summo con- 
sensu popull Roman! cdnsulem fieri videbat. Contulit 
se ad eius competitors, sed ita totam ut petltionem 
5 ipse solus etiam invltls illis gubernaret, tota ut comitia 
suls, ut dictitabat, umerls sustineret. Convocabat tribus, 
se interponebat, Colllnam novam dllectu perditissimorum 
clvium conscrlbebat. Quanto ille plura miscebat, tant5 
hie magis in dies convalescebat. 

10 Ubi vidit homo ad omne facinus paratissimus fortis- 
simum virum, inimlcissimum suum, certissimum con- 
sulem, idque intellexit non solum sermonibus, sed etiam 
suffragils popull Roman! saepe esse declaration, palam 
agere coepit et aperte dicere occidendum Milonem. 

1526. Servos agrestis et barbaros, quibus silvas publicas 
depopulatus erat Etruriamque vexarat, ex Apennino 
deduxerat, quos videbatis. Res erat minime obscura; 
etenim palam dictitabat consulatum MilonI eripi non 
posse, vitam posse. Significavit hoc saepe in senatu, 

20 dixit in contione; quin etiam M. Fav5nio, fortissimo viro, 
quaerentl ex eo qua spe fureret Milone vivo, respondit 
triduo ilium aut summum quadriduo esse periturum; 
quam vocem eius ad hunc M. Catonem statim Favonius 
detulit. 

Learning that Milo was obliged to make a journey to Lanuvium, 
Clodius sought an encounter with him on the Appian Way. 

25 X. 27. Interim cum sciret Clodius — neque enim erat 
difficile scire — iter sollemne, legitimum, necessarium ante 
diem xiii Kalendas Februarias MilonI esse Lanuvium ad 
flaminem prodendum, quod erat dictator Lanuvl Milo: 
Roma subito ipse profectus prldie est, ut ante suum fun- 

3odum, quod re intellectum est, MilonI Insidias collocaret. 
Atque ita profectus est, ut contionem turbulentam, in 
qua eius furor deslderatus est, quae illo ipso die habita 



THE ORATION FOR MILO 147 

est, relinqueret; quam, nisi obire facinoris locum tem- 
pusque voluisset, numquam rellquisset. 

28. Milo autem cum in senatu fuisset eo die quoad 
senatus est dimissus, domum venit, calceos et vesti- 
mentft mutavit, paulisper, dum se uxor (ut fit) comparat, 5 
commoratus est, dein profectus id temporis, cum iam 
Clodius, si quidem eo die Romam venturus erat, redire 
potuisset. Obviam fit ei Clodius, expeditus, in equo, 
nulla raeda, nullis impediments, nullis Graecis comitibus, 
ut solebat, sine uxore, quod numquam fere; cum hie 10 
Insidiator, qui iter illud ad caedem faciendam apparasset, 
cum uxore veheretur in raeda, paenulatus, magno et 
impedito et muliebri ac delicato ancillarum puerorumque 
comitatu. 

29. Fit obviam Clodio ante fundum eius hora fere 15 
undecima aut non multo secus. Statim complures cum 
telis in hunc faciunt de loco superiore impetum ad- 
versi, raedarium occidunt. Cum autem hie de raeda 
reiecta paenula desiluisset seque acrl animo defenderet, 
ill! qui erant cum Clodio, gladils eductis partim recurrere 20 
ad raedam, ut a tergo ]\Iil6nem adorirentur, partim, 
quod hunc iam interfectum putarent, caedere incipiunt 
eius servos, qui post erant. Ex quibus qui anim5 fidell 
in dominum et praesenti fuerunt, partim occisi sunt, 
partim, cum ad raedam pugnarl viderent, domino sue- 25 
currere prohiberentur, Milonem occisum et ex ipso 
Clodio audirent et re vera putarent, fecerunt id servl 
Milonis — dicam enim aperte, non derivandi criminis 
causa, sed ut factum est — nee imperante nee sciente nee 
praesente domino, quod suos quisque servos in tali re 30 
facere voluisset. 

But the result was not what he expected and Clodius himself was slain. 

XL 30. Haec, sicuti exposui, ita gesta sunt, iudices; 
insidiator superatus est, vi victa vis vel potius oppressa 



148 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

virtute audacia est. Nihil dlco quid res publica c5nsecuta 
sit, nihil quid vos, nihil quid omnes bom; nihil sane id 
prosit MilonI, qui hoc f ato natus est, ut ne se quidem ser- 
vare potuerit quin una rem publicam vosque servaret. 
5 Si id iure fieri non potuit, nihil habeo quod defendam. 
Sin hoc et ratid doctis et necessities barbarls et mos gen- 
tibus et ferls etiam beluls natura ipsa praescrlpsit, ut 
omnem semper vim, quacumque ope possent, a corpore, a 
capite, a vita sua propulsarent, non potestis hoc facinus 
loimprobum iudicare, quin simul iudicetis omnibus qui in 
latrones inciderint aut illorum tells aut vestrls sententils 
esse pereundum. 

31. Quod si ita putasset, certe optabilius MilonI fuit 
dare iugulum P. Clodio, non semel ab illo neque turn 

i5prlmum petltum, quam iugularl a vdbls, quia se non 
iugulandum illl tradidisset. Sin hoc nemo vestrum ita 
sentit, non illud iam in iudicium venit, occlsusne sit, 
quod fatemur, sed iure an iniuria, quod multls in causls 
saepe quaesltum est. Insidias factas esse constat, et id 

20 est quod senatus contra rem publicam factum iudicavit; 
ab utro factae sint incertum est: de hoc igitur latum 
est ut quaereretur. Ita et senatus rem, non hominem 
notavit et Pompeius de iure, non de facto quaestionem 
tulit. 

The important question is, Which was the aggressor f That it was Clo- 
dius is to be inferred from the fact that he had everything to gain 
from Milo's death. 

25 XII. Num quid igitur aliud in iudicium venit nisi 
uter utrl Insidias fecerit? Profecto nihil; si hie illl, ut 
ne sit impune; si ille huic, ut scelere solvamur. 

32. Quonam igitur pacto probarl potest Insidias Miloni 
fecisse Clodium? Satis est in ilia quidem tarn audacl, 

30 tarn nefaria belua docere magnam el causam, magnam 
spem in Milonis morte propositam, magnas utilitates 



THE ORATION FOR MILO 149 

fuisse. Itaque illud Cassianum, 'Cui bono fuerit/ in his 
personis valeat, etsl boni nullo emoluments impelluntur 
in fraudem, improbi saepe parvo. Atqui Milone inter- 
fecto Clodius haec assequebatur, non modo ut praetor 
esset non eo consule, quo sceleris nihil facere posset, seds 
etiam ut els consulibus praetor esset quibus, si non 
adiuvantibus, at coniventibus certe speraret posse se 
eludere in illis suls cogitatis furoribus; cuius ill! conatus, 
ut ipse ratiocinabatur, nee cuperent reprimere si possent, 
cum tantum beneficium el se debere arbitrarentur, et si 10 
vellent, fortasse vix possent frangere hominis sceleratis- 
simi corroboratam iam vetustate audaciam. 

33. An vero, iudices, vos soli ignoratis; vos hospites in 
hac urbe versamini; vestrae peregrinantur aures neque in 
hoc pervagato civitatis sermone versantur, quas ille leges, 15 
(si leges nominandae sunt ac non faces urbis, pestes rei 
publicae) fuerit impositurus nobis omnibus atque inus- 
turus? Exhibe, quaeso, Sexte Ciodi, exhibe librarium 
illud legum vestrarum, quod te aiunt eripuisse e domo et 
ex mediis armls turbaque nocturna tamquam Palladium 20 
sustulisse, ut praeclarum videlicet munus atque Instru- 
mentum tribunatus ad aliquem, si nactus esses, qui tuo 
arbitrio tribunatum gereret, deferre posses. Et aspexit 
me illis quidem oculis quibus turn solebat, cum omnibus 
omnia minabatur. ]\Iovet me quippe lumen curiae ! 25 

Milo, on the contrary, had nothing to gain from the death of his rival. 
Clodius, too, was more likely to be actuated by feelings of hatred. 

XIII. Quid ? Tu me tibi iratum, Sexte, putas, cuius 
inimlcissimum multo crudelius etiam punitus es quam 
erat humanitatis meae postulare ? Tu P. Clodi cruentum 
cadaver eiecisti domo, tu in publicum abiecistl, tu spoli- 
atum imaginibus, exsequiis, pompa, laudatione, inf elicis- 30 
simis lignis semiustilatum nocturms canibus dilaniandum 
reliquisti. Qua re, etsi nefarie fecisti, tamen quoniam 



150 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

in meo inimico crudelitatem exprompsisti tuam, laudare 
non possum, Irasc! certe non debeo. 

34. Audlstis, iudices, quantum Clodi interfuerit oecldl 
Milonem; convertite animds nunc vicissim ad Milonem. 
5 Quid Mil5nis intererat interficl Clodium? Quid erat cur 
Milo, non dlcam admitteret, sed optaret? 'Obstabat in 
spe consulatus Miloni Clodius/ At eo repugnante flebat, 
immo vero eo fiebat magis, nee me suffragatore meliore 
utebatur quam Clodio. Valebat apud vos, iudices, 

loMilonis erga me remque publicam meritorum memoria, 
valebant preces et lacrimae nostrae, quibus ego turn vos 
mirifice mover! sentiebam; sed plus multo valebat peri- 
culorum impendentium timor. Quis enim erat civium 
qui sibi solutam P. Clodi praeturam sine maximo rerum 

i5novarum metu proponeret? SolQtam autem fore vide- 
batis, nisi esset is consul qui earn auderet possetque 
constringere. Eum Milonem unum esse cum sentiret 
universus populus Romanus, quis dubitaret suffragio suo 
se metu, periculo rem publicam liberare? At nunc, 

20 Clodio remoto, usitatis iam rebus enitendum est Miloni 
ut tueatur dignitatem suam; singularis ilia et huic uni 
concessa gloria, quae cotidie augebatur frangendis furori- 
bus Clodianis, iam Clodi morte cecidit. Vos adept! estis 
ne quern c!vem metueretis; hie exercitationem virtutis, 

25 suffragatiSnem consulatus, f ontem perennem gloriae suae 
perdidit. Itaque MilSnis consulatus, qui vivo Clodio 
labefactarl non poterat, mortu5 denique temptar! coeptus 
est. Non modo igitur nihil prodest, sed obest etiam 
Clod! mors Miloni. 

30 35. 'At valuit odium, fecit Iratus, fecit inimlcus, fuit 
ultor iniuriae, punltor doloris sul/ Quid? Si haec non 
dlco maiora fuerunt in Clodio quam in Milone, sed in 
illo maxima, nulla in hoc, quid vultis amplius? Quid 
enim odisset Clodium Milo, segetem ac materiem suae 

35 gloriae, praeter hoc civile odium quo omnls improbos 



THE ORATION FOR MILO 151 

odimus? Me erat ut odisset primum defensorem salutis 
meae, deinde vexatorem furoris, domitorem armorum 
suorum, postremo etiam accusatorem suum; reus enim 
Milonis lege Plotia fuit Clodius, quoad vixit. Quo tan- 
dem animo hoc tyrannum ilium tulisse creditis? Quan-5 
turn odium illius et in homine iniusto quam etiam iustum 
f uisse ? 

From the lives and characters of the two men we may draw the same 
inference. Clodius' s career is marked by many acts of violence, 
while Milo neglected numerous opportunities to kill Clodius. 

XIV. 36. Reliquum est ut iam ilium natura ipsius 
consuetudoque defendat, hunc autem haec eadem coar- 
guant. 'Nihil per vim umquam Clodius, omnia per vim 10 
Milo.' Quid? Ego, iudices, cum maerentibus vobis 
urbe cessi, iudiciumne timui, non servos, non arma, non 
vim? Quae fuisset igitur iusta causa restituendi mei, 
nisi fuisset iniusta eiciendi? Diem mihi, credo, dixerat, 
multam irrogarat, actionem perduellionis intenderat, et 15 
mihi videlicet in causa aut mala aut mea, non et praecla- 
rissima et vestra, iudicium timendum fuit. Servorum et 
egentium civium et facinorosorum armls meos clvis, 
meis consiliis perlculisque servatos, pr5 me obicl nolui. 

37. Vidi enim, vidi hunc ipsum Q. Hortensium, lumen 20 
et ornamentum rei publicae, paene interfici servorum 
manu, cum mihi adesset; qua in turba C. Yibienus sena- 
tor, vir optimus, cum hoc cum esset una, ita est mulcatus 
ut vitam amiserit. Itaque quando illius postea sica ilia, 
quam a Catilma acceperat, conquievit ? Haec intentata 25 
nobis est; huic ego vos obicl pro me non sum passus; haec 
Insidiata Pompeioest; haec istam Appiam, monumentum 
sui nominis, nece Paplri cruentavit; haec eadem long5 
intervallo conversa rursus est in me: nuper quidem, ut 
scitis, me ad Regiam paene confecit. 30 

38, Quid simile Milonis ? Cuius vis omnis haec semper 



152 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

fuit, ne P. Clodius, cum in iudicium detrain non posset, 
vi oppressam civitatem teneret. Quern si interficere 
voluisset, quantae quotiens occasiones, quam praeclarae 
fuerunt! Potuitne, cum domum ac deos penatis suos 
5 illo oppugnante def enderet, iure se ulclscl ? Potuitne cive 
egregio et viro fortissimo, P. Sestio, collega suo, vul- 
nerat5? Potuitne Q. Fabricio, viro optimo, cum de 
reditu meo legem ferret pulso, crudelissima in foro caede 
facta? Potuitne L. Caecill, iustissimi fortissimique 
lopraetoris, oppugnata domo? Potuitne illo die, cum est 
lata lex de me, cum totius Italiae concursus, quern mea 
salus concitarat, factl illius gloriam libens agnovisset, ut, 
etiam si id Milo fecisset, cuncta civitas earn laudem pro 
sua vindicaret? 

In spite of strong provocation Milo never resorted to violence, but twice 
took legal proceedings against Clodius. 

15 XV. 39. At quod erat tempus ! Clarissimus et fortis- 
simus consul, inimlcus Clodio, ultor sceleris illius, pro- 
pugnator senatus, defensor vestrae voluntatis, patronus 
publicl consensus, restitutor salutis meae; septem prae- 
tores, octo tribuni plebel, illius adversarii, defensores 

2omei; Cn. Pompeius, auctor et dux mei reditus, illius 
hostis, cuius sententiam senatus de salute mea gravis- 
simam et ornatissimam secutus est, qui populum Ro- 
manum est cohortatus; qui cum de me decretum Capuae 
fecisset, ipse cunctae Italiae cupienti et eius fidem im- 

25ploranti signum dedit ut ad me restituendum Romam 
concurrerent; omnium denique in ilium odia civium 
ardebant desiderio mei, quern qui turn interemisset, non 
de impunitate eius, sed de praemiis cogitaretur. 

40. Tamen se Milo continuit et P. Clodium in iudicium 

30 bis, ad vim numquam vocavit. Quid? Privato Milone 
et reo ad populum, accusante P. Clodio, cum in Cn. Pom- 
peium pro Milone dicentem impetus factus est, quae 



THE ORATION FOR MILO 153 

turn non modo occasio, sed etiam causa illius opprimendi 
fuit ! Xuper vero cum M. Antonius summam spem 
salutis bonis omnibus attulisset, gravissimamque adules- 
cens nobilissimus rei publicae partem fortissime sus- 
cepisset, atque illam beluam, iudici laqueos declmantem, 5 
iam irretitam teneret, qui locus, quod tempus illud, di 
immortales, fuit ! Cum se ille fugiens in scalarum tene- 
bris abdidisset, magnum Miloni fuit conficere illam pes- 
tem nulla sua invidia, M. vero AntonI maxima gloria? 
41. Quid? Comitiis in campo quotiens potestas fuit, 10 
cum ille in saepta irrupisset, gladios destringendos, lapi- 
des iaciendos curavisset, dein subit5 vultu Milonis per- 
territus fugeret ad Tiberim, vos et omnes boni vota 
f aceretis, ut Miloni uti virtute sua liberet ! 

All the probabilities point to Clodius as the aggressor, and he had be- 
sides a contempt for the law which might well make him hope for 
immunity. Furthermore, he had predicted the day on which Milo 
was to meet his death. 

XVI. Quern igitur cum omnium gratia noluit, huncio 
voluit cum aliquorum querella? Quern iure, quern loco, 
quern tempore, quern impune non est ausus, hunc in- 
iuria, iniquo loco, alieno tempore, periculo capitis non 
dubitavit occldere? 42. Praesertim, iudices, cum honoris 
amplissimi contentio et dies comitiorum subesset, quo 20 
quidem tempore— scio enim quam timida sit ambitio 
quantaque et quam sollicita sit cupiditas consulatus — 
omnia, non modo quae reprehend! palam, sed etiam ob- 
scure quae cogitarl possunt, timemus; rumorem, fabulam 
fictam, levem perhorrescimus; ora omnium atque oculos25 
intuemur. Nihil est enim tarn molle, tarn tenerum, tarn 
aut fragile aut flexibile quam voluntas erga nos sensusque 
civium, qui non modo improbitati irascuntur candida- 
torum, sed etiam in recte factis saepe fastldiunt. 

43. Hunc igitur diem campl speratum atque exopta-30 



154 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

turn sibi proponens, Milo cruentis manibus scelus et 
facinus prae se ferens et confitens, ad ilia augusta cen- 
turiarum auspicia veniebat ? Quam hoc non credibile in 
hoc, quam idem in Clodio non dubitandum, cum se ille 
sinterfecto Milone regnaturum putaret! Quid? Quod 
caput est, iudices, quis ignorat maximam illecebram esse 
peccandi impunitatis spem? In utr5 igitur haec fuit? 
In Milone, qui etiam nunc reus est fact! aut praeclari 
aut certe necessari, an in Clodio, qui ita iudicia poenam- 

10 que contempserat, ut eum nihil delectaret quod aut per 
naturam fas esset aut per leges liceret? 

44. Sed quid ego argumentor? Quid plura disputo? 
Te, Q. Petili, appello, optimum et f ortissimum clvem, 
te, M. Cato, testor, quos mihi divlna quaedam sors 

lsdedit iudices. Vos ex M. Favonio audistis Clodium sibi 
dixisse et audistis vivo Clodio periturum Milonem tri- 
duo; post diem tertium gesta res est quam dlxerat. 
Cum ille non dubitarit aperire quid cogitaret, vos potestis 
dubitare quid fecerit? 

Milo, who was unaware of the designs of Clodius, left Rome on Jan- 
uary 18th from necessity ; Clodius, knowing of Milo's plans, was 
away from Rome on the same day, although he thus missed a meet- 
ing which he greatly wished to attend, 

20 XVII. 45. Quern ad modum igitur eum dies non 
fefellit? Dixi equidem modo. Dictat5ris Lanuvmi stata 
sacrificia nosse negoti nihil erat. Vidit necesse esse 
Miloni proficisci Lanuvium illd ipso quo est profectus die, 
itaque antevertit. At quo die ? Quo, ut ante dixi, fuit In- 

25sanissima contio ab ipslus mercennario tribuno plebis 
concitata; quern diem ille, quam contionem, quos clamo- 
res, nisi ad cogitatum facinus approperaret, numquam 
reliquisset. 

Ergo ill! ne causa quidem itineris, etiam causa ma- 

3onendI; Miloni manendi nulla facultas, exeundi non causa 



THE ORATION FOR MILO 155 

solum, sed etiam necessitas f uit. Quid ? Si ut ille scivit 
Milonem fore eo die in via, sic Clodium Mil5 ne suspi- 
carl quidem potuit? 46. Primum quaero qui id scire 
potuerit; quod vos idem in Clodio quaerere non potestis. 




Juno of Laxuvium. 

Ut enim neminem alium nisi T. Patinam, f amiliarissimum 5 
suum, rogasset, scire potuit illo ipso die Lanuvl a dicta- 
tore Milone prodi flaminem necesse esse. Sed erant per- 
multl alii ex quibus id facillime scire posset. Milo de 
ClodI reditu unde quaeslvit ? Quaesierit sane — videte quid 
vobis largiar — servum etiam, ut Q. Arrius meus amicus 10 
dixit, corruperit. Legite testimonia testium vestrorum. 
Dixit C. Causinius Schola, Interamnas (familiarissimus et 
idem comes Clodi, cuius iam pridem testimonio Clodius 



156 



CICERO'S ORATIONS 



eadem hora Interamnae fuerat et Romae) P. Clodium ill5 
die in Albano mansurum fuisse, sed subito el esse nun- 
tiatum Cyrum architectum esse mortuum, itaque repente 
Romam constituisse proficiscl. Dixit hoc comes item P. 
sClodi, C. Clodius. 





m$ 








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ft"! ':'-'- _ v -~ , - 






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^2?^^Sl2^fe 


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: .„»*r _ itzM^ :S 


: ' {:: ^%: "* : ^ : li;3i 






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■- : f? 


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233^- v;' 


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■./>..'■ , , A'' 


,.-^l^#li^ _ 









The Appian Way. 



Clodius 1 s excuse for returning to Rome on that day, instead of remain- 
ing at his Alban villa, is not convincing. 

XVIII. 47. Videte, iudices, quantae res his testi- 
monhs sint confectae. Primum certe llberatur Milo non 
eo consilio profectus esse, ut msidiaretur in via Clodio, 
quippe si ille obvius ei futurus omnino non erat. Deinde 

10 — non enim video cur non meum quoque agam negotium 
— scitis, iudices, fuisse qui in hac rogatione suadenda 
diceret Milonis manu caedem esse factam, consilio vero 
maioris alicuius. Me videlicet latronem ac sicarium ab- 
iecti homines et perditi describebant. Iacent suis testibus 

15 qui Clodium negant eo die Romam, nisi de Cyro audis- 
set, fuisse rediturum. Respiravi, liberatus sum; non 



THE ORATION FOR MILO 157 

vereor ne, quod ne suspicari quidem potuerim, videar id 
cogitasse. 

48. Nunc persequar cetera. Nam occurrit illud: 
'igitur ne Clodius quidem de Insidils cogitavit, quoniam 
fuit in Albano mansurus/ Si quidem exiturus ad caedems 
e villa non fuisset. Video enim ilium, qui dlcatur de 
Cyri morte nuntiasse, non id nuntiasse, sed Milonem ap- 
propinquare. Nam quid de Cyro nuntiaret, quern Clodius 
Roma proficiscens reliquerat morientem? Cum Clodio 
una fui, testamentum Cyri simul obsignavi; testamentum 10 
autem palam fecerat et ilium heredem et me scripserat. 
Quern prldie hora tertia animam efflantem rellquisset, eum 
mortuum postridie hora decima denique el nuntiabatur? 

The hour, too, which he chose for his return indicates an evil purpose. 
In fact, all the evidence thus far considered points to the innocence 
of Milo and the guilt of Clodius. 

XIX. 49. Age, sit ita factum; quae causa fuit cur 
Romam properaret? Cur in noctem se coniceret? Ec-io 
quid afferebat festmationis, quod heres erat? Prlmum 
erat nihil cur properato opus esset; deinde si quid esset, 
quid tandem erat quod ea nocte consequl posset, amit- 
teret autem si postridie Romam mane venisset ? 

Atque ut ill! nocturnus ad urbem adventus vitandus20 
potius quam expetendus fuit, sic Miloni, cum Insidiator 
esset, si ilium ad urbem noctu accessurum sciebat, sub- 
sidendum atque exspectandinn fuit. Xoctu Insidiose et 
pleno latronum in loco occidisset. 50. Xemo el neganti 
non credidisset, quern esse omnes salvum etiam confiten- 25 
tern volunt. Sustinuisset crimen prlmum ipse ille latro- 
num occultator et receptor locus, cum neque muta solitudo 
indicasset neque caeca nox ostendisset INIilonem. Deinde 
multi ab illo violatl, spoliati, bonis expulsi, multi haec 
etiam timentes in suspicionem caderent, tota denique rea 30 
citaretur Etruria. 



158 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

51. Atque illo die certe Aricia rediens devertit Clodius 
ad se in Albanum. Quod ut sclret Milo ilium Ariciae fu- 
isse, suspicarl tamen debuit eum, etiam si Romam illo 
die revertl vellet, ad villain suam, quae viam tangeret, de- 

5 versurum. Cur neque ante occurrit, ne ille in villa reside- 
ret, nee eo in loco subsedit, quo ille noctu venturus esset ? 

52. Video adhuc constare, iudices, omnia: Miloni 
etiam utile fuisse Clodium vivere, ill! ad ea, quae con- 
cupierat, optatissimum interitum Milonis; odium fuisse 

loillms in hunc acerbissimum, nullum huius in ilium; con- 
suetudinem illlus perpetuam in vi Inferenda, huius tan- 
turn in repellenda; mortem ab illo denuntiatam Miloni 
et praedicatam palam, nihil umquam audltum ex Milone; 
profectionis huius diem ill! notum, reditus illlus huic 

isignotum fuisse; huius iter necessarium, illlus etiam potius 
alienum; hunc prae se tulisse illo die Roma exiturum, 
ilium eo die se dissimulasse rediturum; hunc nulllus rei 
mutasse consilium, ilium causam mutandi consili finxisse; 
huic, si msidiaretur, noctem prope urbem exspectandam, 

2oillI, etiam si hunc non timeret, tamen accessum ad ur- 
bem nocturnum fuisse metuendum. 

The place where the murder took place also counts against Clodius } 
since it was the one best suited to his purpose. 

XX. 53. Videamus nunc id, quod caput est, locus ad 
insidias ille ipse, ubi congress! sunt, utrl tandem fuerit 
aptior. Id vero, iudices, etiam dubitandum et diutius 

25c6gitandum est? Ante fundum Clodi, quo in fundo 
propter Insanas illas substruction^ facile hominum mille 
versabatur valentium, edito adversari atque excelso loco 
superiorem se fore putarat Milo, et ob earn rem eum 
locum ad pugnam potissimum elegerat, an in eo loco est 

30 potius exspectatus ab eo qui ipsius loci spe f acere impetum 
cogitarat? Res loquitur ipsa, iudices, quae semper valet 
plurimum. 



THE ORATION FOR MILO 159 

54. Si haec non gesta audiretis, sed picta videretis, 
tamen appareret uter esset msidiator, uter nihil co- 
gitaret mall, cum alter veheretur in raeda paenulatus, 
una sederet uxor. Quid horum non impeditissimum, 
vestitus an vehiculum an comes ? Quid minus promptum 5 
ad pugnam, cum paenula irretitus, raeda impeditus, uxore 
paene constrictus esset ? Videte nunc ilium, primum egre- 
dientem e villa, subito; cur? vesper! ; quid necesse est? 
tarde; qui convenit, praesertim id temporis? Devertit 
in villam Pompei; Pompeium ut videret ? Sciebat in Al- 10 
siensl esse. Villam ut perspiceret ? Mlliens in ea fuerat. 
Quid erg5 erat? Morae et tergiversationes; dum hie 
veniret, locum relinquere noluit. 

The same thing appears from the fact that Clodius was much better 
prepared for such an encounter, since Milo was hampered by his 
companions and followers. Clodius was defeated, it is true, but 
through the courage of his opponent and the loyalty of his opponent's 
slaves ; whom Milo set free as a reward, not because he feared their 
testimony. 

XXI. 55. Age nunc, iter expediti latronis cum Milonis 
impedimentis comparate. Semper ille antea cum uxore, 15 
turn sine ea; numquam nisi in raeda, turn in equo; co- 
mites Graeculi, quocumque ibat, etiam cum in castra 
Etrusca properabat, turn nugarum in comitatu nihil. 
Milo, qui numquam, turn casu pueros symphoniacos 
uxoris ducebat et ancillarum greges. Ille, qui semper 20 
secum scorta, semper exoletos duceret, turn neminem, 
nisi ut virum a viro lectum esse diceres. 

Cur igitur victus est? Quia non semper viator a 
latrone, non numquam etiam latro a viatore occiditur; 
quia, quamquam paratus in imparatos, tamen mulier25 
inciderat in viros. 56. Nee vero sic erat umquam non 
paratus Milo contra ilium, ut non satis fere esset paratus. 
Semper et quantum interesset P. Clodi se perlre, et quanto 



160 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

ill! odio esset, et quantum ille auderet cogitabat. Quam 
ob rem vitam suam, quam maximis praemils prSpositam 
et paene addictam sciebat, numquam in perlculum sine 
praesidio et sine custodia proiciebat. Adde casus, adde 

sincertos exitus pugnarum Martemque communem, qui 
saepe spoliantem iam et exsultantem evertit et perculit 
ab abiecto; adde mscitiam pransi, potl, oscitantis ducis, 
qui cum a tergo hostem interclusum reliquisset, nihil de 
eius extremis comitibus cogitavit, in quos incensos Ira 

lovltamque domini desperantis cum incidisset, haesit in 
els poems, quas ab eo servi fideles pro domini vita ex- 
petiverunt. 

57. Cur igitur eos manu misit? Metuebat scilicet ne 
indicaretur, ne dolorem perferre n5n possent, ne tormentis 

iscogerentur occisum esse a servis Milonis in Appia via P. 
Clodium confiteri. Quid opus est tortore ? Quid quaeris ? 
Occlderitne? Occidit. lure an iniuria? Nihil ad tor- 
torem; fact! enim in eculeo quaestio est, iuris in iudicio* 

It is generally agreed that slaves who save their master's life are de- 
serving of freedom. The slaves of Clodius, when put to the tor- 
ture, of course gave evidence against Milo. Such testimony is 
of no value. 

XXII. Quod igitur in causa quaerendum est, indaga- 

2omus hie; quod tormentis invenire vis, id fatemur. Manu 

vero cur miserit, si id potius quaeris, quam cur parum 

amplis affecerit praemils, nescis inimici factum reprehen- 

dere. 58. Dixit enim hie idem, qui omnia semper con- 

stanter et fortiter, M. Cato, et dixit in turbulenta con- 

25tione, quae tamen huius auctoritate placata est, non 

llbertate solum, sed etiam omnibus praemils dignissimos 

fuisse, qui domini caput defendissent. Quod enim prae- 

mium satis magnum est tarn benevolis, tarn bonis, tam 

fidelibus servis, propter qu5s vivit? Etsi id quidem non 

3otanti est, quam quod propter eosdem non sanguine et 






THE ORATION FOR MILO 161 

vulneribus suls crudelisslmi inimici mentem oculosque 
satiavit. Quos nisi manu misisset, tormentis etiam de- 
dendi fuerunt conservat5res domini, ultores sceleris, 
defensores necis. Hie vero nihil habet in his malls quod 
minus moleste ferat, quam, etiam si quid ipsi accidat, 5 
esse tamen illis meritum praemium persolutum. 

59. Sed quaestiones urgent Milonem, quae sunt habitae 
nunc in atrio Libertatis. Quibusnam de servls ? Rogas ? 
De P. Clodi. Quis eos postulavit? Appius. Quis 
produxit? Appius. Unde? Ab Appio. Dlboni! Quid 10 
potest agl severius? Proxime deos accessit Clodius, 
propius quam turn, cum ad ips5s penetrarat, cuius de 
morte tamquam de caerimonhs violatis quaeritur. Sed 
tamen maiores nostrl in dominum quaeri n5luerunt, non 
quin posset verum inveniri, sed quia videbatur indignum 15 
esse et domini morte ipsa tristius; in reum de servo ac- 
cusatoris cum quaeritur, verum inveniri potest? 

60. Age vero, quae erat aut qualis quaestio? 'Heus 
tu, Rufio/ verbl causa, ( cave sis mentiaris; Clodius In- 
sidias fecit Miloni?' ' Fecit/ ( Certa crux/ f Nullas2o 
fecit.' ^Sperata libertas/ Quid hac quaestione certius? 
Subito abrepti in quaestidnem tamen separantur a ceteris 
et in areas coniciuntur, ne quis cum els colloqui possit. 
Hi centum dies penes accusatorem cum fuissent, ab eo 
ipso acciisatore product! sunt. Quid hac quaestione did 25 
potest integrius, quid incorruptius ? 

Still another proof of Milo's innocence is his conduct since the event, 
which shows confidence in the justice of his cause. His enemies 
said that like Catiline he would leave Rome and make war on his 
country, but he has done no such thing. 

XXIII. 61. Quod si nondum satis cernitis, cum res 
ipsa tot tarn claris argumentis signisque luceat, pura 
mente atque integra Milonem, nullo scelere imbutum, 
nullo metu perterritum, nulla conscientia exanimatum30 



162 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

Romam revertisse, recordamini (per deos immortalis !) 
quae fuerit celeritas reditus eius, qui ingressus in forum 
ardente curia, quae magnitudo animi, qui vultus, quae 
oratio. Neque vero se populo solum, sed etiam senatui 
5commisit, neque senatui modo, sed etiam publicis prae- 
sidiis et armis, neque his tantum, verum etiam eius* 
potestati, cui senatus t5tam rem publicam, omnem Italiae 
pubem, cuncta populi Roman! arma commiserat; cui 
numquam se hie profecto tradidisset, nisi causae suae 

10 cdnflderet, praesertim omnia audienti, magna metuenti, 
multa suspicanti, non nulla credent!. Magna vis est con- 
scientiae, iudices, et magna in utramque partem, ut neque 
timeant qu! nihil commiserint et poenam semper ante 
oculos versari putent qui peccarint. 

15 62. Neque vero sine ratione certa causa Milonis semper 
a senatu probata est; videbant sapientissim! homines 
fact! rationem, praesentiam anim!, defensionis constan- 
tiam. An vero oblit! estis, iudices, recent! illo nuntio 
necis Clodianae non modo inimicorum Milonis sermones 

20 et opiniones, sed non nullorum etiam imperitorum ? 

63. Negabant eum Romam esse rediturum. S!ve enim 
illud animo !rato ac percito fecisset, ut incensus odio 
truc!daret inim!cum, arbitrabantur eum tanti mortem 
P. Clod! putasse, ut aequo animo patria careret, cum 

25 sanguine inimici explesset odium suum. S!ve etiam illius 
morte patriam liberare voluisset, non dubitaturum for- 
tern virum qum, cum suo periculo salutem populo Ro- 
mano attulisset, cederet aequo animo legibus, secum 
auferret gloriam sempiternam, nobis haec fruenda relin- 

30 queret, quae ipse servasset. Mult! etiam Catilinam atque 
ilia portenta loquebantur: 'Erumpet, occupabit aliquem 
locum, bellum patriae faciet/ Miseros interdum civis 
optime de re publica meritos, in quibus homines non 
modo res praeclarissimas obliviscuntur, sed etiam nefa- 

35 rias suspicantur ! 64. Ergo ilia falsa fuerunt, quae certe 



THE ORATION FOR MILO 163 

vera exstitissent, si Milo admisisset aliquid quod non 
posset honeste vereque defendere. 

Milo has treated such insinuations with contempt; an inquiry into 
them by Pompey has proved them false. Pompey has perhaps 
been overcautious and led people to think that he fears Milo. 

XXIV. Quid? quae postea sunt in eum congesta, 
quae quemvis etiam mediocrium delictorum c5nscientia 
perculissent, ut sustinuit, dl immortales ! Sustinuit ? 5 
Immo vero ut contempsit ac pro nihilo putavit, quae 
neque maximo animo nocens neque innocens nisi fortis- 
simus vir neglegere potuisset ! Scutorum, gladiorum, 
pilorum, frenorum etiam multitudo deprehendi posse 
indicabatur; nullum in urbe vicum, nullum angiportumio 
esse dicebant in quo Miloni conducta non esset domus; 
arma in villam Ocriculanam devecta Tiber!, domus in 
clivo Capitolino scutis referta, plena omnia malleolo- 
rum ad urbis incendia comparatorum; haec non delata 
solum, sed paene credita, nee ante repudiata sunt quam 15 
quaesita. 

65. Laudabam equidem incredibilem diligentiam Cn. 
Pompei, sed dicam ut sentio, iudices. Nimis multa au- 
dire coguntur, neque aliter facere possunt, el quibus tota 
commissa est res publica. Quin etiam fuit audiendus20 
popa Licinius nescio qui de Circo ]\Iaximo, servos Mi- 
lonis apud se ebrios factos sibi confessds esse de inter- 
ficiendo Pompeio coniurasse, dein postea se gladio per- 
cussum esse ab uno de illis, ne indicaret. Pompeio in 
hortos nuntiatur; arcessor in primis; de amicorum sen- 25 
tentia rem defert ad senatum. Non poteram in illius mei 
patriaeque custodis tanta suspicione non metu exanimari, 
sed mirabar tamen credl popae, confessionem servorum 
audiri, vulnus in latere, quod acu punctum videretur, 
pro ictu gladiatoris probari. 30 

66. Verum, ut intellego, cavebat magis Pompeius quam 



164 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

timebat, non ea solum quae timenda erant, sed omnia, 
ne vos aliquid timeretis. Oppugnata domus C. Caesaris, 
clarissiml et fortissiml virl, per multas noctis horas nun- 
tiabatur. Nemd audierat tarn celebrl loco, nemo sen- 

5serat; tamen audiebatur. Non poteram Cn. Pompeium, 
praestantissima virtute virum, timidum suspicarl; dlli- 
gentiam tota re publica suscepta nimiam nullam putabam. 
Frequentissim5 senatu nuper in Capitolio senator in- 
ventus est qui Milonem cum telo esse diceret. Nudavit 

lose in sanctissimo templo, quoniam vita talis et clvis et 
virl fidem non faciebat, ut eo tacente res ipsa loqueretur. 

Pompey should not go too far, for he may some day need Milo's friend- 
ship. But it is absurd to attribute false motives to Pompey ; 
he has stationed these troops here in the interests of justice, not the 
contrary. 

XXV. 67. Omnia falsa atque Insidiose flcta comperta 
sunt. Cum tamen metuitur etiam nunc Miloni, non iam 
hoc Clodianum crimen timemus, sed tuas, Cn. Pom- 

15 pel — te enim iam appello, et ea voce ut me exaudlre 
possls — tuas, tuas, inquam, susplciones perhorrescimus. 
Si Milonem times, si hunc de tua vita nefarie aut nunc 
cogitare aut molltum aliquando aliquid putas, si Italiae 
dllectus, ut non nulll conqulsltores tul dictitarunt, si 

20 haec arma, si Capitollnae cohortes, si excubiae, si vigiliae, 
si dllecta iuventus, quae tuum corpus domumque cus- 
todit, contra Milonis impetum armata est, atque ilia om- 
nia in hunc unum Instituta, parata, intenta sunt : magna 
in hoc certe vis et incredibilis animus et non unlus viri 

25 vires atque opes iudicantur, si quidem in hunc unum et 
praestantissimus dux electus et tota res publica armata 
est. 

68. Sed quis non intellegit omnls tibi rel publicae partis 
aegras et labantls, ut eas his armls sanares et conflr- 

30 mares, esse commissas ? Quod si locus Miloni datus esset, 



THE ORATION FOR MILO 165 

probasset profecto tibi ipsi, neminem umquam hominem 
homini cariorem fuisse quam te sibi; nullum se umquam 
periculum pro tua dignitate fugisse, cum ipsa ilia taeter- 
rima peste se saepissime pro tua gloria contendisse; tri- 
bunatum suum ad salutem meam, quae tibi carissima 5 
fuisset, consiliis tuis gubernatum; se a te postea defen- 
simi in periculo capitis, adiutum in petitione praeturae; 
duos se habere semper amicissimos sperasse, te tuo bene- 
ficio, me suo. Quae si non probaret, si tibi ita penitus 
inhaesisset ista susplcio nullo ut evelli modo posset, siio 
denique Italia a dllectu, urbs ab armls sine Milonis clade 
numquam esset conquietura: ne iste haud dubitans ces- 
sisset patria, is qui ita natus est et ita consuevit; te, 
Magne, tamen antestaretur, quod nunc etiam facit. 

Pompey has no reason to fear Milo, who would prove his devotion if 
he had an opportunity. 

XXVI. 69. Vides quam sit varia vitae commutabilis- 15 
que ratio, quam vaga volubilisque fortuna, quantae 111- 
fidelitates in amlcis, quam ad tempus aptae simulationes, 
quantae in periculis fugae proximorum, quantae timidi- 
tates. Erit, erit illud profecto tempus et illucescet ali- 
quando ille dies, cum tu salutaribus, ut spero, rebus tuis, 20 
sed fortasse motu aliquo communium temporum — qui 
quam crebro accidat expert! scire debemus — et anileis- 
simi benevolentiam et gravissimi hominis fidem et unius 
post homines natos fortissimi viri magnitudinem animi 
desideres. 25 

70. Quamquam quis hoc credat, Cn. Pompeium, iuris 
public!, moris maiorum, rei denique publicae peritis- 
simum, cum senatus ei commiserit ut videret ne quid 
res publica detriment! caperet — quo uno versiculo satis 
armati semper consules fuerunt etiam nullis armis datis3o 
— hunc exercitu, hunc dilectu dato, indicium exspecta- 
turum fuisse in eius consiliis vindicandis, qui vi iudicia 



166 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

ipsa tolleret? Satis iudicatum est a Pompeio, satis, 
falso ista conferri in Milonem, qui legem tulit qua, ut 
ego sentio, Milonem absolvi a vobis oporteret, ut omnes 
confitentur, liceret. 
5 71. Quod vero in illo loco atque illis publicorum prae- 
sidiorum copiis circumfusus sedet, satis declarat se non 
terrorem inferre vobis — quid enim minus illo dignum 
quam cogere ut vos eum condemnetis, in quern animad- 
vertere ipse et more maiorum et suo iure posset? — sed 
lopraesidio esse, ut intellegatis contra hesternam illam 
contionem licere vobis quod sentiatis libere iudicare. 

Even if we should admit that Milo slew Clodius, it was a glorious 
deed rather than a crime; for Clodius was a dangerous man l who 
had committed many outrages. 

XXVII. 72. Nee ver5 me, iudices, Clddianum crimen 
movet, nee tarn sum demens tamque vestri sensus ignarus 
atque expers, ut nesciam quid de morte Clodi sentiatis. 

15 De qua si iam nollem ita dlluere crimen ut dllui, tamen 
impune Miloni palam clamare ac mentiri gloriose liceret: 
^Occidi, occidi, non Sp. Maelium, qui annona levanda 
iacturisque rei familiaris, quia nimis amplecti plebem 
videbatur, in suspicionem incidit regni appetendi; non 

20 Ti. Gracchum, qui collegae magistratum per seditionem 
abrogavit; quorum interfectores impleverunt orbem ter- 
rarum nominis sui gloria : sed eum — auderet enim dicere, 
cum patriam periculd suo llberasset — cuius supplicid se- 
natus sollemms religiones expiandas saepe censuit; 73. 

25 eum qui clvem, quern senatus, quern populus Romanus, 
quern omnes gentes urbis ac vitae civium conservatorem 
iudicarant, servorum armis exterminavit; eum qui regna 
dedit, ademit, orbem terrarum quibuscum voluit partitus 
est; eum qui, plurimis caedibus in foro factis, singular! 

30 virtute et gloria clvem domum vi et armis compulit; eum 
cui nihil umquam nefas fuit nee in facinore nee in libidine; 



THE ORATION FOR MUX) 167 

eum qui aedem Xympharum incendit, ut memoriam pu- 
blicam recensidnis tabulis publicis impressam exstingueret; 
74. eum denique, cui iam nulla lex erat, nullum civile ius, 
null! possessionum termini, qui non calumnia lltium, non 
iniustis vindiciis ac sacramentis alienos fundos, sed cas-5 
trls, exercitu, signls Inferendls petebat; qui non solum 
Etruscos — eos enim penitus contempserat — sed hunc P. 
Yarium, fortissimum atque optimum clvem, iudicem nos- 
trum, pellere possessionibus armls castrisque conatus 
est, qui cum architectls et decempedls villas multorum 10 
hortosque peragrabat, qui Ianiculo et Alpibus spem pos- 
sessionum terminarat suarum, qui cum ab equite Roman5 
splendido et fortl, M. Paconio, non impetrasset ut sibi 
Insulam in lacu Prilio venderet, repente lintribus in earn 
insulam materiem, calcem, caementa, arma convexit, do- 15 
minoque trans rlpam Inspectante non dubitavit exstruere 
aedificium in alieno; 75. qui huic T. Furfanio, cui viro, 
di immortales ! — quid enim ego de muliercula Scantia, 
quid de adulescente P. Apinio dicam? quorum utrique 
mortem est minitatus, nisi sibi hortorum possessione ces- 20 
sissent — sed ausum esse Furfanio dicere, si sibi pecu- 
niam quantam poposcerat non dedisset, mortuum se in 
domum eius illaturum, qua invidia huic esset tall viro 
conflagrandum; qui Appium fratrem, hominem mihi 
coniunctum fldissima gratia, absentem de possessione 25 
fundi deiecit; qui parietem sic per vestibulum sororis 
Instituit ducere, sic agere fundamenta, ut sororem non 
modo vestibulo privaret, sed omnl aditu et limine/ 

// Clodius had succeeded in being made praetor, his deeds would have 
been still more atrocious. Milo might well glory in his act and 
publicly acknowledge it. 

XXVIII. 76. Quamquam haec quidem iam tolera- 
bilia videbantur, etsl aequabiiiter in rem publicam, in 30 
prlvatos, in longinquos, in propinquos, in alienos, in suos 



168 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

irruebat, sed nescio qu5 modo iam usu obduruerat et 
percalluerat civitatis incredibilis patientia. Quae verd 
aderant iam et impendebant, quonam modo ea aut depel- 
lere potuissetis aut f erre ? Imperium ille si nactus esset, 
5omitt5 socios, exteras nationes, reges, tetrarchas; vota 
enim faceretis ut in eos se potius immitteret quam in 
vestras possessiones, vestra tecta, vestras pecunias. Pe- 
cunias dico? A liberis, me dius fidius, et a coniugibus 
vestris numquam ille effrenatas suas libidines cohibuisset. 
10 Fingi haec putatis quae patent, quae nota sunt omnibus, 
quae tenentur, servorum exercitus ilium in urbe con- 
scripturum fuisse, per quos totam rem publicam resque 
privatas omnium possideret? 

77. Quam ob rem si cruentum gladium tenens clamaret 
15 T. Annius: f Adeste, quaeso, atque audite, elves; P. Clodium 

interf eci, eius furores, quos nullls iam legibus, nullis iudiciis 
frenare poteramus, hoc ferro et hac dextera a cervlcibus 
vestris reppuli, per me ut unum ius, aequitas, leges, liber- 
tas, pudor, pudicitia in civitate maneret^: esset vero ti- 

20 mendum, quonam modo id ferret civitas ! Nunc enim 
quis est qui non probet, qui non laudet, qui non unum 
post hominum memoriam T. Annium plurimum rei pu- 
blicae profuisse, maxima laetitia populum Romanum, 
cunctam Italiam, nationes omnis affecisse et dicat et 

25sentiat? Non queo vetera ilia populi Roman! gaudia 
quanta fuerint iudicare; multas tamen iam summorum im- 
peratorum clarissimas victorias aetas nostra vidit, quarum 
nulla neque tarn diuturnam attulit laetitiam nee tantam. 

78. Mandate hoc memoriae, iudices. Spero multa vos 
3oliberosque vestros in re publica bona esse visuros; in his 

singulis ita semper existimabitis, viv5 P. Clodio nihil 
eorum v5s visuros fuisse. In spem maximam et, quern 
ad modum confido, verissimam sumus adducti, hunc ip- 
sum annum, hoc ipso summo viro consule, compressa 
35 hominum licentia, cupiditatibus fractis, legibus et iudiciis 



THE ORATION FOR MILO 169 

constitute salutarem civitati fore. Num. quis est igitur 
tarn demens qui hoc, P. Clodio vivo, contingere potuisse 
arbitretur ? Quid ? Ea, quae tenetis privata atque ves- 
tra, dominante homine furioso quod ius perpetuae pos- 
sessions habere potuissent? 5 

Suppose Milo's acquittal depended on the recall of Clodius to life; 
would Pompey recall him if he could 1 You should honor Milo as 
the Greeks honor tyrannicides. 

XXIX. Non timeo, iudices, ne odio inimicitiarum 
mearum Inflammatus libentius haec in ilium evomere 
videar quam verius. Etenim si praecipuum esse debebat, 
tamen ita communis erat omnium ille hostis, ut in com- 
muni odio paene aequaliter versaretur odium meum. 10 
Non potest did satis, ne cogitari quidem, quantum in illo 
sceleris, quantum exit! fuerit. 

79. Quin sic attendite, iudices. Nempe haec est 
quaestio de interitu P. Clodi. Fingite animis — llberae 
sunt enim nostrae cogitationes et quae volunt sic intuen- 15 
tur, ut ea cernimus quae videmus — fingite igitur cogita- 
tione imaginem huius condicionis meae, si possim efficere 
ut Milonem absolvatis, sed ita, si P. Clodius revixerit — 
Quid vultu extimuistis? Quonam modo ille vos vivus 
afficeret, quos mortuus inani cogitatione percussit?20 
Quid? Si ipse Cn. Pompeius, qui ea virtute ac fortuna 
est ut ea potuerit semper quae nemo praeter ilium — si 
is, inquam, potuisset aut quaestionem de morte P. Clodi 
ferre aut ipsum ab inferis excitare, utrum putatis potius 
f aeturum f uisse ? Etiam si propter amicitiam vellet ilium 25 
ab inferis evocare, propter rem publicam non fecisset. 
Eius igitur mortis sedetis ultores, cuius vitam si putetis 
per vos restitui posse, nolitis, et de eius nece lata quaestio 
est, qui si lege eadem reviviscere posset, lata lex num- 
quam esset. Huius ergo interfector si esset, in confitendo 30 
ab elsne poenam timeret quos liberavisset ? 



170 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

80. Graeci homines deorum honores tribuunt els viris, 
qui tyrannos necaverunt. Quae ego vidi Athenis ! Quae 
alils in urbibus Graeciae ! Quas res divinas talibus insti- 
tutes viris ! Quos cantus, quae carmina ! Prope ad im- 
5 mortalitatis et religionem et memoriam consecrantur. 
Vos tanti conservatorem popull, tanti sceleris ultorem non 
modo honoribus nullls afficietis, sed etiam ad supplicium 
rapi patiemini? Confiteretur, confiteretur, inquam, si 
fecisset, et magno animo et libenter, fecisse se libertatis 
10 omnium causa, quod esset ei non confitendum modo, 
verum etiam praedicandum. 

Milo need not hesitate to confess the deed and trust to the people to 
justify him. But the glory belongs to the fortune of Rome and to 
the immortal gods. 

XXX. 81. Etenim si id non negat, ex quo nihil petit 
nisi ut ignoscatur, dubitaret id fateri, ex quo etiam prae- 
mia laudis essent petenda? Nisi vero gratius putat esse 

lsvobis sui se capitis quam vestri defensorem fuisse, cum 
praesertim in ea confessione, si grati esse velletis, ho- 
nores assequeretur amplissimos. Si factum vobis non 
probaretur — quamquam qui poterat salus sua cuiquam 
non probari? — sed tamen si minus fortissiml viri virtus 

2ocivibus grata cecidisset, magno animo constantlque ce- 
deret ex ingrata clvitate. Nam quid esset ingratius quam 
laetari ceteros, lugere eum solum propter quern ceteri 
laetarentur ? 

82. Quamquam hoc animo semper omnes fuimus in 

25 patriae proditoribus opprimendis ut, quoniam nostra 
f utura esset gloria, periculum quoque et invidiam nos- 
tram putaremus. Nam quae mihi ipsi tribuenda laus 
esset, cum tantum in consulatu meo pr5 vobis ac liberis 
vestris ausus essem, si id quod conabar sine maximis 

30 dlmicationibus meis me esse ausurum arbitrarer? Quae 
mulier sceleratum ac perniciosum clvem interficere non 



THE ORATION FOR MILO 171 

auderet, si periculum non timeret? Propositi invidia, 
morte, poena, qui nihilo segnius rem publicam defendit, 
is vir vere putandus est. Populi grati est praemiis afficere 
bene meritos de re publica civis, viri fortis ne suppliciis 
quidem mover! ut fortiter fecisse paeniteat. 83. Quam5 
ob rem uteretur eadem confessione T. Annius qua Ahala, 
qua Xasica, qua Opimius, qua Marius, qua nosmet ipsi, 
et, si grata res publica esset, laetaretur; si ingrata, tamen 
in gravl fortuna conscientia sua niteretur. 

Sed huius benefici gratiam, iudices, fortuna populi 10 
Roman! et vestra felicitas et di immortales sibi deberi 
putant. Xec vero quisquam aliter arbitrari potest, nisi 
qui nullam vim esse ducit numenve divlnum, quern neque 
imperl nostrl magnitudo neque sol ille nee caeli signo- 
rumque motus nee vicissitudines rerum atque ordines'15 
movent, neque, id quod maximum est, maiorum sapien- 
tia, qui sacra, qui caerimonias, qui auspicia et ipsi sanc- 
tissime coluerunt et nobis, suis posterls, prodiderunt. 

There is surely a divine power that watches over us ; for Clodius jell 
near the shrine of the goddess whom he had insulted. 

XXXI. 84. Est, est profecto ilia vis, neque in his cor- 
poribus atque in hac imbecillitate nostra inest quiddam2o 
quod vigeat et sentiat, non inest in hoc tanto naturae tarn 
praeclaro motu. Nisi forte idcirco non putant, quia non 
apparet nee cernitur; proinde quasi nostram ipsam men- 
tern, qua sapimus, qua providemus, qua haec ipsa agimus 
ac dicimus, videre aut plane qualis aut ubi sit sentire25 
possimus. Ea vis igitur ipsa, quae saepe incredibilis 
huic urbl felicitates atque opes attulit, illam perniciem 
exstinxit ac sustulit, cui primum mentem iniecit, ut vi 
irritare ferroque lacessere fortissimum virum auderet vin- 
cereturque ab eo, quern si vicisset, habiturus esset im-30 
punitatem et licentiam sempiternam. 

85. Xon est humano consilio, ne mediocri quidem, iu- 



172 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

dices, deorum immortalium cura res ilia perfecta. Re- 
giones mehercule ipsae quae illam beluam cadere viderunt, 
commosse se videntur et ius in illo suum retinuisse. Vos 
enim iam, Albani tumuli atque luci, vos, inquam, imploro 
satque obtestor, vosque, Albanorum obrutae arae, sacro- 
•rum populi Roman! sociae et aequales, quas ille praeceps 
amentia caesis prostratisque sanctissimis lucis substruc- 
tionum msanis molibus oppresserat. Vestrae turn reli- 
giones viguerunt, vestra vis valuit, quam ille omni scelere 

lopolluerat; tuque ex tuo edito monte, Latiaris sancte Iup- 
piter, cuius ille lacus, nemora finisque saepe omni nefario 
stupro et scelere macularat, aliquando ad eum puniendum 
oculos aperuisti; vobis illae, vobis vestro in conspectu 
serae, sed iustae tamen et debitae poenae solutae sunt. 

1586. Nisi forte hoc etiam casu factum esse dicemus, ut 
ante ipsum sacrarium Bonae deae, quod est in fundo T. 
Sergi Galli, in primis honest! et ornati adulescentis, ante 
ipsam, inquam, Bonam deam, cum proelium commisisset, 
primum illud vulnus acciperet, quo taeterrimam mortem 

20 obiret, ut non absolutus iudicio illo nef arid videretur, sed 
ad hanc insignem poenam reservatus. 

The gods also showed their anger by inspiring his own followers to 
deprive him of the honors of burial. Clodius had all kinds of 
wicked and impious designs, to the carrying out of which Milo 
was the only obstacle. 

XXXII. Nee ver5 non eadem !ra deorum hanc eius 
satellitibus iniecit amentiam, ut sine imaginibus, sine 
cantu atque ludis, sine exsequiis, sine lamentis, sine 

25 laudationibus, sine funere, oblitus cruore et luto, spo- 
liatus illius supremi die! celebritate cui cedere inimici 
etiam solent, ambureretur abiectus. Non fuisse credo 
fas clarissimorum virorum formas ill! taeterrimo parri- 
cidae aliquid decoris afferre, neque ullo in loco potius 

30 mortem eius lacerari quam in quo vita esset damnata. 



THE ORATION FOR MILO 173 

87. Dura, me dius fldius, mihi iam Fortuna popull 
Roman! et crudelis videbatur, quae tot annos ilium in 
hanc rem publicam msultare pateretur. Polluerat stupr5 
sanctissimas religiones, senatus gravissima decreta per- 
fregerat, pecunia se a iudicibus palam redemerat, vexarat 5 
in tribunatu senatum, omnium ordinum consensu pro 
salute rei publicae gesta resciderat, me patria expulerat, 
bona dlripuerat, domum incenderat, llberos, coniugem 




The Appian Way — Tomb of Caecilia Metella in the Distance. 

meam vexarat, Cn. Pompeio nefarium bellum indixerat, 
magistratuum privatorumque caedis effecerat, domum 10 
mei fratris incenderat, vastarat Etruriam, multos sedi- 
bus ac fortunis eiecerat. Instabat, urgebat. Capere 
eius amentiam civitas, Italia, provinciae, regna non 
poterant. Incidebantur iam domi leges, quae nos ser- 
vis nostris addicerent. Nihil erat cuiusquam, quod 15 
quidem ille adamasset, quod non hoc anno suum fore 
putaret. 

88. Obstabat eius cogitationibus nemo praeter Milo- 
nem. Ilium ipsum, qui obstare poterat, novo reditu in 
gratiam quasi devinctum arbitrabatur; Caesaris poten-20 



174 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

tiam suam esse dicebat; bonorum animos in meo casu 
contempserat; Milo unus urgebat. 



The gods intervened and tempted Clodius to attack Milo. They thus 
rid us of a man whom neither the Senate nor the consuls could 
have controlled. 

XXXIII. Hie di immortales, ut supra dud, mentem 
ill! perdito ac furioso dederunt ut huic faceret msidias. 
sAliter perire pestis ilia non potuit; numquam ilium res 
publica suo iure esset ulta. Senatus, cred5, praetorem 
eum circumscripsisset. Ne cum solebat quidem id facere, 
in privato eodem hoc aliquid profecerat. 89. An consules 
in praetore coercendo fortes fuissent? Primum Milone 

loocclso habuisset suos consules; deinde quis in eo praetore 
c5nsul fortis esset, per quern tribunum virtutem con- 
sularem crudelissime vexatam esse meminisset? Oppres- 
sisset omnia, possideret, teneret; lege nova, quae est in- 
venta apud eum cum reliquis legibus Clodianls, servos 

isnostros libertos suos fecisset; postremo, nisi eum di 
immortales in earn mentem impulissent, ut homo effe- 
minatus f ortissimum virum conaretur occidere, hodie rem 
publicam nullam haberetis. 

90. An ille praetor, ille vero consul, si modo haec tem- 

2opla atque ipsa moenia stare eo vivo tarn diu et consula- 
turn eius exspectare potuissent, ille denique vivus mall 
nihil fecisset, qui mortuus uno ex suis satellitibus 
duce curiam incenderit? Quo quid miserius, quid acer- 
bius, quid luctu5sius vidimus? Templum sanctitatis, 

25 amplitudinis, mentis, consill public!, caput urbis, aram so- 
ciorum, portum omnium gentium, sedem ab universo po- 
pulo concessam uni ordini, inflammari, exscindl, funestari, 
neque id fieri a multitudine imperita, quamquam esset 
miserum id ipsum, sed ab uno? Qui cum tantum ausus 

30 sit ustor pro mortu5, quid signifer pr5 vivo non esset 



THE ORATION FOR MILO 175 

ausus? In curiam potissimum abiecit, ut earn mortuus 
incenderet quam vivus everterat. 

91. Et sunt qui de via Appia querantur, taceant de 
curia ! Et qui ab eo spirante forum putent potuisse 
defend! cuius non restiterit cadaverl curia ! Excitate, 5 
excitate ipsum, si potestis, a mortuls; frangetis impetum 
vivi, cuius vix sustinetis furias Insepulti? Nisi vero 
sustinuistis eos qui cum facibus ad curiam cucurrerunt, 
cum falcibus ad Castoris, cum gladiis toto foro volita- 
runt. Caedl vidistis populum Romanum, contionem 10 
gladiis disturbari, cum audiretur silentio M. Caelius, 
tribunus plebis, vir et in re publica fortissimus, et in sus- 
cepta causa flrmissimus, et bonorum voluntati et auc- 
toritati senatus deditus, et in hac Milonis sive invidia 
sive fortuna, singular^ divlna et incredibili fide. 15 

Therefore I beg of you to acquit Milo; for he himself is too proud to 
ask for pity. I am greatly disturbed at what I have heard him say 
of the lack of appreciation of his services. 

XXXIV. 92. Sed iam satis multa de causa, extra cau- 
sam etiam nimis fortasse multa. Quid restat nisi ut orem 
obtesterque vos, indices, ut earn misericordiam tribuatis 
fortissimo viro quam ipse non implorat, ego etiam repug- 
nante hoc et imploro et exposco? Xolite, si in nostro20 
omnium fletu nullam lacrimam aspexistis Milonis, si 
voltum semper eundem, si vocem, si orationem stabilem 
ac non mutatam videtis, hoc minus el parcere; haud scio 
an multo sit etiam adiuvandus magis. Etenim si in 
gladiatorils pugnis, et Infimi generis hominum condicione25 
atque fortuna, timidos atque supplices et ut vivere liceat 
obsecrantls etiam odisse solemus, fortis atque animosos et 
se acriter ipsos morti offerentis servare cupimus, eorum- 
que nos magis miseret, qui nostram misericordiam non 
requirunt, quam qui illam efflagitant, quant5 hoc magis 30 
in fortissimis clvibus facere debemus? 



176 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

93. Me quidem, indices, exanimant et interimunt hae 
voces Milonis, quas audio assidue et quibus intersum 
cotidie. 'Valeant/ inquit, 'valeant elves mel; sint in- 
columes, sint florentes, sint beatl; stet haec urbs praeclara 

5mihique patria carissima, quoquo modo erit merita de me; 
tranquilla re publica mel elves, quoniam mihi cum illls 
non licet, sine me ipsi, sed propter me tamen perfruantur. 
Ego cedam atque abibo. Si mihi bona re publica frui non 
licuerit, at carebo mala, et quam primum tetigero bene 

10 moratam et liberam civitatem, in ea conquiescam. 

94. ^O frustra^ inquit 'mihi susceptl labores! spes 
f allaces et cogitationes inanes meae ! Ego cum tribunus 
plebis re publica oppressa me senatui dedissem quern 
exstmctum acceperam, equitibus Romanis quorum vires 

i5erant debiles, bonis viris qui omnem auctoritatem Clo- 
dianis armis abiecerant, mihi umquam bonorum prae- 
sidium defuturum putarem? Ego cum te^ — mecum 
enim saepissime loquitur — c patriae reddidissem, mihi 
putarem in patria non futurum locum? Ubi nunc sena- 

2otus est, quern secuti sumus? Ubi equites Roman! ill!/ 
inquit 'tui? Ubi studia municipiorum ? Ubi Italiae 
voces ? Ubi denique tua ilia, M. Tulli, quae plurimis fuit 
auxilio, vox atque defensio? Mihine ea soli, qui pro te 
totiens morti me obtull, nihil potest opitulari?' 

He does not reproach his country with ingratitude, but only with lack 
of courage. He is sure of your good will and counts on the fame 
which rewards patriotism. 

25 XXXV. 95. Nee vero haec, iudices, ut ego nunc, flens, 
sed hoc eodem loquitur vultu quo videtis. Negat enim, 
negat ingratis civibus fecisse se quae fecerit, timidis et 
omnia circumspicientibus pericula non negat. Plebem et 
infimam multitudinem, quae P. Clodio duce fortunis 

30 vestris imminebat, earn, qu5 tutior esset vestra vita, se 
fecisse commemorat ut non modo virtute flecteret, sed 



THE ORATION FOR MILO 177 

etiam tribus suis patrimoniis deleniret, nee timet ne, cum 
plebem muneribus placarit, vos non conciliarit meritls in 
rem publicam singularibus. Senatus erga se benevolen- 
tiam temporibus his ipsis saepe esse perspectam, vestras 
vero et vestrorum ordinum occursationes, studia, ser-5 
mones, quemcumque cursum fortuna dederit, se secum 
ablaturum esse dicit. 

96. Meminit etiam sibi vocem praeconis modo defuisse, 
quam minime desiderarit, populi ver5 cunctis suffragiis, 
quod unum cupierit, se consulem declaratum. Nuncio 
denique, si haec contra se sint futura, sibi facinoris sus- 
picionem, non fact! crimen obstare. Addit haec, quae 
certe vera sunt, fortis et sapientis viros non tarn praemia 
sequi solere recte factorum quam ipsa recte facta; se 
nihil in vita nisi praeclarissime fecisse, si quidem nihil 15 
sit praestabilius viro quam periculis patriam liberare. 
Beatos esse quibus ea res honor! fuerit a suis civibus, 
97. nee tamen eos miseros, qui beneficio civis suos vi- 
cerint. Sed tamen ex omnibus praemiis virtutis, si es- 
set habenda ratio praemiorum, amplissimum esse prae-20 
mium gloriam; hanc esse unam, quae brevitatem vitae 
posteritatis memoria consolaretur, quae efEceret ut ab- 
sentes adessemus, mortui viveremus; hanc denique esse 
cuius gradibus etiam in caelum homines viderentur as- 
cendere. 25 

98. *De me' inquit c semper populus Romanus, semper 
omnes gentes loquentur, nulla umquam obmutescet 
vetustas. Quin hoc tempore ipso, cum omnes a meis 
inimicis faces invidiae meae subiciantur, tamen omni 
in hominum coetu gratiis agendis et gratulationibus ha- 30 
bendis et omni sermone celebramur/ Omitto Etruriae 
festos et actos et institutos dies; centesima lux est haec 
ab interitu P. Clodi et, opinor, altera. Qua fines imperi 
populi Romani sunt, ea non solum fama iam de illo, sed 
etiam laetitia peragravit. Quam ob rem 'Ubi corpus 35 



178 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

hoc sit non' inquit 'laboro, quoniam omnibus in terris 
et iam versatur et semper habitabit nominis mei gloria/ 



Have you forgotten the services that I have rendered my country, that 
you refuse me the boon of Milo's acquittal ? 

XXXVI. 99. Haec tu mecum saepe his absentibus, sed 
Isdem audientibus haec ego tecum, Milo: 'Te quidem, 
5 cum isto animo es, satis laudare non possum, sed quo 
est ista magis divina virtus, eo maiore a te dolore divellor. 
Nee vero, si mihi eriperis, reliqua est ilia tamen ad con- 
solandum querella, ut els irasci possim, a quibus tan- 
tum vulnus accepero. Non enim inimici mei te mihi 

loeripient, sed amicissimi, non male aliquando de me 
meritl, sed semper optime/ Nullum umquam, iudices, 
mihi tantum dolorem inuretis — tametsi quis potest esse 
tantus ? — sed ne hunc quidem ipsum, ut obliviscar quantl 
me semper feceritis. Quae si vos cepit oblivio aut si 

15 in me aliquid oflfendistis, cur non id me5 capite potius 
luitur quam Milonis? Praeclare enim vixero, si quid 
mihi accident prius quam hoc tantum mall videro. 

100. Nunc me una consolatio sustentat, quod tibi, T. 
Anni, nullum a me amoris, nullum studi, nullum pietatis 

20 officium def uit. Ego inimicitias potentium pro te appetlvi, 
ego meum saepe corpus et vitam obieci armis inimico- 
rum tuorum; ego me plurimls pr5 te supplicem abieci; 
bona, fortunas meas ac llberorum meorum in communio- 
nem tuorum temporum contuli; hoc denique ips5 die, si 

25 quae vis est parata, si quae dimicatio capitis futura, de- 
posco. Quid iam restat? Quid habeo quod faciam pro 
tuis in me meritis nisi ut earn fortunam, quaecumque 
erit tua, ducam meam ? Non recuso, non abnuo, vosque 
obsecro, iudices, ut vestra beneficia quae in me contu- 

3olistis, aut in huius salute augeatis, aut in eiusdem exitio 
occasura esse videatis. 



THE ORATION FOR MILO 179 

Milo does not fear exile, but it would be his country's loss not to suffer 
such a man to remain in his native land. Allow me to save him 
from exile, since he brought me back from exile. 

XXXVII. ioi. His lacrimls non movetur Milo. Est 
quodam incredibili r5bore animi. Exsilium ibi esse putat, 
ubi virtuti non sit locus; mortem naturae finem esse, non 
poenam. Sed hie ea mente, qua natus est; quid? vos, 
iudices, quo tandem animo eritis? Memoriam Miloniss 
retinebitis, ipsum eicietis ? Et erit dignior locus in terris 
ullus qui hanc virtutem excipiat quam hie qui procreavit ? 
Vos, vos appello, fortissiml viri, qui multum pro re pu- 
blica sanguinem effudistis; vos in viri et in civis invicti 
appello periculo, centuriones, vosque, milites; vobis non 10 
modo mspectantibus, sed etiam armatis et huic iudicio 
praesidentibus haec tanta virtus ex hac urbe expelletur, 
exterminabitur, proicietur ? 

102. O me miserum, 6 me mfelicem ! Revocare tu me 
in patriam, Milo, potuisti per hos, ego te in patria pens 
eosdem retinere non potero? Quid respondebo liberis 
meis, qui te parentem alterum putant ? Quid tibi, Quinte 
f rater, qui nunc abes, consort! mecum temporum illorum ? 
Mene non potuisse Milonis salutem tueri per eosdem, per 
quos nostram ille servasset ? At in qua causa non potu- 20 
isse? Quae est grata gentibus omnibus. Non potuisse 
salutem eius impetrare ? i\t a quibus non potuisse ? Els, 
qui maxime P. Clodi morte acquierunt. Quo deprecante ? 
Me. 103. Quodnam ego concepi tantum scelus aut quod 
in me tantum f acinus admisl, iudices, cum ilia indicia 25 
communis exit! indagavi, patef eci, protuli, exstlnxi ? Om- 
nes in me meosque redundant ex fonte illo dolores. Quid 
me reducem esse voluistis ? An ut mspectante me expel- 
lerentur ei per quos essem restitutus? Nolite, obsecro 
vos, acerbiorem mihi pati reditum esse, quam fuerit ille 30 
ipse discessus; nam qui possum putare me restitutum 
esse, si distrahar ab his per quos restitutus sum ? 



180 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

Acquit Milo. A man born for his country should die in his native 
land. In giving your verdict be true to your honest convictions. 
You will thus justify Pompey, who chose you for your wisdom and 
courage. 

XXXVIII. Utinam di immortales fecissent — pace 
tua, patria, dixerim; metuo enim ne scelerate dicam in te 
quod pro Milone dicam pie — utinam P. Clodius non 
modo viveret, sed etiam praetor, consul, dictator esset, 
spotius quam hoc spectaculum viderem ! 104. di im- 
mortales ! Fortem et a vobis, iudices, conservandum 
virum! ^Minime, minime/ inquit; 'immo vero poenas 
ille debitas luerit; nos subeamus, si ita necesse est, non 
debitas/ Hicine vir patriae natus usquam nisi in patria 

lomorietur, aut, si forte, pro patria? Huius vos animi 
monumenta retinebitis, corporis in Italia nullum sepul- 
crum esse patiemini? Hunc sua quisquam sententia ex 
hac urbe expellet, quern omnes urbes expulsum a vobis ad 
se vocabunt? 105. O terram illam beatam, quae hunc 

15 virum exceperit, hanc ingratam, si eiecerit, miseram, si 
amiserit! Sed finis sit; neque enim prae lacrimls iam 
loqui possum, et hie se lacrimls defend! vetat. Vos oro 
obtestorque, iudices, ut in sentenths ferendis, quod sen- 
tietis, id audeatis. Vestram virtutem, iustitiam, fidem, 

2omihi credite, is maxime probabit, qui in iudicibus legen- 
dis optimum et sapientissimum et fortissimum quemque 
elegit. 



THE ORATION FOR MARCELLUS 

Introduction 

Between 52 and 46 B.C. political conditions at Rome 
brought about a long pause in Cicero's oratorical activity. 
At the end of that time it found a new outlet in the effort 
to help in bringing about the recall of certain of his per- 
sonal and political friends who had been banished be- 
cause of their attitude during the Civil War; after which 
his opposition to Mark Antony furnished further ma- 
terial. 

The speeches of this period of Cicero's life thus fall 
into two groups: those delivered before Caesar during 
the years 46 and 45, called by the grammarians orationes 
Caesarianae, and the so-called Philippics of 44 and 43 
B.C. The former included the orations For Jlarcellus, 
For Qiiintas Ligarius, and For King Diotarus. 

Marcus Claudius Marcellus, an old schoolmate of 
Cicero's, was a member of a plebeian branch of the 
famous gens Claudia, which had produced Marcus Clau- 
dius Marcellus, "the Sword of Rome" and conqueror of 
Syracuse, as well as many other famous men. He had 
been one of the most active of Caesar's opponents and 
during his consulship, in 51, he had done his best to have 
Caesar deprived of his armies. After the defeat of his 
party he went into voluntary banishment at Massilia. 

In September of 46 B.C. Gaius Marcellus made an ear- 
nest appeal in the Senate for his cousin's pardon, even 
going so far as to throw himself at Caesar's feet, and 
his plea was warmly supported by his fellow senators. 

181 



182 



CICERO'S ORATIONS 



Caesar, after complaining of the bitter hostility (acer- 
bitas) of Marcellus during his consulship, and contrasting 
it with the attitude of his colleague Servius Sulpicius 
Rufus, declared that he would not because of personal 




Julius Caesar. 



resentment oppose a formal vote of the Senate for the 
restoration of the exile. In expressing their opinions 
(sententiae) on the question before them, many of the 
members took the opportunity to express their gratitude 
to Caesar for his clemency. Among the rest Cicero broke 
his long silence with a eulogy of this quality of the great 
Dictator, and having in mind Caesar's feeling expressed 



THE ORATION FOR MARCELLUS 



1S3 



in the remark " Satis diu gloriae vixi," he dwelt upon the 
importance of Caesar's life to his country and the solu- 
tion of the many problems affecting its welfare. 

The circumstances attending the delivery of the Ora- 
tion for MarceUus are given by Cicero in one of his Letters 
(Ad Fctm., 4. 4; see p. 211), while 
4. 7, 4. S, and 4. 9 also bear 
upon the case (see pp. 205 ff.). 

MarceUus did not live to en- 
joy his restoration to his coun- 
try, for while he was on his way 
to Rome the following year, he 
was murdered at the Piraeus, 
the seaport of Athens, by Pub- 
lius Magius Cilo (Ad Fam., 4. 
12; see p. 214). 

The authenticity of our speech 
has been questioned, but it is 
now generally accepted as gen- 
uine. It is possible, however, 

and indeed probable, that like others of Cicero's orations 
it has come down to us in a revised form, differing some- 
what from that in which it was originally delivered. 



J 



^i 



P^ 




Maecellus. 



DELIVERED BEFORE THE SENATE IX 46 B.C. 

I must put an end to my long silence, to thank Caesar for his clemency 
to MarceUus. He has brought relief to my mind, which was 
troubled at being more favored than my colleague. Caesars act 
is a good omen for the future, and the general rejoicing is a high 
tribute to MarceUus. 

I. i. Diuturni silenti, patres conscript!, quo eram his 
temporibus usus, non timore 1 aliquo, sed partim dolore 2 
partim verecundia, 3 finem hodiernus dies attulit, idemque 

1 timore: of Caesar's party. 

2 dolore: explained, by dolebam, p. 1S4. line 10. 

3 verecundia: modesty, explained by nee fas esse ducebam, p. 184, line 13. 



184 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

initium quae vellem quaeque sentlrem meo pristino m5re 
dicendi. Tantam enim mansuetudinem, tarn inusitatam 
inaudltamque clementiam, tantum in summa potestate 
rerum omnium modum, 1 tarn denique incredibilem sapi- 
sentiam ac paene divmarn tacitus praeterire ntillo modo 
possum. 

2. M. enim Marcello vobis, patres conscript!, relque 
publicae reddito, 2 n5n illius 3 solum, sed etiam meam vo- 
cem et auctoritatem et vobis et rei publicae conservatam 

10 ac restitutam puto. Dolebam enim, patres conscript!, 
et vehementer angebar virum talem, cum in eadem causa 4 
in qua ego, fuisset, non in eadem esse fortuna, nee mihi 
persuadere poteram nee fas esse 5 ducebam versarl me in 
nostro vetere curriculo, 6 illo 7 aemulo atque imitatore stu- 

15 diorum ac laborum meorum quasi quodam socio a me et 
comite 8 distracto. Ergo et mihi meae prlstinae vltae con- 
suetudinem, C. Caesar, interclusam 9 aperuist! et his omni- 
bus ad bene de re publica sperandum quasi 10 signum ali- 
quod sustulistl. 

20 3. Intellectum est enim mihi quidem in 11 multls et 
maxime in me ipso, sed paul5 ante omnibus, 12 cum M. 
Marcellum senatu! relque publicae concessistl, comme- 
moratls praesertim offensionibus, 13 te auctoritatem huius 
ordinis dignitatemque re! publicae tuls vel doloribus vel 

25 suspicionibus anteferre. Hie quidem fructum omnis ante 
actae vltae hodierno die maximum cepit, cum 14 summo 

1 modum : moderation. 
2 reddito: 147. 

3 illius: = Marcelli. 

4 in eadem causa: in the same condition. 

5 fas esse: with both persuadere poteram and ducebam. 

6 curriculo: course of life. 

7 illo . . . distracto : translate by a clause with ' while. ' 

8 et comite: take with socio, and a me with distracto: 

9 interclusam : translate by a relative clause. 

10 quasi: so to speak, qualifying the following military metaphor. 

11 in: in the case of. 

12 omnibus: in the same constr. as mihi. 

13 offensionibus : his hostility to Caesar. 
" cum . . . turn: not only . . . but also. 



THE ORATION FOR MARCELLUS 185 

consensu senatus, turn iudicio 1 tuo gravissim5 et maximo. 
Ex quo 2 profecto 3 intellegis quanta in dato beneficio sit 
laus, cum in accepto 4 sit tanta gloria. 

4. Est vero fortunatus ille, cuius ex salute non minor 5 
paene ad omnis, quam ad ipsum ventura sit, laetitias 
pervenerit. Quod quidem el merito atque optimo iure 
contigit. Quis enim est illo aut nobilitate aut probitate 
aut optimarum artium studio aut innocentia aut ullo 
laudis genere praestantior ? 

This deed of mercy, Caesar, is greater than all your achievements as a 
general. Their glory you must share with your soldiers, x but this 
is all your own. 

II. Nullius 6 tantum flumen est ingenl, nullius dicendi 10 
aut scribendi tanta vis, tanta copia, quae non dicam 7 
exornare, sed enarrare, C. Caesar, res tuas gestas possit. 
Tamen affirmo et hoc pace dicam tua, nullam in his esse 
laudem ampliorem quam earn quam hodierno die con- 
secutus es. 15 

5. Soleo saepe ante oculos ponere idque libenter cre- 
bris usurpare sermonibus, 8 omnis nostrorum imperato- 
rum, omnis exterarum gentium potentissimorumque po- 
pulorum, omnis clarissimorum regum res gestas cum tuis 
nee contentionum 9 magnitudine nee numero proeliorum 20 
nee varietate regionum nee celeritate conficiendl nee dis- 
similitudine 10 bellorum posse confem; nee vero disiunctis- 
simas terras citius passibus cuiusquam 11 potuisse peragrari 

1 iudicio: recognition of Marcellus's good qualities. 

2 ex quo: = quae cum ita sint, therefore. 

3 profecto: the adverb. 

4 accepto : sc. beneficio. 

5 non minor : with laetitia. 

6 nullius : 64. 

7 non dicam . . . sed : in English we should say, ' can recount ... to 
say nothing of embellishing.' 

8 usurpare sermonibus : put into words. 

9 contentionum : struggle, efforts. 

10 dissimilitudine: varying character. 

11 passibus cuiusquam: referring to an ordinary journey. 



186 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

quam tuis, non dlcam 1 cursibus, 2 sed victoriis lustratae 
sunt. 

6. Quae quidem ego nisi ita magna esse fatear ut ea 
vix cuiusquam mens aut cogitatio capere possit, amens 

5sim; sed tamen sunt alia maiora. Nam bellicas laudes 
solent quidam extenuare 3 verbis, easque detrahere ducibus, 
communicare cum muitis, ne propriae sint imperatorum. 4 
Et certe in armis mllitum virtus, loeorum opportunitas, 
auxilia sociorum, classes, commeatus multum iuvant; 
lomaximam vero partem quasi suo iure Fortuna sibi vin- 
dicat et quicquid est prospere gestum, id paene omne 
ducit suum. 5 

7. At vero huius gloriae, C. Caesar, quam es paulo 
ante adeptus, socium habes neminem; totum hoc, quan- 

lstumcumque est, quod certe maximum est, totum est, in- 
quam, tuum. Nihil sibi ex ista 6 laude centurio, nihil prae- 
fectus, nihil cohors, nihil turma decerpit. 7 Quin etiam 
ilia ipsa rerum humanarum domina, Fortuna, in istius 
societatem gldriae se non offert. 8 Tibi cedit, tuam esse 

20totam et propriam 9 fatetur. Numquam enim temeritas 
cum sapientia commiscetur neque ad consilium casus ad- 
mittitur. 

You have conquered many nations of various kinds, but to-day you 
have gained a greater victory, over yourself. Your renown in war will 
never be forgotten, but your clemency will always be your greatest 
glory in the eyes of your fellow citizens. 

III. 8. Domuisti gentis immanitate barbaras, multitu- 

dine innumerabilis, locis mfinltas, omni copiarum 10 genere 

25 abundantis; sed tamen ea vicistl quae et naturam et condi- 

1 non dicam . . . sed: see p. 185, note 7. 

2 cursibus: more rapid than passibus. 

3 extenuare: minimize. 4 imperatorum : 76. 

5 ducit suum: claims as her own. 6 ista: = tua. 

7 decerpit: plucks. 

8 se . . . offert: obtrude herself. 

9 totam et propriam: sc. gloriam. 

10 copiarum: in a broad sense, resources. 



THE ORATION FOR MARCELLUS 187 

cionem ut vine! possent 1 habebant. Nulla est enim tanta 
vis quae non ferro et viribus debilitari frangique possit; 
animum vincere, iracundiam cohibere, victoriae tem- 
perare, 2 adversarium nobilitate, ingenio, virtute praestan- 
tem non modo extollere iacentem, sed etiam amplificares 
eius pristinam dignitatem — haec qui facit, non ego eum 
cum summis viris comparo, sed simillimum 3 deo iudico. 

9. Itaque, C. Caesar, bellicae tuae laudes celebra- 
buntur illae quidem, non solum nostrls, sed paene omnium 
gentium litterls atque Unguis, nee ulla umquam aetas de 10 
tuis laudibus conticescet. Sed tamen eius modi res nescio 
quo modo, 4 etiam cum leguntur, obstrepi 5 clamore militum 
videntur et tubarum sono. At vero 6 cum aliquid clemen- 
ter, mansuete, iuste, moderate, sapienter factum, 7 in Ira- 
cundia praesertim, quae est inimlca consilio, et in victoria, 15 
quae natura msolens et superba est, audlmus aut legimus, 
quo studio incendimur, non modo in gestls rebus, 8 sed 
etiam in flctis, ut eos saepe quos numquam vidimus dili- 
gamus ! 

10. Te vero, quern praesentem intuemur, cuius mentem2o 
sensusque et os cernimus, ut, 9 quicquid belli fortuna reli- 
quum rel publicae fecerit, id esse salvum veils, 9 quibus 
laudibus efferemus ? Quibus studiis prosequemur ? Qua 
benevolentia complectemur ? Parietes 10 me dius fidius, ut 
mihi videtur, huius curiae tibi gratias agere gestiunt, quod 25 
brevi tempore futura sit ilia auctoritas 11 in his maiorum 
suorum et suis sedibus. 

1 ut vinci possent: of being conquerable ; 136, a. 

2 temperare : make a moderate use of. 

3 simillimum : very like. 

4 nescio quo modo: somehow or other. 

5 obstrepi: drowned. 

6 at vero: but on the contrary. 

7 factum : sc. esse and take with audimus aut legimus. 

8 gestis rebus: history; for rebus gestis; contrasted with rebus fictis, 
inventions of the poets. 

9 ut . . . velis: in apposition with os; his desire is shown by his ex- 
pression. 

10 parietes gestiunt: personification (164) and hyperbole (173). 
"ilia auctoritas: 175. 



188 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

The glory of this day, when you restored to its position the great family 
of the Marcelli, will be remembered long after your trophies and 
memorials have disappeared. You have gained a victory over 
victory itself. 

IV. Equidem cum C. Marcelli, 1 viri optimi et com- 
memorabili pietate praediti, lacrimas modo vobiscum 
viderem, omnium Marcellorum meum pectus memoria 
offudit, 2 quibus tu etiam mortuis M. Marcell5 conser- 
svato 3 dignitatem suam reddidisti, nobilissimamque fami- 
liam 4 iam ad paucos redactam paene ab interitu vindi- 
castl. 

ii. Hunc tu igitur diem tuls maximis et innumera- 
bilibus gratulationibus 5 iure antepones. Haec enim res 

lounius est propria C. Caesaris; ceterae duce te gestae 
magnae illae 6 quidem, sed tamen multo magnoque comi- 
tatu. 7 Huius autem rei tu idem es et dux et comes; quae 
quidem tanta est ut tropaeis et monumentis tuls allatura 
finem sit aetas 8 — nihil est enim opere et manu factum 

15 quod non conficiat et consumat vetustas — at haec tua 
12. iustitia et lenitas animi florescet 9 cotldie magis, ita ut 
quantum tuls operibus diuturnitas detrahet, tantum af-- 
ferat laudibus. Et ceteros quidem omnis victores bel- 
lorum civilium iam ante aequitate et misericordia vlceras; 

2ohodiern5 vero die te ipse vicisti. Vereor ut hoc quod 
dicam perinde 10 intellegi possit auditum atque ipse cogi- 
tans sentio. Ipsam victoriam vicisse videris, cum ea 
quae ilia erat adepta victis remisisti. Nam cum 11 ipsius 
victoriae condicione omnes victi occidissemus, clementiae 

1 C. Marcelli: cousin of Marcus Marcellus. 

2 offudit: overwhelmed; more lit., 'overflowed. ' 
sconservato: 147. 

« nobilissimamque familiam: sc. quorum from quibus. 

5 gratulationibus : = supplicationibus, thanksgivings. 

6 magnae illae: sc. sunt. 

7 multo . . . comitatu: were shared by many; 83. 

8 aetas : time {alone) . 

9 florescet: we should expect florescat depending upon ut; 172. 

10 perinde . . . atque : exactly as. 

11 cum: while or whereas. 



THE ORATION FOR MARCELLUS 189 

tuae iudicio 1 conservat! sumus. Recte 2 igitur firms in- 
victus es, a quo etiam ipsius victoriae condicio visque 
devicta est. 

The pardon of Marcellus carries with it that of all of us who took sides 
against Caesar. I had my own reasons for my course and I always 
advised peace. Caesar's treatment of the advocates of peace shows 
that he preferred peace to victory. 

V. 13. Atque hoc C. Caesaris iudicium, 3 patres con- 
script!, quam late pateat attendite; omnes enim, qui ado 
ilia arma 4 fato 5 sumus nescio quo re! publicae misero fu- 
nestoque compuls!, etsi aliqua culpa tenemur 6 erroris hu- 
man!, scelere certe liberat! sumus. Nam cum 7 M. Mar- 
cellum deprecantibus vobis re! publicae conservavit, me 8 
et mihi et item re! publicae, nullo deprecante, reliquos 10 
amplissimos viros et sibi ipsos et patriae reddidit, quo- 
rum et frequentiam et dignitatem 9 hoc ipso in consessu 
videtis : non 10 ille hostls induxit in curiam, sed iudicavit a 
plerisque ignoratione potius et falso atque inan! metu 
quam cupiditate aut crudelitate bellum esse susceptum. 15 

14. Quo quidem in bello semper de pace audiendum 11 
putav! semperque dolu! non modo pacem, sed etiam ora- 
tionem clvium pacem flagitantium repudiari. Neque enim 
ego ilia nee ulla umquam secutus sum arma civilia sem- 
perque mea consilia pacis 12 et togae socia, non bell! atque 20 
armorum fuerunt. Hominem sum secutus prlvato 13 con- 

1 iudicio: implying deliberate judgment, not mere impulse. 

2 recte: 'in the true sense of the word.' 

3 iudicium: subject of pateat. 

4 ad ilia arma: namely Pompey's. 

5 fato . . . funesto : note the order for nescio quo fato misero funes- 
toque rei publicae. 

6 tenemur: are liable to, are guilty of. 

7 cum . . . conservavit: explanatory cum, in preserving, etc. 
s me: supply et (155). 

9 frequentiam et dignitatem : 175. 

10 non ille . . . induxit: begins the main sentence. 

11 de pace audiendum: impersonal, sc. nobis. 

12 pacis . . . armorum: 76. 

13 privato . . . publico: personal . . . political. 



190 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

silio, non publico, tantumque apud me grati 1 animi fidelis 
memoria valuit, ut nulla non modo cupiditate, sed ne spe 
quidem prudens et sciens tamquam ad interitum ruerem 
voluntarium. 
5 15. Quod quidem meum consilium minime obscurum 
fuit; nam et in hoc ordine integra re 2 multa de pace dixl, 
et in ipso bello eadem etiam cum capitis mei periculo 
sensi. Ex quo 3 nemo iam erit tarn iniustus existimator 
rerum 4 qui dubitet quae Caesaris de bello voluntas fuerit, 
10 cum pacis auctores conservandos statim censuerit, cete- 
ris 5 fuerit iratior. 6 Atque id 7 minus mlrum fortasse turn, 
cum esset incertus exitus et anceps fortuna belli. Qui 
vero victor pacis auctores diligit, is profecto declarat 8 se 
maluisse non dimicare quam vincere. 

Marcellus and I distrusted some of the members of our party and 
dreaded the hour of their victory. Therefore your moderation 
seems the more remarkable. Continue to make use of that virtue 
and never weary in forgiving those who have been led astray. 

15 VI. 16. Atque huius quidem rei 9 M. Marcello sum 
testis; nostri enim sensus ut in pace semper, sic turn etiam 
in bello congruebant. Quotiens 10 ego eum et quanto cum 
dolore vidi, cum msolentiam certorum hominum, turn 
' etiam ipsius victoriae 11 ferocitatem extimescentem ! 12 Quo 
20gratior tua liberalitas, C. Caesar, nobis qui ilia vidimus 
debet esse; non enim iam causae sunt inter se, sed vic- 
toriae comparandae. 

17. Vidimus tuam victoriam proeliorum exitu termi- 

1 grati . . . memoria : ' the faithful remembrance of a feeling of grati- 
tude (towards Pompey).' 

2 integra re: before the war began. 

3 ex quo: see p. 185, note 2. 

4 rerum existimator : critic. 5 ceteris: 155. 

6 iratior: somewhat angry. 7 id: sc. erat, that attitude. 

8 declarat: makes it clear. 

9 huius rei: = eum pacis auctorem fuisse. 

10 quotiens . . . quanto cum dolore: with extimescentem. 

11 ipsius victoriae: that is, in case their party were victorious. 

12 extimescentem: expressing great fear of. 



THE ORATION FOR MARCELLUS 191 

natam; gladium vagina vacuum 1 in urbe non vidimus. 
Qu5s amisimus clvls, eos Martis vis perculit, non Ira vio 
toriae, ut dubitare debeat nemo quin multos, si fieri posset, 
C. Caesar ab inferis excitaret, quoniam ex eadem acie con- 
servat quos potest. Alterius vero partis 2 nihil ampliuss 
dicam quam, id quod omnes verebamur, nimis Iracundam 
futiiram fuisse victoriam. 

18. Quidam enim non modo armatis, 3 sed interdum 
etiam otiosis 4 minabantur, nee quid quisque sensisset sed 
ubi fuisset 5 cogitandum esse dicebant; ut mihi quidemio 
videantur dl immortales, etiam si poenas a populo Ro- 
mano ob aliquod delictum expetlverunt, qui 6 civile bellum 
tantum et tarn liictuosum excitaverunt, vel placatl iam 
vel satiatl aliquando omnem spem salutis ad clementiam 
victoris et sapientiam contulisse. 7 15 

19. Qua re gaude tuo isto tarn excellent! bono, 8 et fruere 
cum fortuna et gloria, turn etiam natura et moribus tuls; 
ex quo 9 quidem maximus est fructus iucunditasque sa- 
pientl. Cetera cum tua recordabere, etsl persaepe virtutl, 
tamen plerumque fellcitatl tuae gratulabere; de nobis, 20 
quos in re piiblica tecum simul esse voluistl, quotiens 
cogitabis, totiens de maximls tuls beneficils, totiens de 
incredibill llberalitate, totiens de singularl sapientia cogi- 
tabis: quae non modo summa bona, sed nlmlrum au- 
debo vel sola 10 dicere. Tantus est enim splendor in laude 25 
vera, tanta in magnitudine animl et consill dignitas, ut 
haec a virtute 11 donata, cetera a fortuna commodata 12 esse 
videantur. 

1 vagina vacuum: unsheathed, an unusual expression (161). 

2 alterius partis: as to the other party; genitive with victoriam, but in 
the emphatic position. 

3 armatis: those who bore arms {against them). 

4 otiosis: those who were neutral. 

5 ubi fuisset: i.e., on which side. 6 qui: the antecedent is di. 

7 contulisse: committed, entrusted. 

8 bono: blessing; referring to clementiam et sapientiam. 

9 ex quo: referring to bono. 

10 sola: sc. bona; the only (real) blessings. 

11 a virtute . . . a fortuna: 164. 12 commodata: loaned. 



192 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

20. Noli igitur in conservandis bonis viris defetlgari, 
non cupiditate praesertim aliqua aut pravitate lapsls, 
sed oplnione offici 1 stulta fortasse, certe non improba, et 
specie 2 quadam rei publicae; non enim tua ulla culpa est, 
5 si te aliqul timuerunt, contraque summa laus, quod mi- 
nime timendum fuisse senserunt. 

You speak of dangers which threaten you. Whence come they ? Not 
from your friends surely, and your generosity has made friends of 
your enemies. Yet we shall all be on the lookout for your safety. 

VII. 21. Nunc veni5 ad gravissimam querellam et 
atrocissimam susplcionem tuam, quae non tibi ipsi magis 
quam cum 3 omnibus clvibus, turn maxime nobis qui a te 

loconservatl sumus, providenda est; quam etsl spero fal- 
sam esse, tamen numquam extenuabo. Tua enim cautio 4 
nostra cautio est, ut si in alterutro 5 peccandum sit, malim 
viderl nimis timidus quam parum prudens. Sed quisnam 
est iste 6 tarn demens? De tulsne? — tametsl qui magis 

is sunt tul quam quibus tu salutem Insperantibus reddi- 
distl? — an ex eo numero qui una tecum fuerunt? 7 Non 
est credibilis tantus in ullo 8 furor, ut quo duce 9 omnia 10 
summa sit adeptus, huius vltam non anteponat suae. An 
si nihil tul cogitant sceleris, cavendum est ne quid ini- 

20 mid ? Qui ? Omnes enim qui fuerunt, aut sua pertinacia 
vltam amlserunt aut tua misericordia retinuerunt; ut aut 
nulll supersint de inimlcls aut qui fuerunt 11 sint amlcis- 
siml. 

1 opinione offici: a sense of duty. 

2 specie ... rei publicae : ' a false idea of what was for the public good.' 

3 cum: not the preposition. 

4 tua . ; . cautio nostra cautio: 'to safeguard you is to safeguard our- 
selves.' 

5 in alterutro : in either direction. 

6 iste: pronoun of the second person, of some one existing in Caesar's 
thoughts. 

7 qui . . . fuerunt: who were (formerly) on your side. 

8 ullo : a substantive. 

9 quo duce . . . huius: of the man under whose leadership. 

10 omnia: substantive, everything in the highest measure. 

11 qui fuerunt: sc. inimici. 



THE ORATION FOR MARCELLUS 193 

22. Sed tamen cum in animis hominum tantae latebrae 
sint et tanti recessus, augeamus sane suspicionem tuam; 
simul enim augebimus diligentiam. Xam quis est om- 
nium 1 tarn ignarus rerum, tarn rudis in re publica, tarn 
nihil 2 umquam nee de sua nee de communi salute cogitans, 5 
qui non intellegat tua« salute contineri 3 suam et ex unius 
tua vita pendere omnium ? Equidem de te dies noctisque, 
ut debeo, cogitans, casus dumtaxat 4 humanos 5 et incertos 
eventus valetudinis et naturae communis fragilitatem ex- 
timesco, doleoque, cum res publica immortalis esse de-io 
beat, earn in unius mortalis anima consistere. 6 

23. Si vero ad humanos casus incertosque motus vale- 
tudinis sceleris etiam accedit msidiarumque consensio, 7 
quern deum, si cupiat, posse opitularl rel publicae creda- 
mus? 15 

Although you may have lived long enough for your own glory, your 
country cannot spare you. To restore her greatness is a task 
greater than all your past achievements. 

VIII. Omnia sunt excitanda 8 tibi, C. Caesar, uni, quae 
iacere sentls, belli ipsius impetu, quod necesse fuit, per- 
culsa atque prostrata: constituenda iudicia, revocanda 
fides, 9 comprimendae libidines, propaganda suboles, 10 om- 
nia quae dllapsa iam diffluxerunt 11 sevens legibus vin-20 
cienda sunt. 

24. Non fuit recusandum 12 in tanto civil! bello, tanto 
animorum ardore et armorum, quln quassata res publica, 

I omnium: vrith quis. 

2 nihil umquam . . . cogitans: perpetually thoughtless. 

3 contineri: is bound up in. 

4 dumtaxat: only; for the deriv. see Vocab. 

5 humanos: that is, 'which flesh is heir to.' 

6 in . . . consistere: depends on. 

7 consensio: conspiracy; sceleris insidiarumque consensio is equivalent 
to scelesta consensio ad insidias faciendas. 

5 excitanda: roused, contrasted with iacere. 
9 fides: credit. 
10 propaganda suboles: the population must be increased. 

II dilapsa . . . diffluxerunt: contrasted with vincienda. propped up. 

12 non fuit recusandum . . . quin: it was inevitable that (= necesse fuit). 



194 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

quicumque belli eventus fuisset, multa perderet et orna- 
menta dignitatis 1 et praesidia stabilitatis suae, multaque 
uterque dux faceret armatus, quae idem togatus fieri 
prohibuisset. Quae quidem tibi nunc omnia belli vulnera 
5 sananda sunt, quibus praeter te nemo mederi potest. 

25. Itaque illam tuam praeclarissimam et sapientissi- 
mam 2 vocem invltus audivi 3 : 'Satis diu vel naturae vixi vel 
gloriae/ Satis, si ita vis, 4 fortasse naturae, addo etiam, 
si placet, gloriae; at, quod maximum est, patriae certe pa- 

10 rum. 5 Qua re omitte istam, 6 quaes5, doctorum hominum 
in contemnenda morte prudentiam; noli nostro periculo 7 
esse sapiens. Saepe enim venit ad auris meas, te idem 
istud nimis crebro dicere tibi satis te vixisse. Credo, sed 
turn id audirem, 8 si tibi soli viveres aut si- tibi etiam soli 

isnatus esses. Omnium 9 salutem civium cunctamque rem 
publicam res tuae gestae complexae sunt; tantum abes 
a perfectione maximorum operum, ut fundamenta 10 non- 
dum quae cogitas ieceris; hie 11 tu modum vitae tuae non 
salute rei publicae, sed aequitate animi 12 deflnies ? Quid, 

20 si istud 13 ne gloriae tuae quidem satis est? Cuius te esse 
avidissimum, quamvls sis sapiens, non negabis. 

26. 'Parumne igitur/ inquies, 'magna relinquemus ? ' 
Immo vero aliis 14 quamvls multis satis, tibi uni parum; 
quicquid est enim, quamvls amplum sit, id est parum 

25 turn cum est aliquid amplius. Quod si rerum tuarum 
immortalium, C. Caesar, hie exitus futurus fuit, 15 ut de- 

1 ornamenta dignitatis: public buildings and public property. 

2 sapientissimam : 'worthy of a true philosopher.' 

3 invitus audivi : I was sorry to hear. 

4 si ita vis: if you please. 5 parum: opposed to satis. 

6 istam: implying Caesar's approval of the sentiment. 

7 nostro periculo : at our peril. 

8 audirem: assent to ('hear with approval'). 

9 omnium: 155. 10 fundamenta: foundations. 

11 hie : under these circumstances. 

12 aequitate animi: i.e., by philosophic indifference. 

13 istud: = modus vitae. 

14 aliis quamvis multis: i.e., Caesar's glory is enough for any number 
of common men, but not for him. 

15 futurus fuit : was destined to be. 



THE ORATION FOR MARCELLUS 195 

victis adversarils rem publicam in eo statu relinqueres 
in quo nunc est, vide, quaeso, ne tua divina virtus ad- 
mirationis plus sit habitura quam gloriae; si quidem 
gloria est illustris ac pervagata magnorum 1 vel in suos vel 
in patriam vel in omne genus hominum fama meritorum. 5 

If you restore peace and prosperity to our country, future generations 
will praise and bless you. 

IX. 27. Haec igitur tibi reliqua pars 2 est; hie restat 
actus, 2 in hoc elaborandum est, 3 ut rem publicam c5n- 
stituas, eaque tu in primis summa tranquillitate et otio 
perfruare. Turn te, 4 si voles, 5 cum et patriae quod debes 
solveris et naturam ipsam expleveris satietate Vivendi, 10 
satis diu vixisse dicito. Quid est enim omnino 6 hoc ipsum 
diu, 7 in quo 8 est aliquid extremum? Quod cum venit, 
omnis voluptas praeterita pro nihilo est, quia postea 
nulla est futura. Quamquam iste tuus animus numquam 
his angustiis 9 quas natura nobis ad vivendum dedit, 15 
contentus fuit, semper 10 immortalitatis 11 amore flagravit. 
28. Nee vero haec tua vita ducenda est quae corpore 
et spiritu continetur; ilia, inquam, ilia vita est tua quae 
vigebit memoria saeculorum omnium, quam pocteritas 
alet, quam ipsa aeternitas semper tuebitur. Huic 12 tu in- 20 
servias, 13 huic te ostentes oportet; quae quidem quae mire- 
tur iam pridem multa habet; nunc etiam quae laudet ex- 

1 magnorum: with meritorum. 

2 pars . . . actus : terms taken from the stage. 

3 in hoc elaborandum est: 'this must be the completion of your work' ; 
explained by the following clauses. 

4 te: subject of vixisse. 

5 si voles: cf. si ita vis, p. 194, line 8. 
e omnino: after all. 

7 hoc ipsum diu : this ' long ' itself, that is, ' this " long " of which you speak, ' 
referring to diu vixisse. 

8 in quo . . . extremum: if it has an end. 

9 his angustiis : these narrow limits. 

10 semper: 155. 

11 immortalitatis : immortal glory, rather than immortal life. 

12 huic: referring to the idea contained in memoria saeculorum omnium, 
posteritas, and aeternitas. 

13 inservias : with oportet. 



196 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

spectat. Obstupescent poster! certe imperia, 1 provincias, 
Rhenum, 2 Oceanum, Nilum, pugnas innumerabilis, incredi- 
bilis victorias, monimenta, munera, triumphos audientes 
29. et legentes tuos; sed nisi haec urbs stabilita tuls con- 
5 silils et Institutis erit, vagabitur modo 3 tuum nomen 
longe atque late, sedem stabilem et domicilium certum non 
habebit. Erit inter eos etiam qui nascentur, 4 sicut inter 
nos fuit, magna dissensio, cum alii laudibus ad caelum 
res tuas gestas efferent, alii fortasse aliquid requirent, 5 

loidque 6 vel maximum, nisi belli civilis incendium salute 
patriae restmxeris, ut illud 7 fatl 8 fuisse videatur, hoc 
consili. Servl igitur eis etiam iudicibus, qui multis post 
saeculis de te iudicabunt et quidem haud scio an 9 incor- 
ruptius 10 quam nos; nam et sine amore et sine cupiditate 11 

15 et rursus sine odio et sine invidia iudicabunt. 30. Id 
autem etiam si 12 turn ad te, ut quidam falso putant, non 
pertinebit, nunc certe pertinet esse te talem, ut tuas laudes 
obscuratura nulla umquam sit obllvio. 

The wretched civil strife is ended. We are now all of one mind and we 
pledge you our care and protection. 

X. Diversae voluntatis 13 civium fuerunt distractaeque 

2osententiae; non enim consiliis solum et studiis sed armis 14 

etiam et castris dissidebamus. Erat obscuritas 15 quae- 

dam, erat certamen inter clarissimos duces 16 ; multi dubi- 

1 imperia, etc.: governed by audientes and legentes. 

2 Rhenum, Oceanum, Nilum: scenes of Caesar's victories and exploits. 

3 modo: merely. 

4 qui nascentur: 'generations yet unborn.' 

5 requirent: will look in vain for. 6 idque: and that too. 

7 illud . . . hoc: illud refers to belli civilis incendium and Caesar's 
subsequent conduct; hoc to incendium . . . restinxeris. 

8 f ati . . . consili : ' due to fate and design respectively ' ; 64. 

9 haud scio an: I am inclined to think. 

10 incorruptius : 'with less prejudice.' 

11 cupiditate: favor. 

12 si . . . non pertinebit: if this will have no interest for you. 

13 voluntates : during the civil war. 

14 armis . . . et castris: that is, there was actual war. 

15 obscuritas quaedam: some room for doubt, explained by what follows. 

16 clarissimos duces: Caesar and Pompey. 



THE ORATION FOR MARCELLUS 197 

tabant quid optimum esset, multi quid sibi expedlret, 
multi quid deceret, 1 non null! etiam quid liceret. 

31. Perfuncta 2 res publica est hoc misero fatalique 
bello; vicit is, qui non fortuna mflammaret odium suum, 
sed bonitate leniret; nee 3 qui, quibus Iratus esset, eosdem 5 
etiam exsilio aut morte dignos iudicaret. Arma ab aliis 
posita, ab aliis erepta.sunt. Ingratus est iniustusque civis, 
qui armorum periculo liberatus animum tamen retinet 
armatum, ut etiam ille melior sit qui in acie cecidit, qui 
in causa animam profudit; quae enim pertinacia quibus- 10 
dam, 4 eadem aliis constantia viderl potest. 

32. Sed iam omnis fracta dissensio est armis, exstmcta 
aequitate victoris; restat ut omnes unum velint, 5 qui 
modo habent aliquid 6 non solum sapientiae sed etiam 
sanitatis. Nisi te, 7 C. Caesar, salvo et in ista sententia 15 
qua cum antea, turn hodie vel maxime tisus es, manente 7 
salvi esse n5n possumus. Qua re omnes te, qui haec 8 salva 
esse volumus, et hortamur et obsecramus ut vitae tuae et 
saluti consulas, omnesque 9 tibi — ut pro aliis 10 etiam loquar 
quod de me ipse sentio — quoniam subesse aliquid 11 putas20 
quod cavendum sit, non modo excubias 12 et custodies 
sed etiam laterum nostrorum oppositus 13 et corporum pol- 
licemur. 

1 quid deceret . . . quid liceret: what was proper . . . what was lawful. 

2 perfuncta est: has reached the end of. 

3 nee . . . iudicaret: Pompey regarded as his enemies all who did not 
follow him. 

4 quibusdam: contrasted with aliis; sc. videtur. 

5 unum velint: should have one desire. 

6 aliquid . . . sanitatis : we should say, ' any soundness of mind (sani- 
tas), to say nothing of wisdom.' 

7 nisi te . . . salvo ... manente : equivalent to conditions. 

8 haec: our country; lit., 'all these things' about us. 

9 omnesque: subject of pollicemur, we all, or all of us. 
10 aliis : = ceteris. 

» aliquid quod cavendum sit: 'some hidden danger.* 

i ? excubias: watchmen. 

13 oppositus: the protection; lit., 'opposition' (ace. plur.). 



198 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

/ close where I began, thanking you for your kindness to Marcellus, 
which has added to a debt of gratitude on my part which I did not 
think could be increased. 

XL 33. Sed ut, unde est orsa, in eodem terminetur 
oratio, maximas tibi omnes gratias 1 agimus, C. Caesar, 
maiores etiam habemus. Nam omnes idem sentiunt, 
quod ex omnium precibus et lacrimls sentlre potuisti. 
5 Sed quia non est omnibus stantibus 2 necesse dicere, a me 
certe dici volunt, cui necesse est 3 quodam modo. 4 Et 
quod fieri decet 5 M. Marcello a te huic drdini populoque 
Romano et rei publicae reddito, fieri id intellego. Nam 
laetari 6 omnis non de unius solum, sed de communi om- 

lonium salute sentio. 

34. Quod autem summae benevolentiae 7 est, quae mea 8 
erga ilium omnibus semper nota fuit, ut vix C. Marcello, 
optimo et amantissimo fratri, praeter eum quidem cede- 
rem nemini, cum id 9 sollicitudine, cura, labore tarn diu 

i5praestiterim quam diu est de illius salute dubitatum, 
certe hoc tempore magnis curls, molestiis, doloribus libe- 
ratus praestare debeo. Itaque, C. Caesar, sic 10 tibi gratias 
ago, ut omnibus me rebus 11 a te non conservato 12 solum, 

1 gratias agimus . . . habemus: for gratias agimus . . . gratiam habemus. 

2 stantibus . . . dicere: to get up and express them, i.e., the feelings 
implied in idem sentiunt. 

3 cui necesse est: because of his friendship for Marcellus and gratitude 
to Caesar, as well as his position as a leader in the Senate. 

4 quodam modo: in a way. 

5 quod decet . . .id: explained by the following sentence. 

6 laetari de: not very common in classical Latin. 

7 summae benevolentiae: (a mark) of deep affection (64), contrasted 
with quod fieri decet. 

8 mea: on my part, from me; sc. benevolentia. 

9 id: that is, quod summae benevolentiae est. 

10 sic . . . ut . . . accesserit: 'in thanking you I confess that (to my 
surprise) you have been able to put me under greater obligation than ever.' 
Ut accesserit is a short expression for ut accessisse confitear, while sic means 
with the feeling, or something similar. Cumulus accesserit, ' to crown,' is a 
favorite expression of Cicero's. 

11 omnibus rebus: abl. of respect. 

12 me . . . conservato . . . ornato : concessive, as is shown by the fol- 
lowing tamen. The thought is, 'although you have saved my life and 
honored me besides, yet you have been able to put me under much greater 
obligation by your kindness to Marcellus.' 



THE ORATION FOR MARCELLUS 199 

sed etiam ornato, tamen ad tua in me unum innume- 
rabilia merita, quod 1 fieri iam posse non arbitrabar, 
maximus hoc tuo facto cumulus accesserit. 

iquod: referring to maximus cumulus . . . accesserit. Cicero thought 
that Caesar's favors to him had been so great that he could not possibly 
add to them, but he has done so by his pardon of Marcellus. 



SELECTIONS FROM THE LETTERS 

CORRESPONDENCE WITH CAESAR 

When Caesar crossed the Rubicon on the 10th of 
January, 49 B.C., he was anxious to win Cicero's support 
of his cause, and the following exchange of letters took 
place. 



Caesar wrote this letter between March 2 and 5, 49 B.C., while on his 
way to Brundisium. 

Caesar Imp. S. D. Ciceroni Imp. 1 

Cum Furnium 2 nostrum tantum vidissem neque loqui 
neque audire meo commodo 3 potuissem, properarem 4 at- 
que essem in itinere praemissis iam legionibus, prae- 
terire tamen non potui quin et scriberem ad te et ilium 5 
smitterem gratiasque agerem. Etsi hoc et feci saepe et 
saepius mihi facturus videor; ita de me mereris. Im- 
primis a te peto, quoniam confldo me celeriter ad urbem 
venturum, ut te ibi videam, ut tuo consilio, gratia, digni- 
tate, ope omnium rerum utl possim. Ad propositum 6 

1 The regular formula at the beginning of a letter, "Caesar Imperator 
Salutem Dicit Ciceroni Imperatori." Salutem dicit is equivalent to our 
"greeting." Cicero had been hailed as imperator after his victories in 
Cilicia. 

2 C. Furnius, tribune of the commons in 50 b.c. and a warm friend of 
Cicero's. 

3 meo commodo : conveniently, comfortably ; abl. of att. circ. ; 83. 

4 Asyndeton; 155. 

5 I.e., Furnium. 

6 ad propositum : to the point, to what I began with, referring to his haste 
and inability to write a long letter, lines 1-3. 

200 



SELECTIONS FROM THE LETTERS 201 

revertar: festmationi meae brevitatique litterarum ig- 
nosces; reliqua ex Furnio cognosces. (Ad Atticum, IX. 
6 A.) 

II 

An answer to the preceding letter, written from Cicero 1 s villa at Formiae y 
March 19 of the same year. 

Cicero Imp. S. D. Caesari Imp. 

Ut legl tuas litteras, quas a Furnio nostro acceperam, 
quibus mecum agebas ut ad urbem essem, te velle uti 5 
consilio et dignitate mea, minus sum admiratus. De 
gratia et de ope quid significares, mecum ipse quaere- 
bam/ spe tamen deducebar ad earn cogitationem, ut te 
pro tua admirabili ac singular! sapientia de otio, de pace, 
de concordia civium agi velle arbitrarer, et ad earn ra- 10 
tionem 2 existimabam satis aptam esse et naturam et 
personam meam. 

Quod si ita est, et si qua de Pompeio nostro tuendo et 
tibi ac rei publicae reconciliando cura te attingit, magis 
idoneum, 3 quam ego sum, ad earn causam profecto re- is 
peries neminem; qui et ill! 4 semper et senatui, cum pri- 
mum potui, pacis auctor fui, nee sumptis armis belli 
ullam partem attigi iudicavique eo bello te violari, contra 
cuius honorem 5 populi Roman! beneficio concessum ini- 
mici atque invidi niterentur. Sed, ut eo tempore non 20 
modo ipse fautor dignitatis tuae fu!, verum etiam ceteris 
auctor 6 ad te adiuvandum, s!c me nunc Pompei dignitas 

1 de gratia . . . significares is the object of quaerebam. Cicero says that 
he could not see just what Caesar meant by "wishing to make use of his 
influence and help." 

2 rationem: plan, purpose, referring to te . . . agi just before. 

3 Agrees with neminem. 

4 I.e., Pompey. 

5 honorem . . . concessum : the people had granted Caesar the privilege 
of becoming a candidate for the consulship while absent from Rome. 

6 That is, Cicero not only favored Caesar's interests, but recommended 
them to others. 



202 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

vehementer mo vet; aliquot enim sunt anni, cum 1 vos 
duo delegi, quos praecipue colerem et quibus essem, sicut 
sum, amlcissimus. 

Quamobrem a te peto vel potius omnibus te precibus 
5 oro et obtestor, ut in tuis maximis curls aliquid impertias 
temporis huic quoque cogitation!, ut tuo beneficio bonus 
vir, 2 gratus, pius denique esse in maximi benefici me- 
morial possim. Quae si tantum ad me ipsum pertinerent, 
sperarem me a te tamen impetraturum, sed, ut arbitror, 

10 et ad tuam fidem 4 et ad rem publicam pertinet me, et 
pacis et utriiusque vestrum amicum, ad vestram et ad 
civium concordiam per te quam accommodatissimum con- 
servari. 5 Ego, cum antea tibi de Lentulo 6 gratias egis- 
sem, cum el saluti, qui mi hi fuerat, fuisses, tamen lectis 

15 eius litterls, quas ad me gratissimo animo de tua llberali- 
tate beneficioque misit, eandem mihi videor salutem a te 
accepisse quam ille. In quern 7 si me intellegis esse gra- 
tum, cura, obsecro, ut etiam in Pompeium esse possim. 
(Ad Atticum, IX. 11 A.) 

Ill 

Written to Atticus from Formiae on March 26. 

Cicero Attico S. 

20 Cum quod scriberem ad te nihil haberem, tamen, ne 
quern diem intermitterem, has dedi litteras. 8 A. d. vi. 

1 cum : here means since. 2 bonus vir : an honorable man. 

3 in . . . memoria : referring to the many favors which he had received 
from Pompey, in particular his recall from exile. 

4 honor ; really 'credibility,' ' reputation for truthfulness.' That is, if peo- 
ple are to believe that you really wished peace and a reconciliation with 
Pompey. 

5 quam accommodatissimum conservari : that is, Cicero wishes to maintain 
the position of a friend of both parties and a mediator between them, a 
position which Caesar, if sincere, should allow him to keep. 

6 P. Lentulus Spinther, who had been captured at Corfinium but pardoned. 

7 in his case, on his account. 

8 The past tenses are "epistolary," representing the time from the point 
of view of the recipient of the letter. 



SELECTIONS FROM THE LETTERS 203 

K. 1 Caesarem Sinuessae 2 mansurum nuntiabant; ab eo 
mihi litterae redditae sunt a. d. vn. K., quibus iam opes 
meas, 3 non, ut superioribus litteris, opem exspectat. Cum 
eius clementiam Corfmiensem illam per litteras col- 
laudavissem, rescripsit hoc exemplo: 4 5 

Caesar Imp. Ciceroni Imp. Sal. Die. 

Recte auguraris de me — bene enim tibi cognitus sum 
— nihil a me abesse longius crfidelitate; atque ego cum 
ex ipsa re 5 magnam capio voluptatem, turn meum fac- 
tum 6 probari abs te triumpho gaudio. Neque illud me 
mo vet, quod ii qui a me dimissi sunt 7 discessisse dicun- 10 
tur, ut mihi rursus bellum mferrent; nihil enim malo 
quam et me mei similem esse et illos sui. Tu velim mihi 
ad urbem praesto sis, ut tuis consilhs atque opibus, ut 
consuevi, in omnibus rebus utar. Dolabella 8 tuo nihil 
scito mihi esse iucundius; hanc adeo habebo gratiamis 
illi; neque enim aliter facere poterit: tanta eius humani- 
tas, is 9 sensus, ea 9 in me est benevolentia. (Ad Atticum, 
IX. 16.) 

IV 

Written on the lQth of April, while Caesar was on his way to Spain, and 
received by Cicero on the 2d of May at his Cumaean villa. 

Caesar Imp. Sal. D. Ciceroni Imp. 

Etsi te nihil temere, nihil imprudenter facturum iudi- 
caram, tamen permotus hominum fama 10 scribendum ad 20 

1 Ante diem sextum Kalendas (Aprilis) : March 27. 

2 A town of Latium on the Via Appia. Caesar spent a night there on 
his way from Brundisium to Rome. 

3 opes: used jestingly by Cicero in the sense of power, resources. 

4 after this manner, as follows. 

5 the thing itself; that is, the absence of cruelty. 

6 The pardon of Lentulus, p. 202, line 13, above. 

7 Referring to those whom he has pardoned. 

8 Dolabella : P. Cornelius Dolabella, husband of Cicero's daughter Tullia. 

9 With the force of "such." 

10 That is, the report that Cicero intended to follow Pompey. 



204 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

te existimavi et pro nostra benevolentia petendum ne 
quo progredereris pr5clinata iam re/ quo integra 2 etiam 
progrediendum tibi non existimasses. Namque et ami- 
citiae graviorem iniuriam feceris et tibi minus commode 

5 consulueris, si n5n fortunae obsecutus 3 videbere — omnia 
enim secundissima nobis, adversissima illis 4 accidisse 
videntur— nee causam 5 secutus — eadem enim turn fuit, 
cum ab eorum consiliiis abesse iudicasti — sed meum ali- 
quod factum condemnavisse, quo mihi gravius abs te 

10 nihil accidere potest; quod ne facias, pro iure nostrae 
amicitiae 6 a te peto. 

Postremo, quid vir5 bono et quieto et bono civi magis 
convenit quam abesse a civilibus controversiis ? Quod 7 
nonnulli cum probarent, periculi causa 8 sequi non po- 

i5tuerunt; tu explorato et vitae meae testim5nio 9 et 
amicitiae iudicio 10 neque tutius neque honestius reperies 
quicquam quam ab omni contentione abesse. XV. Kal. 
Maias ex itinere. (Ad Atticum, X. 8 B.) 

1 proclinata re : now that affairs have taken a decisive turn, are going my 
way. 

2 integra : sc. re. 

3 I.e., to have yielded to circumstances. 

4 illis : Pompey and his party. 

5 the right cause; that is, the superior merits of their cause. See p. 206, 
note 6, below. 

6 by the right of our friendship ; that is, in accordance with the privilege 
given by our friendship. 

7 The antecedent is abesse . . . controversiis. 

s That is, because of the dangers which threatened them. 
• the testimony which my life offers. 
10 judgment which a friend should pronounce. 



SELECTIONS FROM THE LETTERS 205 

CORRESPOXDEXCE WITH MARCELLUS 1 

V 

Written in August, 46 b.c. 

M. Cicero S. D. M. Marcello 

Neque monere te audeo, praestanti prudentia virum, 
nee confirmare maximi animi hominem unumque fortis- 
simum, consolari vero nullo modo; nam si ea, quae ac- 
ciderunt, 2 ita fers ut audio, gratulari magis virttiti debeo 
quam consolari dolorem tuum. Sin te tanta mala reis 
publicae frangunt, non ita abundo ingenio ut te consoler, 
cum ipse me 3 non possim. Reliquum est igitur ut tibi 
me in omni re eum 4 praebeam praestemque, et ad omnia, 
quae tui velint ita sim praesto, ut me non solum omnia 
debere tua causa quae possim, sed etiam quae non pos-io 
sim, putem. 

Illud tamen vel tu me monuisse vel censuisse puta vel 
propter benevolentiam tacere non potuisse, ut, quod ego 
facio, tu quoque animum inducas, si sit aliqua res publica, 
in ea te esse oportere, iudicio hominum reque principem, 15 
necessitate cedentem tempori. Sin autem nulla sit, hunc 
tamen aptissimum esse etiam ad exsulandum locum. 5 
Si enim libertatem sequimur, qui locus hoc dominatu 
vacat? Sin qualemcumque locum, 6 quae est domestica 
sede iucundior? Sed mihi crede, etiam is qui omnia 20 
tenet, favet ingeniis, nobilitatem 7 vero et dignitatis 7 
hominum, quantum ei res et ipsius causa concedit, am- 
plectitur. Sed plura, 8 quam statueram; redeo ergo ad 

1 On Marcellus see pp. 181-183 above. 

2 Referring to the disasters to the Pompeian party. 

3 me: sc. consolari. 4 eum : such. 

5 hunc . . . locum : Rome. 6 Sc. sequimur. 

7 Abstract for concrete: nobles and distinguished men. 

8 Sc. dixi or scripsi. 



206 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

unum illud, me tuum esse, fore cum tins, si modo erunt 
tui, 1 si minus, me certe in omnibus rebus satis nostrae 
coniunctionl amorique facturum. Vale. (Ad Fam., IV. 

8.) 

VI 

Written shortly after the preceding letter. 

M. Cicero S. D. M. Marcello 

5 Etsi ed te adhuc consilio 2 usum intellego, ut id repre- 
hendere non audeam, non quin 3 ab eo ipse dissentiam, 
sed quod ea te sapientia esse iudicem, ut meum consilium 
non anteponam tuo : tamen et amicitiae nostrae vetustas 
et tua summa erga me benevolentia, quae mihi iam a 

lopueritia tua cognita est, me hortata est ut ea scriberem 
ad te quae et saluti tuae conducere arbitrarer et non 
aliena esse ducerem a dignitate. 

Ego eum te esse, qui horum malorum 4 initia multo 
ante videris, consulatum magnificentissime atque op- 

15 time gesseris, praeclare memini; sed idem etiam ilia vidi, 
neque te consilium civilis belli ita gerendl 5 nee c5pias Cn. 
Pompei nee genus exercitus probare semperque summe 
diffidere. Qua in sententia me quoque fuisse memoria 
tenere te arbitror. Itaque neque tu multum interf uisti 

20 rebus gerendis et ego id semper egi, ne interessem. Non 
enim iis rebus pugnabamus, quibus valere poteramus, 
consilio, auctoritate, causa, 6 quae erant in nobis superiora, 
sed lacertis et viribus, quibus pares non eramus. Victi 
sumus igitur aut, si vinci dignitas non potest, fracti certe 

25 et abiecti. In quo tuum consilium nemo potest non 

1 That is, if they show the devotion to be expected of relatives. 

2 eo . . . consilio usum : that is, are so determined in your resolution. 

3 not that I do not. 

4 The civil war and its consequences. 

5 That is, of abandoning Italy. 

6 That is, justice, the justice of our cause. In a letter to Atticus (VII. 
3. 5) Cicero says of Caesar's cause: causam solum ilia causa non habet. 



SELECTIONS FROM THE LETTERS 207 

maxime laudare, quod cum spe vincendi simul abiecisti 
certandi etiam cupiditatem ostendistique sapientem et 
bonum eivern 1 initia belli civilis invitum suscipere, ex- 
trema libenter non persequi. 

Qui non idem consilium, quod tu, secuti sunt, eos video 5 
in duo genera esse distractos; aut enim renovare bel- 
lum conati sunt — ii qui se in Africam contulerunt — aut, 
quemadmodum nos, victor! sese crediderunt. Medium 
quoddam tuum consilium fuit, qui hoc fortasse humilis 
animl duceres, illud pertinacis. 2 10 

Fateor a plerisque vel dicam ab omnibus sapiens tuum 
consilium, a multis etiam rnagni ac fortis animl iudica- 
tum; sed habet ista ratio, ut mihi quidem videtur, quen- 
dam modum, 3 praesertim cum nihil tibi deesse arbitrer 
ad tuas fortunas omnes obtinendas praeter voluntatem. 15 
Sic enim intellexi, nihil aliud esse quod dubitationem 
afferret el, 4 penes quern est potestas, nisi quod vereretur, 
ne tu illud 5 beneficium omnino non putares. De quo 
quid sentiam nihil attinet dicere, cum appareat ipse 6 quid 
fecerim. 20 

Sed tamen, si iam ita constituisses, ut abesse perpetuo 
malles quam ea quae nolles videre, tamen id cogitare 
deberes; ubicumque esses, te fore in eius ipsius quern 
fugeres potestate. Qui si facile passurus esset te caren- 
tem patria et f ortunis tuis quiete et libere vivere, cogitan- 25 
dum tibi tamen esset, Romaene et domi tuae, cuicui- 
modi 7 res esset, an Mytilems aut Rhodi malles vivere. 
Sed cum ita late pateat eius potestas quern veremur, ut 
terrarum orbem complexa sit, nonne mavis sine periculo 
tuae domi esse quam cum periculo alienae? 8 Equidem, 30 

1 Subject of the following infinitives. 

2 Sc. animi ; pred. gen. of possession. 3 limit. 

*ei, etc., Caesar, whose name, however, is not mentioned in any of 
Cicero's letters to Marcellus. 

5 Forgiveness by Caesar; a pronoun with beneficium in predicate relation. 

6 Subject of fecerim. 

7 A colloquial form of the genitive cuiuscuiusmodi, of whatever kind. 

8 Sc. domi. 



208 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

etiamsi oppetenda mors esset, domi atque in patria mal- 
lem quam in externls atque alienis locis. Hoc idem omnes, 
qui te diligunt, sentiunt, quorum est magna pro tuis 
maximis clarissimisque virtutibus multitudo. 

5 Habemus etiam rationem 1 rei familiaris tuae, quam dis- 
sipari nolumus; nam etsi nullam potest 2 accipere in- 
iuriam quae futura perpetua sit, propterea quod neque 
is qui tenet rem publicam patietur, neque ipsa res pu- 
blica, tamen impetum praedonum in tuas fortunas fieri 

10 nolo. Hi autem qui essent auderem scribere, nisi te in- 
tellegere confiderem. 

Hie te unius sollicitudines, unius etiam multae et as- 
siduae lacrimae, C. Marcelll, fratris 3 optimi, deprecantur. 4 
Nos cura et dolore proximi sumus, precibus tardiores, 

15 quod ius adeundl, cum ipsi deprecatione eguerimus, non 
habemus, 5 gratia tantum possumus quantum victi; sed 
tamen consilio, studio Marcello non desumus. A tuis 
reliquis 6 non adhibemur 7 ; ad omnia parati sumus. (Ad 
Fam. y IV. 7.) 

VII 

Written .a few days after the -preceding letter. 

M. Cicero S. D. M. Marcello 

20 Etsi perpaucis ante diebus dederam Q. Mucio 8 litteras 
ad te pluribus verbis scriptas, quibus declaraveram quo 
te animo censerem esse oportere et quid tibi faciendum 
arbitrarer, tamen, cum Theophilus, libertus tuus, pro- 
ficisceretur, cuius ego fidem erga te benevolentiamque 

25 perspexeram, sine meis litteris eum ad te venire nolui. 

1 regard for. 2 The subject is ea, = res familiaris. 

3 He was really the cousin of the banished Marcellus, but the Romans 
used the term frater more generally than we do. 

4 te . , . deprecantur, beg for your pardon. 

5 Since Cicero had been an opponent of Caesar. 

6 those whom you have left behind; i.e., the relatives of Marcellus, who, 
as he hints in Letter IX, lines 21#. were not active in his behalf. 

7 we are not appealed to. 

8 Q. Mucius Scaevola, a friend of Quintus Cicero. 



SELECTIONS FROM THE LETTERS 209 

Iisdem igitur te rebus etiam atque etiam hortor quibus 
superioribus litteris hortatus sum, ut in ea re publica, 
quaecumque est, quam primum veils esse. Multa vide- 
bis fortasse quae noils, non plura tamen quam audis 
cotidie; non est porro tuum 1 uno sensu solum oculorums 
moveri, cum idem 2 illud auribus percipias — quod etiam 
maius videri solet — minus laborare. 

At tibi ipsi dicendum erit aliquid quod non sentias, 
aut faciendum quod non probes. Primum tempori ce- 
dere, id est necessitati parere, semper sapientis est habi- 10 
turn; deinde non habet, ut nunc quidem est, id viti res 3 ; 
dicere fortasse quae sentias non licet, tacere plane licet; 
omnia enim delata ad unum sunt: is utitur consilio ne 
suorum quidem, sed suo. Quod non multd secus fieret, 
si is rem publicam teneret quern secuti sumus. 4 An, 15 
qui in bello, cum omnium nostrum coniunctum esset peri- 
culum, suo et certorum hominum minime prudentium 
consili5 uteretur, eum magis communem 5 censemus in 
victoria futurum fuisse, quam incertis in rebus fuisset? 
Et, qui nee te consule tuum sapientissimum consilium 6 20 
secutus esset, nee fratre tuo consulatum ex auctoritaie 
tua gerente vobis auctoribus uti voluerit, nunc omnia 
tenentem nostras sententias desideraturum censes fuisse? 

Omnia sunt misera in bellis civilibus — quae maiores 
nostri ne semel quidem, nostra aetas saepe iam sensit — 25 
sed miserius nihil quam ipsa victoria, quae, etiamsi ad 
meliores venit, tamen eos ipsos ferociores impotentio- 
resque 7 reddit, ut, etiamsi natura tales non sint, neces- 
sitate esse cogantur; multa enim victor! eorum arbitrio 



1 it is not your way ; tuum agrees with the infinitives mover i and laborare. 

2 = sed cum. 

3 the matter under discussion, namely, the return of Marcellus. 

4 Pompey. Cicero avoids the mention of names. 

5 communem: here has the meaning of "open to receive advice." 

6 This advice was that Caesar should give up his province within the 
legal period. 

7 less self-controlled. 



210 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

per quos vlcit, etiam invito 1 facienda sunt. An tu non 
videbas mecum simul, quam ilia crudelis esset futura 
victoria ? Igitur tunc quoque careres patria, ne quae nol- 
les videres? 'Non/ 2 inquies, 'ego enim ipse tenerem opes 
set dignitatem meam/ At erat tuae virtutis in minimis 
tuas res ponere, de re publica vehementius laborare. 

Deinde, qui finis istlus consili est? Nam adhuc et 
factum tuum probatur et, ut in tali re, etiam fortuna 
laudatur: factum, quod et initium belli necessario se- 

locutus sis et extrema sapienter persequi nolueris; fortuna, 
quod honesto otio tenueris et statum et famam dignitatis 
tuae. Nunc vero nee locus tibi ullus dulcior esse debet 
patria, nee earn diligere minus debes, quod deformior est, 
sed misereri potius nee earn multis clarls viris orbatam 

i5privare etiam aspectu tuo. 

Denique, si fuit magni animl 3 non esse supplicem vic- 
tor!, vide ne superb! sit aspernari eiusdem llberalitatem, 
et, s! sapientis est carere patria, duri 4 non deslderare, et, 
si re publica non possls frul, stultum est nolle prlvata. 5 

20 Caput illud est, ut, si ista vita tibi commodior esse vide- 
atur, cogitandum tamen sit ne tutior non sit. Magna 
gladiorum est licentia, sed in externls locls minor etiam 
ad facinus verecundia. Mihi salus tua tantae curae est, 
ut Marcello, 6 fratrl tuo, aut par aut certe proximus sim; 

25 tuum est consulere temporibus et incolumitatl et vltae et 
fortunis tuls. (Ad Fam., IV. 9.) 

1 against his will, an appositive adjective agreeing with victori. 

2 No; literally, non carerem. 

3 For the construction cf. p. 207, note 2. So with the following genitives. 

4 In the same construction as superbi ; 64. 

5 privata: sc. re (from re publica), your private property. 

6 C. Claudius Marcellus, brother of the one to whom the letter is ad- 
dressed and consul in 49 b.c, not the same as the cousin mentioned p. 208, 
line 13. 



SELECTIONS FROM THE LETTERS 211 



VIII 

Cicero's letter to Marcellus, telling him of his pardon, is lost, although we 
have the reply of Marcellus to it (IX). The following letter was 
written in September or October of 43 b.c. and gives an account of 
the event. 

M. Cicero S. D. Ser. Sulpicio 

Uno 1 te vicimus, quod de Marcelli, collegae tui, salute 
paulo ante quam tu cognovimus, etiam mehercule quod, 
quemadmodum ea res ageretur, vidimus. Xam sic fac 
existimes, post has miserias, id est, postquam armis dis- 
ceptari coeptum est de iure publico, nihil esse actum 5 
aliud cum dignitate; nam et ipse Caesar accusata acer- 
bitate Marcelli — sic enim appellabat — laudataque honori- 
ficentissime et aequitate tua et prudentia, repente praeter 
spem dixit: 'se senatui roganti de Marcello ne ominis 
quidem causa 2 negaturum/ Fecerat autem hoc senatus, 10 
ut, cum a L. Pisone 3 mentio esset facta de INIarcello et 
C. Marcellus 4 se ad Caesaris pedes abiecisset, cunctus 
consurgeret et ad Caesarem supplex accederet. Noll 
quaerere: 5 ita mihi pulcher hie dies visus est, ut speciem 
aliquam viderer videre quasi reviviscentis rei publicae. 15 
Itaque, cum omnes ante me rogati 6 gratias Caesari egis- 
sent praeter Volcatium — is enim, si eo loco 7 esset, negavit 
se facturum fuisse — ego rogatus mutavi meum consilium; 
nam statueram, non mehercule inertia, sed desiderio 
pristinae dignitatis, in perpetuum tacere. Fregit hoc 20 
meum consilium et Caesaris magnitudo animi et senatus 

1 In one thing, explained by the clause quod . . . vidimus. 

2 Implying that it would be a bad omen to begin the business of the 
Senate with the affair of his enemy. 

3 L. Calpurnius Piso, father-in-law of Caesar. 

4 The brother, see p. 210, note 6. 

5 noli quaerere: of the same general force as quid quaeris, quid multa ? 

6 Sc. sententias. After Caesar had brought the matter before the Senate 
each member was called upon to express his opinion. 

7 That is, if he were in Caesar's place. 



212 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

officium; 1 itaque pluribus verbis egi Caesari gratias, 
meque metuo ne etiam in ceteris rebus honesto otio pri- 
varim, quod erat unum solacium in malls. Sed tamen, 
quoniam effugi eius offensionem, qui fortasse arbitraretur 
5 me hanc rem publicam non putare, si perpetuo tacerem, 
modice hoc faciam aut etiam intra modum, 2 ut et illius 
voluntati et meis studiis serviam. Nam etsi a prima 
aetate me omnis ars et doctrina liberalis et maxime phi- 
losophia delectavit, tamen hoc studium 3 cotidie ingraves- 
locit/ credo et aetatis maturitate ad prudentiam 5 et iis 
temporum vitiis, ut nulla res alia levare animum molestiis 
possit; a quo studio te abduci negotiis intellego ex tuls 
litteris; sed tamen aliquid iam noctes te adiuvabunt. 
(Ad Fam., IV. 4. 3-5.) 

IX 

Written in answer to the lost letter of Cicero mentioned in the prefatory 

note to VIII. 

Marcellus Ciceroni S. 

15 Pliirimum valuisse apud me tuam semper auctoritatem 
cum in omni re turn in hoc maxime negotio 6 potes exis- 
timare; cum mihi C. Marcellus, f rater amantissimus mei, 
non solum consilium daret, sed precibus quoque me 
obsecraret, non prius mihi persuadere potuit quam tuls 

20 est effectum litteris, ut uterer vestro potissimum consilio. 
Res quemadmodum sit acta, vestrae litterae 7 mihi de- 
clarant. Gratulatio tua etsi est mihi probatissima,, quod 
ab optimo fit animo, tamen hoc mihi multo iucundius est 
et gratius, quod in summa paucitate amicorum, propin- 

1 That is, its obligation towards Marcellus. 

2 Contrasted with modice, more than moderately. 

3 That of oratory. 

4 becomes greater. 

6 with regard to wisdom. 
e = i n fiac . . . re. 

7 The lost letter, of which VIII can give us some idea. 



SELECTIONS FROM THE LETTERS 213 

quorum ac necessariorum, qui vere meae saluti faverent, 1 
te cupidissimum mei esse singularemque mihi benevolen- 
tiam praestitisse cognovi. 

Reliqua sunt eiusmodi, quibus ego, quoniam haec 2 
erant tempora, facile et aequo animo carebam; hoc ver5 5 
eiusmodi esse statuo, ut sine talium virorum et ami- 
corum benevolentia neque in adversa neque in secunda 
fortuna quisquam vivere possit. Itaque in hoc 3 ego 
mihi gratulor; tu verd ut intellegas homini amicissimo te 
tribuisse oflficium, re tibi praestabo. Vale. (Ad Fam., 10 
IV. 11.) 

X 

Written at Rome in Novemberj 46 b.g 

Cicero Marcello S. 

Etsi nihil erat novi quod ad te scrlberem, magisque 
litteras tuas iam exspectare incipiebam vel te potius ip- 
sum, tamen, cum Theophilus 4 proficisceretur, non potul 
nihil el litterarum dare. Cura igitur ut quam primumis 
venias; venies enim, mihi crede, exspectatus, neque 
solum nobis, id est, tuis, sed prorsus omnibus. Venit 
enim mihi in mentem subvereri interdum, ne te delectet 
tarda decessio. 

Quod si nullum haberes sensum nisi oculorum, prorsus 20 
tibi ignoscerem si quosdam nolles videre; sed cum le- 
viora non multo essent quae audirentur quam quae 
viderentur, suspicarer autem multum interesse rei fami- 
liaris tuae te quam primum venire, idque in omnes partes 
valeret, putavi ea de re te esse admonendum. Sed, quo- 25 
niam quid mihi placeret ostendi, reliqua tu pro tua pru- 
dentia considerabis; 5 me tamen velim, quod ad tempus te 
exspectemus certiorem facias. (Ad Fam., IV. 10.) 

1 See p. 208, note 6. 2 such. 

3 That is, in having such friends. 

4 A freedman of Marcellus, who delivered some of these letters to Cicero. 

5 Future with imperative force. 



214 CICERO'S ORATIONS 



XI 

An account of the murder of Marcellus, written to Cicero in 45 B.C. by 
Sefvius Sulpicius Rufus. 

Servius Ciceroni Sal. Plur. 

Etsi scio non iucundissimum me nuntium vobis alla- 
turum, tamen, quoniam casus et natura in nobis domi- 
nantur, visum est faciendum, quoquo modo res se haberet, 
vos certiores facere. 1 
5 A. d. x. Kal. Iun., 2 cum ab Epidaurd Piraeum navi 
advectus essem, ibi M. Marcellum, collegam 3 nostrum, 
conveni eumque diem ibi consumpsi, ut cum eo essem. 
Postero die ab eo digressus sum eo consilio, ut ab Athenis 
in Boeotiam irem reliquamque iurisdictionem 4 absol- 

loverem; ille, uti aiebat, supra 5 Maleas 6 in Italiam versus 
navigaturus erat. 

Post diem tertium eius diei, cum ab Athenis 7 pro- 
ficlscl in animo haberem, circiter hora decima noctis P. 
Postumius, familiaris eius, ad me venit et mihi nuntiavit 

15 M. Marcellum, collegam nostrum, post cenae tempus a 
P. Magio Cilone, familiare 8 eius, pugione percussum esse 
et duo vulnera accepisse, unum in stomacho, 9 alteram in 
capite secundum 10 aurem; sperare 11 tamen eum vivere 
posse; Magium se ipsum interfecisse postea; se a Mar- 

20 cello ad me missum esse, qui haec nuntiaret et rogaret, 
uti medicos el mitterem. Itaque medicos coegl et e ves- 
tigio eo sum profectus prima luce. Cum non longe a 

1 certiores facere is used as if it depended on visum est. More regular 
would be visum est faciendum (esse) ut vos certiores facerem. 

2 May 23. 

3 Marcellus and Servius were consuls together in 51 b.c, and were both 
augurs at the time of the murder. 

4 The rest of my judicial duties — holding the assizes. 
6 supra for super, past, beyond, around. 

6 One of the southern points of the Peloponnesus, Cape Matapan. 

7 Note the preposition. 

s Abl. instead of the more common form in -i. 9 throat. 

w Preposition: just behind. n Sc.se. 



SELECTIONS FROM THE LETTERS 215 

Plraeo abessem, puer L Acidini obviam mihi venit cum 
codicillis, in quibus erat scriptum paulo ante liicem Mar- 
cellum diem suum obisse. 2 Ita vir clarissimus ab homine 
deterrimo acerbissima morte est affectus, et, cui 3 inimici 
propter dignitatem pepercerant, inventus est amicus qui 5 
el mortem offerret. 

Ego tamen ad tabernaculum 4 eius perrexl; inveni 
duos libertos et pauculos 5 servos; reliquos aiebant pro- 
fugisse metu 6 perterritos, quod dominus eorum ■ ante 
tabernaculum interfectus esset. Coactus sum in eademio 
ilia lectica 7 qua ipse delatus eram, meisque lecticariis 8 in 
urbem eum referre, ibique pro ea copia 9 quae Athenis 
erat, funus el satis amplum faciendum curavi. Ab Athe- 
niensibus locum sepulturae intra urbem ut darent impe- 
trare non potui, quod religione se impediri dicerent, neque 15 
tamen 10 id antea cuiquam concesserant. Quod proximum 
fuit, 11 uti in qu5 vellemus gymnasio eum sepeliremus, 
nobis peranserunt. Xos in nobilissimo orbi 12 terrarum 
gymnasio Academiae locum delegimus ibique eum com- 
bussimus posteaque ciiravimus, ut eidem Athenienses in 20 
eodem loco monumentum el marmoreum faciendum lo- 
carent. 13 Ita, quae nostra officia fuerunt pr5 collegio et 
pro propinquitate et vivo et mortuo omnia el praesti- 
timus. Vale. D. pr. Kal. Iun. Athenis. (Ad Fain., IV. 

12.) 25 

I = servus. 2 A euphemism for mortuum esse ; 167. 

3 Txie order is, amicus inventus est, qui ei . . . offerret, cui . . . peper- 
cerant. 

4 lodging. 5 Diminutive of paucus. 

6 Because when a Roman was murdered in his home all the slaves who 
were in the house at the time were put to death. 

7 litter. s litter-bearers. 

9 That is, the finest funeral that the resources of Athens made possible. 
* 10 Without concessive force, 'and besides.' 

II That is, 'the next best thing'; the antecedent of quod is the following 
clause. 

12 Locative. 13 contract for the making. 



NOTES 

For abbreviations see the list preceding the Vocabulary. The references 
in black-faced type (e. g., 162) are to the Introduction, and should be looked 
up with care. Owing to the amount of historical and other matter given in 
the Introduction (1-176), the Notes are mainly explanatory of the meaning 
of the text, but also give such grammatical help as seems necessary. The 
literal translations are intended merely to make the construction clear and 
are not for actual use. 



NOTES ON THE ORATION FOR THE MANILIAN 

LAW 

Page 11. Line i. (Sect. 1.) Quamquam . . . autem . . . ta- 
men: a simpler and more forceful rendering is gained by omitting 
quamquam altogether, rendering autem by furthermore, moreover, 
and tamen by but. 

11. 1-2. frequens conspectus vester: a curious but not infre- 
quent inversion. Vester, the possessive, is equivalent, as often, to 
the gen. pi. of the personal pronoun vestrum. The adj. frequens, 
grammatically qualifying conspectus, really describes vestrum, and 
should be translated, not by an adj., for there is no proper equiva- 
lent for the idea in English, but by in mass meeting ; in crowded as- 
sembly. 

11. 2. multo: an abl. form from multum used as an adv.; 
rarely found, as here, with superlatives in the meaning of longe, but 
common with comparatives. — hie . . . locus: i.e., the Rostra, or 
speakers' platform in the Forum. Its name " The Beaks " came 
from the fact that the Romans, in very early times, overjoyed at 
winning a naval victory since their successes thus far had been on 
land, used the beaks of the captured ships to adorn the platform in 
the Forum from which the magistrates and others addressed the peo- 
ple. The battle is said to have been won over the Antiates in the 
Latin War, and the Forum was naturally chosen, for it was the central 
gathering-place of the citizens within the city. — ad agendum . . . 
ad dicendum: the phrase agere cum populo could be used only of 
a magistrate bringing business before the people in the comitia. 
But anyone of importance, to whom the magistrates gave permis- 
sion, might speak to (dicere) the people at a contio ; 40, a. 

217 



218 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

11. 3. amplissimus . . . ornatissimus : the place itself, because 
it was an official one, brought dignity and emphasis to a speaker's 
words, and honor and distinction to himself if he were a private 
citizen. 

11. 4. aditu laudis: join closely with prohibuerunt. — optimo 
cuique: an idiomatic phrase; lit., each best, i.e., all the best, freely, 
every one who was worthy. Here and frequently in the Orations the 
word optimus, like its positive bonus, has nothing to do with any- 
thing but political views and importance; a man's moral character 
is not taken into consideration at all. 

11. 5. voluntas: Cicero wishes us to understand that he has 
always had a strong inclination towards political life, but that he 
had marked out for himself a different career. Now, as circum- 
stances have changed and the people have rewarded him by polit- 
ical preferment for his work in that other career, he will change his 
course and work directly for the people's interests, following his 
earlier inclination. — vitae rationes: plan (sing, in English) of my 
life. The following sentence shows us that Cicero had hitherto 
deemed himself too young and too inexperienced to undertake a 
political address. 

11. 7. per: for propter here. — huius auctoritatem loci : instead 
of an adj. qualifying locus. Cf. locus amplissimus just above, 
which gives the same sense though with less force. 

11. 8-9. perfectum ingenio, elaboratum industria: i.e., noth- 
ing might properly be submitted there which had not received the 
stamp of genius, or at least been thought out most carefully, and 
then by assiduous labor brought into the most finished form. 

11. 10. tempus . . . temporibus: unlike ourselves the Romans 
saw nothing objectionable but rather a bit of praiseworthy clever- 
ness in the immediate repetition of a word in a different sense. Of 
course critical times may be interpreted as dangers, needs; 162. 

11. 11. (Sect. 2.) neque . . . et: the main thought lies in 
the clause beginning with et. Bring this out by the trans, of neque, 
as while . . . not, omitting et altogether when it is reached. 

11. 12. causam: interests; by vestram he means the state, as 
opposed to the private individuals mentioned below. 

11. 13. periculis: i.e., law-suits, the perils of private individ- 
uals. — caste integreque : in an honest and straightforward fashion; 
this qualification of his conduct towards his legal clients Cicero adds 
by way of suggestion that others have sought to evade the Cincian 
law. This law dated back to 204 B.C. and provided that no ad- 
vocate could accept pay for giving legal assistance. His only reward 



NOTES ON THE MANILIAN LAW 219 

lay in his added fame, and in political advancement. Cicero tells 
us that his election as praetor brought him his reward (fructum am- 
plissimum). 

11. 15. dilation em : an incomplete election was invalid. Hence, 
when the elections appeared to be going against them, various tricks 
were resorted to by political leaders to bring about a postponement 
before all the offices were filled. Just what caused the postponement 
to which Cicero refers we do not know. — praetor primus : this does 
not mean that there were differences in rank among the praetors, but 
merely that Cicero was the first to receive the requisite number of 
votes to assure his election. — centuriis: 78. 

Page 12. 2-3. honoribus mandandis : observe that this is not 
honoribus mandatis ; trans, as if it were honores mandando. 

12. 4. vigilanti: i.e., a man who has his eyes open to his oppor- 
tunities, a wide-awake man. — ex forensi usu: the law-courts were 
held in the Forum, and, from his habit of speaking daily there, 
Cicero says that he has gained valuable experience, which is now to 
be applied directly to the advantage of the people as a whole. 

12. 6. utar: sc. the object from auctoritatis ; so below, the 
object of ostendam from the clause si quid . . . possum. 

12. 8. potissimum: adv. superlative of potius. Different from 
potentissimum (cf. potens). — quoque: i.e., not merely success in 
war or noble birth should be so honored or repaid. — rei: i.e., ability 
as an orator. — fructum : reward. 

12. 9. (Sect. 3.) Atque: with emphasis on what follows, And 
(further), etc. — illud: i.e., the following, explained by the clause 
quod . . . possit. It is a cognate accus. following the impersonal 
deponent laetandum ; 59,6. 

12. 11. ratione dicendi: awkwardness will be avoided and the 
essential meaning of the passage more nearly rendered by omitting 
ratione altogether from the translation and substituting dicendo 
for the genitive. Then render insolita by a phrase: (to which I am), 
etc. — causa: subject (about which to talk). 

12. 12. in qua: for ut in ea. 

12. 13. virtute: the proper translation of this word needs care- 
ful thought. It has a large variety of meanings. Here we may 
perhaps render by excellence or abilities (used generally). The 
same care is needed for oratio, which occurs twice in this section 
— first, language, second, topic, subject (for discussion); cf. causa, 
above. 

12. 17. (Sect. 4.) ut . . . proficiscatur : a parenthetical pur- 
pose clause; 106. 



220 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

Page 13. 2. Mithridate et Tigrane: see the Introd. to this ora- 
tion. — relictus: Mithridates had been defeated and compelled to 
seek refuge at the court of Tigranes, but not crushed, as he should 
have been. 

13. 3. lacessitus: Tigranes, also defeated, had lost one of his 
chief cities, Tigranocerta. But the soldiers of Lucullus had mu- 
tinied and the two kings had won some successes. The com- 
plaints which the equites made to Cicero are likely to have had some 
basis in fact. One Roman writer (Velleius) tells us that Lucullus 
had not wished to end the war completely. It was a continuous 
source of profit and of glory to him. This may have led to the dis- 
affection among his soldiers which Clodius fostered. See Introd. 
to this oration. — Asiam: i.e., the Roman province so called. See 
map opposite p. 13. 

13. 4. honestissimis : Cicero has a number of adjj. which seem 
to have been the regular terms of complimentary description at 
Rome. Men of the senatorial class he calls amplissimi ; of the eques- 
trian usually splendissimi ; while both the equites and the plebeians, 
citizens generally, are termed honestissimi, as courteous appellations. 

13. 5-6. magnae res aguntur: the equites, as the business men 
of Rome, banded themselves together in companies and bought at 
auction the right to collect the taxes in the provinces. It followed 
naturally that they would be ruined if, for any reason, they failed 
to collect the taxes imposed upon the provincials. 

13. 7. necessitudine : Cicero was by birth an eques, though he 
had now become a senator. He was not therefore a noble himself, 
but his descendants would be of that rank. 

13. 8. causam, etc.: the political situation, and the dangers 
which in consequence threatened their fortunes. 

13. 9. (Sect. 5.) Bithyniae: See map opposite p. 13. It is 
perhaps needless to say that an accurate knowledge of the geography 
of Asia Minor and of adjoining countries is indispensable to an in- 
telligent reading of this oration. 

13. 10. regnum Ariobarzanis : i.e., Cappadocia. See map oppo- 
site p. 13. 

13. 12. Lucullum: Lucullus was a representative of the aris- 
tocratic party, a splendid general, but unpopular with his men. 
He was extremely avaricious and certainly derived great wealth 
from his Asiatic campaigns. A mutiny headed by his brother-in- 
law Clodius (later the bitter enemy of Cicero) led to his recall. 

13. 13. huic qui successerit: trans, by two words. Glabrio is 
meant. He had shown himself utterly incompetent, and as this is 



NOTES ON THE MANILIAN LAW 221 

an accepted fact Cicero dismisses him from consideration without 
even mentioning his name. 

13. 15-16. deposci atque expeti: a sort of hendiadys, urgently 
demanded; 156. 

13. 16. eundem: often best translated by an adv. or phrase. 
Here it seems to be adversative — on the other hand. — praeterea: else. 
We might insert only with unum in both places in this sentence. 

13. 18. (Sect. 6.) Cicero has now stated briefly the matter at 
issue. He has given this in mere outline, as he implies that it is 
already well known to his hearers. The choice of a remedy demands 
more detail. The following part of the oration to the end of section 
50 is called the confirmatio. The divisions of this, showing the cor- 
rectness of his judgment as to what ought to be done, must be care- 
fully kept in mind to get the force of his logic. The three main 
divisions are: (a) the importance of the war; (b) the extent of it and 
the danger from it to Rome's interests ; and (c) the choice of a com- 
mander. — Causa: observe the emphatic position. 

13. 19. Primum . . . deinde . . . turn: this is technically 
called the partitio, or division just mentioned of the confirmatio 
into three heads. The first of these, the genus belli, he proceeds at 
once to discuss, subdividing it under four heads: (a) gloria populi 
Romani; (b) salus amicorum et sociorum; (c) vectigalia populi 
Romani; (d) bona multorum civium. All these are now imperiled. 

Page 14. 1. Genus est belli eius modi quod: for Bellum est 
talis generis ut id, etc. 

14. 3-9. agitur . . . aguntur: the use of anaphora (158) 
marks off this fourfold subdivision of the first of the three heads 
(the importance of the war) into which he has divided his main 
subject. 

14. 7-8. certissima . . . et maxima: as Asia was the richest 
of all the Roman provinces, they could confidently rely on the in- 
come to be gained from it. But the rapacity of the Roman gov- 
ernors interfered more and more with this. — pacis ornamenta et 
subsidia belli: observe the chiastic order; 160. The genitives are 
objective. By ornamenta we may understand public buildings and 
costly religious ceremonials; by subsidia the pay and equipment of 
armies. 

14. 9. requiretis: i.e., look for something you will not find. — 
quibus ... a vobis: 78, a. 

14. 11. (Sect. 7.) Et quoniam . . . delenda est: the Latin 
periodic structure introduces more subordinate clauses than the 
English ordinarily employs. Occasionally, for the sake of variety 



222 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

and emphasis, it will be well to omit the introductory conjunction 
or conjunctions employed by the Latin, and to state the contents of 
the clauses in principal clauses. It will then be necessary, of course, 
to introduce a co-ordinate conjunction at the beginning of the real 
main clause. In this instance omit quoniam and add and so before 
delenda est. 

14. 13. bello superiore: between the "First" Mithridatic 
War, which was fought by Sulla for the Romans, and the one in which 
Mithridates was finally overthrown by Pompey, there was a war 
waged by the Roman general Murena, who had been placed by Sulla 
in charge of the troops left in Asia while he returned to Italy and 
fought the Marian party in the Civil War. Murena was apparently 
in the wrong and after he had been worsted by Mithridates was 
ordered by Sulla to end the war. This insignificant affair is some- 
times spoken of as the Second Mithridatic War. Evidently Cicero 
disregards it in using this adjective. See Introd. to this oration. 

14. 15. quod: this clause explains what the macula is. Trans. 
namely that, etc. 

14. 16. tota in Asia: in is unnecessary here as totus qualifies 
Asia; perhaps the fact that in is required with the following civi- 
tatibus may have led to Cicero's using it here for the sake of eu- 
phony; 86. 

14. 18. ci vis Romano s . . . denotavit: Cicero chose his words 
well to arouse in his hearers the keenest desire for revenge. This 
act was designed against " Roman citizens"; they were not merely 
to be killed in fair combat, but to be butchered; and all this simply 
because Mithridates chose to " note it down " to be done. The 
massacre, which took place in 88 B.C., cost 80,000 or more Romans 
their lives. M. intended to exterminate the race in Asia. 

14. 19. necandos: see 152. 

14. 20. poenam . . . suscepit: here in the sense of the idio- 
matic poenam dedit. 

14. 23. regnat: 89. 

14. 25. in Asiae luce: he means, of course, only the western 
part of Asia Minor, the Roman province. For this he uses the 
term lux, by way of contrast to the latebrae, which serve to describe 
the " outer darkness " of Cappadocia and Pontus. In the same 
way occultare is balanced by emergere and versari. All this from 
the Roman view-point. 

14. 27. (Sect. 8.) insignia: spoils, booty, triumph did not 
constitute victory in the Roman sense and practice. Absolute 
powerlessness to resist, or destruction of an enemy, could alone be 



NOTES OX THE MANILIAN LAW 223 

so described. In translating, only may be introduced before in- 
signia and but before non. 

14. 28. triumphavit de : a triumph was well deserved in Sulla's 
case; but how possible it had become for this supreme glory of a 
Roman's career to be won unworthily may be seen from a comparison 
of this statement with the note on bello superiore, p. 14, 1. 13, 
where Murena's failure is spoken of. 

14. 30-31. pulsus superatusque : trans, by a clause of con- 
cession, and see note on deposci, p. 13, 11. 15-16. 

Page 15. 1. quod egerunt . . . quod reliquerunt: these verbs, 
usually active, seem to be used here intransitively, with no object 
expressed. Ago is commonly so used, and, for the sake of bal- 
ance, Cicero seems to have drawn relinquo into the same use. The 
meaning is clear, but the exact explanation of the construction is 
not so obvious. Trans, because they acted, i.e., because they accom- 
plished {something) , and, by way of balance, because they left {some- 
thing undone). 

15. 2. respublica: 'public interests, affairs of state. See note on 
virtute, p. 12, 1. 13. 

15. 3. Murenam Sulla: see note on bello superiore, p. 14, 
1. 13. Sulla must not be supposed to have shown any consideration 
of justice or honor in doing this. He clearly intended to return to 
Asia and have the credit of conquering XEithridates himself. 

15. 6. (Sect. 9.) ornasset: when speaking of ships this word 
always means equip. Mithridates had discovered what modern as 
well as ancient history has taught the world, that wars are for the 
most part decided by superior equipment, as courage is a general 
trait among mankind. He knew that the Romans had the advan- 
tage in all wars from their discipline and equipment. Therefore 
so far as possible in preparing for this new war he imitated their 
arms and system. Plutarch asserts that he had at least 120,000 
foot soldiers, 16,000 cavalry, and also 100 scythed chariots. Besides 
these land forces he reports that he had 400 ships in his fleet. 

15. 9. potuisset: see 145. 

15. 10-12. et . . . simularet: do not make this parallel with 
comparasset as it is in the Latin, but omit et and trans.: giving out 
the story that, etc., or pretending that, etc. — usque in Hispaniam: 
clear to Spain. 

15. 13. legatos ac litteras : ambassadors with despatches. Hen- 
diadys; 156. 

15. 14. eos duces: the singular would be more exact; of course 
Sertorius is meant. 



224 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

15. 18. uno consilio: acting together. 

15. 20. ancipiti: it would be a great disadvantage to fight at 
such a distance from their base of supplies and at the opposite ends 
of their territory. Cf. the experience of England in the Boer War. 

15. 21. de imperio: for (the existence of your) government; i.e.,, 
not merely to hold conquered countries in subjection. Mithri- 
dates' s plans went much further than that. 

15. 23-24. (Sect. 10.) multo plus firmamenti ac roboris: in 
these words he pays Pompey his first compliment. There are many 
more to follow. He is quite willing to disparage anyone in com- 
parison with his hero. By firmamenti he means a war which had 
more assistance from without, i.e., more allies and secret support 
from Rome, and by roboris a war which had more strength and re- 
sources within itself. Hence the Mithridatic War suffers by com- 
parison, he says; from either point of view it was less formidable. 

15. 24. Cn. Pompei divino, etc.: 173. As we know from other 
sources, Pompey was no match for Sertorius in actual warfare. 
Only by fomenting dissension among his troops, which led to the 
poisoning of Sertorius, did Pompey succeed in defeating the army of 
his followers. 

15. 27. initia ilia rerum gestarum: those well-known first suc- 
cesses of his, etc. 

15. 28. extrema: freely, as above; trans, defeats. 

15. 31. vera: deserved. — ei: 74. 

Page 16. 2. (Sect. 11.) exorsus: a noun, i.e., the first of 
the four topics into which he subdivides the first of the three general 
divisions of his speech. 

16. 5. iniuriosius: the absolute use of the comparative, some- 
what roughly. For his own purposes Cicero is generalizing here, 
where history would not bear him out in specific instances. The 
Illyrian states had in one case murdered Roman ambassadors and 
in another imprisoned them, before war was made against them. 
Cicero would seem to be trying to give the impression that no similar 
treatment had ever before been inflicted on Roman envoys. 

16. 8. appellati: other reports, which naturally Cicero omits 
to mention, tell us that the ambassadors were treated with much 
violence by a mob. 

16. 9. lumen: i.e., the most brilliant city, the pride. — exstinc- 
turn: this agrees in gender with lumen, the appositive of Corinthum. 
Trans, the destruction of (147) ; in choosing this word Cicero con- 
tinues the figure of speech employed in using the word lumen, which 
we need not imitate. 



NOTES ON THE MANILIAN LAW 225 

16. io-ii. legatum . . . consularem: but M\ Aquilius, to 
whom he refers, could make no claim to inviolability as a legatus, 
for he had forfeited this right by taking up arms against Mithri- 
dates. 

16. ii. vinculis, etc.: trans, these nouns as if they were finite 
verbs parallel to necavit: imprisoned, flogged, etc. — omni: with every 
sort of, etc. 

16. 12-13. imminutam . . . ereptam: these participles (so 
also violatum and interfectum below) are fully as much in contrast 
as the nouns with which they agree. Cf. carefully 147. 

16. 19. (Sect. 12.) Quid? Grammatically one may supply a 
verb, e.g., ais or censes, to provide a construction for this. It 
serves very frequently in Cicero's speeches to introduce the following 
question with emphasis, or to lead the way to another illustration of 
the orator's meaning. It may be translated best by furthermore, 
again, moreover; cf. p. 49, 1. 4. 

16. 19-20. periculum ac discrimen: these two synonyms can- 
not easily be translated in the usual manner of hendiadys because 
of the modifying adj. summum. One might say the highly danger- 
ous crisis. 

16. 21. Ariobarzanes : the king of Cappadocia. The earlier 
name of the kingdom of Mithridates had been " Cappadocia on the 
Pontus," then Pontus only. 

16. 21-22. socius populi Romani atque amicus: this title was 
regularly conferred by the Senate upon foreign kings whom they 
wished to propitiate temporarily or to reward for their help; cf. 
the well-known case of Ariovistus as told by Caesar, B. G., I. 35. 

16. 24. cuncta Asia: see note on tota in Asia, p. 14, L 16; 
and 86. 

16. 25. exspectare: to look longingly for. 

16. 26. certum: a particular, i.e., one whom they should them- 
selves name. By using audent Cicero seems to imply that it would 
not be respectful towards Rome for them to select the commander, 
and, on the other hand, there would be some danger of their suffering 
for it at the hands of Glabrio, who was still in command. 

16. 30. (Sect. 13.) in quo . . . omnia: all of whose {quali- 
fications), etc.; bring in summa predicatively. — propter: the war 
against the pirates had brought Pompey to Cilicia, which had been 
practically the base of a pirate state. See map opposite p. 13. 
Propter is not a preposition here, but used in its earlier meaning as 
an adverb, and is equivalent to prope. 

16. 30-31. quo . . . aegrius: quo is an abl. of degree of dif- 



226 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

ference with aegrius. Eo, referring back to eum, may be supplied 
as an abl. of separation after carent. Carent is not to be regarded 
as expressing the thought of the provincials, for in that case the in- 
direct discourse would naturally make it subjunctive; but it is a 
parenthetical statement of Cicero's own; 143. 

16. 32. maritimum bellum: the war with the pirates. Only 
a few months had been necessary for Pompey to finish this war, 
although he had been given a three years' command. His prestige, 
then, must have been very great, and the claim that the kings, 
Mithridates and Tigranes, had been halted somewhat in their for- 
ward movements by Pompey's fame is probably true. 

Page 17. 1. tacite rogant: cf., for the figure, paradox (oxy- 
moron), 170. 

17. 3. quorum . . . commendetis : a characteristic clause de- 
pending upon dignos; 107. 

17. 4. ceteros : 173 ; it is probably safe to assume that Pompey 
was not the only Roman general who behaved with common decency 
towards the allies. 

17. 5. imperio: i.e., with the absolute military power possessed 
by Roman governors in the provinces, which admitted of no appeal 
from injustice. 

17. 5-6. defendant: attracted into the subjunctive as an in- 
tegral part of the clause in which it stands; 146. 

17. 7-8. audiebant antea, nunc . . . vident: observe the 
order. What is the figure ? 160. 

17. 8. temperantia: trans, this and the following abl. by adjj. 
qualified by so. Why? 

17. 10. ille: a curious change from hunc at the beginning of 
the same clause, both referring to Pompey. 

17. 11. (Sect. 14.) propter socios: these allies who were so 
nobly ( ? ) helped by the Romans paid the price later of absorption 
into the Roman state. 

17. 12. Antiocho: this king of Syria was defeated in 190 B.C. 
at Magnesia by Scipio Asiaticus, greatly assisted by his brother, the 
famous Africanus. The war had been undertaken because of ap- 
peals to Rome against Antiochus on the part of Rome's allies and 
friends, the kings of Pergamus (Attalus and Eumenes) and the 
Rhodians. — Philippo: king of Macedonia; the Athenians had ap- 
pealed to Rome against him. He was defeated at Cynoscephalae in 
Thessaly by Flamininus in 197 b.c. 

17. 13. Aetolis: the members of the Aetolian League, living 
just north of the Gulf of Corinth, had sought to help Antiochus by 



NOTES OX THE MAXILIAX LAW 227 

attacking several Greek cities. They were defeated and subdued 
by M. Fulvius Nobilior in 189 B.C. — Poenis: the Carthaginian 
wars were in each case due to requests for help against Carthage from 
Rome's allies and friends; from the Mamertini in Sicily, the people 
of Saguntum, and the African king Masinissa. 

17. 14. sociorum salutem: the second of his subdivisions, 
followed by imperi dignitate, the first; and leading up immediately 
to the third in vestris vectigalibus, which he proceeds to discuss. 

17. 17. tanta: (only) just enough, i.e., so small. 

17. 19. vero: but, emphatic contrast. 

17. 19-22. ut . . . antecellat: in this sentence are given the 
three main sources from which revenues were derived, viz.: from 
taxes upon the produce of the land; from a tax levied upon the num- 
ber of cattle pastured; from taxes upon all articles exported. 

17. 27. (Sect. 15.) metus ipse: compare, for a modern paral- 
lel to this, the violent fluctuations sometimes seen in the stock 
markets, which have their origin simply in rumors. 

17. 29. irruptio: (actual) attack. 

17. 30-31. mercatonun navigatio conquiescit: traders make no 
voyages. 

17. 31-32. portu . . . decumis . . . scriptura: these words 
correspond to the three sources of revenue given above: custom- 
duties; tithes, i.e., a tenth part levied upon all products of the fields; 
and the pasture-tax. This last, the scriptura (cf. scribo), meant first 
of all a writing, then a list, and in this use a list containing the 
number of cattle owned by each individual, which were thus entered 
upon it as grazing upon the public land; and on this number the 
tax was computed. 

Page 18. 2. (Sect. 16.) qui . . . pensitant: i.e., the pro- 
vincials themselves. 

18. 2-3. qui exercent atque exigunt: i.e., the equites who in- 
vested their money in the societates of publicani, the farmers of the 
revenue, are probably meant as the subject of the first of these 
verbs, and the people employed by them to perform the actual 
operation of collecting the taxes in Asia as the subject of the second. 

18. 3. propter: adverb; cf. p. 16, 1. 30. 

18. 5. farnilias: slaves were employed by their Roman masters 
in every sort of occupation. Some of these positions demanded of 
them the greatest ability, special training, and the utmost fidelity 
to their masters' interests. Some of the slaves, usually Greeks, were 
men of the highest education and refinement. 

18. 6. in saltibus . . . agris . . . portubus atque custodiis: 



228 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

these take up again the three sources of revenue, viz., the cattle, the 
produce, the exports. 

18. 7. magno periculo: introduce only before these words in 
translation. 

18. 9. vobis fructui sunt: bring you profit. The double dative, 
for which and to which. 

18. 13. (Sect. 17.) quod: a rel. pron. — extremum: i.e., the 
fourth of the subdivisions under his first head, which was the char- 
acter of the war (genus belli). Bring in predicatively, i.e., as the 
last topic. — proposueram: this exhibits a Latin peculiarity of tense 
in referring back to an earlier passage in a letter or speech. The 
English uses the perfect. 

18. 14. quod: because (it), etc. 

18. 15. quorum: for et eorum. 

18. 16. et: first. We should look for a following et as a correl- 
ative, and expect the meaning for the two to be not only . . . but 
also. Instead of this Cicero fills the two sentences following with a 
description of the publicani ; then (Section 18) he takes up his classi- 
fication again with Deinde, Secondly. He makes clear to us that 
two classes in the state are affected : first, the publicani themselves, 
and, secondly, other Romans who have invested money in Asia. It 
may well have been that the senators who were not permitted openly 
to engage in business secretly invested money there. 

18. 17-18. rationes ct copias: all through this oration Cicero 
uses pairs of words which are practically synonymous. Sometimes 
they may be treated as instances of hendiadys; at other times, as 
perhaps in this case, the verb may be translated with two different 
meanings and some slight difference discovered in the two nouns. 
This use of the verb is called zeugma. Here we may translate 
rationes business activities, and take contulerunt in the sense of 
moved over; copias then becomes the equivalent of funds, and we 
render the verb invested; 174. 

18. 19. ipsorum per se: for their own sake; i.e., it is not a 
matter of securing these particular revenues only, but it is to your 
own interest to protect the solid business men of the state.- — vobis 
curae esse: cf. and imitate translation of vobis fructui, p. 18, 1. 9. 

18. 20. nervos : he calls these the subsidia belli, p. 14, 11. 8-9, 
and from our own employment of the phrase " money forms the 
sinews of war," we can understand his use of nervos here. 

18. 21. ordinem: this word is used very widely by Cicero; as 
the business men of Rome belonged to the middle class of the three 
political ordines (54) of the state, the ordo equester, he seems to be 



NOTES ON THE MANILIAN LAW 229 

using the word as if all the members of this ordo were publicani. — ■ 
firmamentum : see on this word p. 15, 1. 23. 

18. 23. (Sect. 18.) ex ceteris ordinibus: i.e., the other two 
ordines, the ordo plebeius and the ordo senatorius, the former ac- 
tually living in Asia and the latter having a pecuniary interest in 
the profits of the publicani; 53, 55. 

18. 24-25. partim . . . partim: for alii . . . alii. 

18. 26. collocatas habent: equivalent to collocaverunt. Forms 
such as these show the origin of our perfect and pluperfect tenses in 
English. The meaning of loco here may be compared with the 
phrase we often hear in English, " place a loan," in the sense of in- 
vesting money. 

18. 26-27. humanitatis : a pred. gen; 64. So also sapientiae, 
1.28. 

18. 29. a re publica: cannot fail to be a matter of public con- 
cern. What is the literal trans? 

18. 30. parvi: a genitive of indefinite value; 67. Not the 
idiomatic genitive with refert. — publicanis omissis: i.e., if you neg- 
lect the farmers of the revenue and afterward collect by force what 
is due, you cannot continue the present system. These men will 
have no money and no others will venture to take the great chance 
of loss after seeing the fate of these men. 

18. 32. facultas: i.e., financial means. 

Page 19. 1. (Sect. 19.) Deinde: following primum, p. 18, 
1. 30. There is a short interruption between the two. See above 
on et . . . deinde, p. 18, 1. 16. — quod (id): a relative pronoun; 
trans, (the lesson) which, etc. 

19. 3. docti: made wise. 

19. 5. amiserant: indicative in the pluperfect following cum 
when the time is definite, well known, as is shown by the presence of 
turn in the antecedent clause; 117. 

19. 6. fidem: here, of course, in its financial meaning. 

19. 7. ut non: a result clause, best introduced in English by 
without; 109. — plures: this signifies not simply an additional 
number to the multi mentioned, but implies a much larger number 
than multi; even more. 

19. 10-11. id quod: as, referring loosely to the following 
clause, haec . . . cohaeret. 

19. 13-14. ratio pecuniarum: financial system. 

19. 15. Foro: as we might say of our country, centres in New 
York, in Wall Street. The Forum was the banking district within 
the city, which was itself the financial centre of the state. 



230 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

19. 18-19. ut . . . non: see the note above on this phrase 
0- 7). 

19. 20. ad rd bellum: i.e., ad tale bellum. 

19. 23. re publica: public interests ; cf. what he says in Sec- 
tion 18 about the connection between the property of private citizens 
and the welfare of the state. The state seems to be considered as 
something quite apart from the people who make it up, an idea 
wholly foreign to our way of thinking. 

With this last sentence he recapitulates the four topics which he 
has discussed; thus bringing to a close the first of the three heads 
into which he has divided his speech. 

19. 24. (Sect. 20.) At this point, just at the beginning of his 
second main division concerning the greatness of the war, Cicero 
has introduced a digressio, as it is called. In this he praises the 
deeds of Lucullus more generously, as he himself declares, than his 
opponents have done. He might have done this above (cf. p. 15, 
1. 25 ff.), where he began to speak of this general. His object in 
deferring the eulogy seems to be a desire to refute, in closer connec- 
tion, the argument which his opponents wish to derive from the very 
greatness of Lucullus's exploits, viz., that there is not much of a 
war left in Asia for anyone to finish, hence there can be no need for 
conferring upon Pompey such an unusual command. While Cicero 
joins heartily in this praise, he follows with proofs that, despite the 
earlier successes, disasters and troubles have followed in quick suc- 
cession, and even a " holy " war has been started against Rome. 

19. 25. belli genus: change about slightly in trans., the war 
in its character, etc. 

19. 27. In quo: the rel. connection, but referring back not 
merely to war but to the entire preceding statement. Trans. But 
on this point, etc., i.e., in dicendo de magnitudine. — elaborandum 
est: sc. mihi, and trans, by the active personal construction. 

19. 28. providenda: for cavenda. 

19. 29. contemnenda: as an adj. simply, deserving of scorn. 

19. 29-30. ut . . . intellegant: observe this purpose clause 
and compare it with the very frequent elliptical or parenthetical 
clauses of purpose. See 106. 

19. 32. Dico is expressed here for emphasis. We should not 
expect this, but a direct statement without it, e.g., copiae . . . 
ornatae . . . fuerunt, in which case the purpose clause would of 
course be parenthetical. 

19. 33. omnibus rebus ornatas atque instructas fuisse: thor- 
oughly equipped and ready. 



NOTES ON THE MANILIAN LAW 231 

Page 20. i. Cyzicenorum : i.e., the city of Cyzicus in Mysia. 
The city was partly upon an island in the Propontis (to-day the 
Sea of Marmora). Lucullus most brilliantly relieved it from siege 
in 74 B.C. at a time when Mithridates seemed certain of success. 

20. 2. obsessam esse: contrasted with instructas fuisse, etc., 
this seems to represent in the speaker's mind obsidebatur, signifying 
an action going on in the past; while the other stands for instructae 
erant, an action completed in the past. 

20. 3. quam: et hanc. 

20. 4-5. liberavit: we should expect the subjunctive. Why? 

20. 6. (Sect. 21.) ducibus Sertorianis: an abl. abs.; trans, 
freely, under command of leaders sent by Sertorius. This was a re- 
sult of the embassy sent by Mithridates into Spain, p. 15, 11. 12-13. 
There is intended exaggeration in this statement. Only one of the 
three leaders was a Roman sent by Sertorius, though there were 
undoubtedly on board the fleet a considerable number of the Marian 
faction, whose leader Sertorius was. The battle was fought off the 
island of Lemnos, where the pursuing fleet of Lucullus overtook them. 
— ad Italiam : this may have been the plan of Sertorius rather than 
of Mithridates. It seems likely, in any event, that had Lucullus 
not overtaken and defeated this fleet the consequences would have 
been serious for Rome, for the move was an utterly unexpected one. 
This is precisely the move successfully made by the Romans under 
Scipio in order to get Hannibal out of Italy. 

20. 6-7. studio atque odio: hendiadys. 

20. 7. raperetur: cf. " rapid " in English, and trans, actively: 
was hurrying away. 

20. 11. Sinopen atque Amisum : places of importance lying on 
the southern coast of the Euxine (Black) Sea. See map opposite 
p. 13. They were originally colonies of the Greeks. They were 
taken by Lucullus only after a desperate struggle. 

20. 13-14. uno aditu, etc.: i.e., simply by this, no fighting 
necessary. See note on Sinopen, etc. Cicero exaggerates here and 
purposely obscures the facts about the two cities mentioned, by ap- 
parently lumping them with permultas urbes Cappadociae, etc. 

20. 15. alios reges: particularly to Tigranes and his son, and 
to the king of Parthia. 

20. 16. haec: these (successes). 

20. 17. integris vectigalibus : i.e., Lucullus lived on the coun- 
try in which he fought, did not interfere with the revenues paid to 
Rome, but met the expenses of the war out of the sale of booty. 

20. 18. ita: sc. spoken. 



232 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

20. 19-20. legi atque causae: the purpose of this bill, i.e., the 
appointment of Pompey. Hendiadys. 

20. 26. (Sect. 22.) ilia: i.e., the one every one knows about 
from the legend of the Golden Fleece. Medea, the daughter of 
Aeetes, king of Colchis, fled with Jason, the leader of the Argonautic 
expedition, after she had helped him secure the Golden Fleece, and 
is reported to have escaped from her father's pursuit by killing her 
brother Absyrtus and scattering his dismembered body, as told in 
the text. She was famed for her knowledge of magic, and is a 
favorite subject in ancient writers. The Greek poet Euripides has 
left us a play, the " Medea," which deals with her troubles. 

20. 28. persequeretur: this would be in the subjunctive even 
if dissipavit stood here. It is an instance of informal indirect dis- 
course, and the subjunctive shows that it represents the thought of 
Medea herself ; 142, a. — Se is the indirect reflexive for the same reason. 

20. 29. eorum collectio dispersa: for collectio eorum disper- 
sorum (membrorum). As is frequently done in poetry, the adj. 
here is transferred and made to agree with the less suitable word. 
Cf. frequens conspectus vester, p. 11, 11. 1-2. 

20. 31. vim: quantity. — rerum: objects. 

Page 21. 1. (quas) et . . . et: some . . . others. 

21. 3. omnem: this stands here for the real object of reliquit, 
■viz., maximam vim. — Haec: by its position this not only establishes 
a connection with the preceding sentence, but also points a sharp 
contrast with rex ipse at the beginning of the clause following. 

21. 4. colligunt: historical present with dum, while, as usual; 
112. 

21. 7. (Sect. 23.) Hunc in illo timore et fuga: This terror- 
stricken fugitive. 

21. 8. excepit: it was not, however, until over a year and a 
half later, in the spring of 69 B.C., an interval which Cicero passes 
over unnoticed. The verbs excepit, confirmavit, erexit, recreavit, 
are arranged so as to form a climax, while the same thing is true of 
the adjectives which qualify their objects, diffidentem, afflictum, 
perditum. Choose your English equivalents carefully, as this pas- 
sage forms a severe test of the art of appropriate translation; 163. 

21. 19. temptandas: not a mere repetition of lacessendas but 
an intentionally weaker idea; bello is not to be supplied with it. 

21. 20. alia: besides; i.e., the ordinary causes for war against 
the Romans were present, but in addition and even more formidable 
was this wide-spread belief in the attack upon their sanctuary. — 
opinio, belief. The qualifying adjj. imply the seriousness of the 



NOTES OX THE MAXILIAX LAW 233 

danger and the exasperating effect upon the natives who accepted 
such a rumor. 

21. 23. religiosissimi : holiest. This was the temple of the 
Persian goddess Anaitis, which was situated in the district just 
north of the Persian Gulf, not far from the Euphrates. 

21. 27. quodam: wholly, as often. 

21. 28. urbem: Tigranocerta, the capital. This capture was 
largely due to Tigranes's self-confidence, his unwillingness to be 
guided by Mithridates, and his contempt for the Romans. Lucullus 
destroyed the city. See Introd. to this oration. 

21. 30. longinquitate : not the distance to be travelled, but 
the thought of the distance, etc., is represented as making this 
Roman army homesick. — Suorum is an objective gen. with desi- 
derio. 

21. 31. commovebatur: this is the only reference that Cicero 
deems it necessary to make to the mutiny led by Clodius. See 
Introd. to this oration. 

21. 32-33. (Sect. 24.) extremum: outcome. 

21. 35. et eorum: trans, auxiliis just before eorum, and also 
in the place where it stands. The text is unsatisfactory here. - 

Page 22. 3. ut regum, etc.; change about freely in translating, 
so that it runs somewhat more after this fashion : ut reges afflicti 
fortunis facile multos qui sibi opibus subveniant (help) alliciant 
propter misericordiam, maximeque eos qui, etc. 

22. 6. ut videatur: i.e., a result of their either being kings 
themselves or living in a kingdom. So we in America are naturally 
prejudiced in favor of a republic. 

22. 7. (Sect. 25.) victus : the participle expresses concession. 

22. 7-8. incolumis: i.e., before his defeat by the Romans. 

22. 9. eo: abl. following contentus, and explained by the 
following clause with ut. 

22. io-ii. ut . . . attingeret: this result clause is doubtless 
due to the influence of acciderat immediately preceding, which in- 
directly affects the construction. — pulsus erat: observe the tense, 
unusual according to Latin idiom after postea quam ; it corresponds 
here to the English usage. 

22. 11. umquam: i.e., ever (again). There is a preceding 
negative idea in praeter spem ; hence we have umquam in place of 
aliquando. 

22. 13. poetae: Naevius had written a poem describing the 
" War with Carthage," and Ennius had described in verse the 
" History of Rome." 



234 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

22. 15-16. non ex proelio nuntius, sed ex sermone rumor: an 

excellent illustration of Cicero's arrangement of balance in phrases, 
and showing how this may affect constructions. Ex proelio is the 
natural construction to use with nuntius; we should look for an abl. 
of means w^ith rumor, etc. But ex sermone is employed in imitation 
of ex proelio. — Lucullus was not himself personally defeated in this 
battle of Zela (fought in 67 B.C.), which is here referred to, but a 
lieutenant of his, Triarius by name. Lucullus had retreated from 
his advanced position after his soldiers had mutinied, and Mithri- 
dates was thus enabled to regain a large part of the territory he had 
previously held. As often, Cicero is exaggerating. The defeat 
was a bad one, but the army was not annihilated. 

22. 18. (Sect. 26.) tamen aliqua ex parte: Cicero makes it 
appear that Lucullus, had he been allowed to remain, might have 
remedied the situation to some extent. But his choice of wx>rds 
makes it also very evident that another, obviously Pompey, is needed 
to bring the war to a satisfactory conclusion. 

22. 20. modum: limit. The usual duration of a proconsul's 
term of office was one year. But the habit of prolonging it for 
various reasons had been growing, and it was to receive its greatest 
extension in the case of Pompey himself and of Caesar. 

22. 21. stipendiis confecti: i.e., had served the full number of 
years required of them by Roman law. This seems to be the mean- 
ing, although " exhausted " suggests another explanation. 

22. 23. consulto: an adv. — coniectura perspicite: trans, to- 
gether by one word. 

22. 24-26. coniungant: unite in carrying on. Observe the 
emphatic position of the verbs in this sentence, coniungant, reno- 
vent, suscipiant, with their subjects following in each case; then 
follows in regular order the phrase imperator accipiat. Thus the 
general and his army are placed in contrast with the conditions under 
which he is to assume the new command; and, incidentally, a sum- 
mary is given of the topics discussed under the second of the three 
main heads of his speech. Point out a case of anaphora and one of 
chiasmus in the sentence. 

22. 28. (Sect. 27.) mihi . . . videor: I believe, etc. 

22. 29. esset: the tense of this indirect question is determined 
by fecisse. As usual, the secondary sequence is used if a clause is 
dependent upon a perfect infinitive which is itself dependent upon 
a principal verb (here videor) in a primary tense. We must, how- 
ever, translate in English by is. 

22. 30. Restat ut . . . videatur: in the preceding sentence 



NOTES ON THE MAXILIAN LAW 235 

Cicero restates the first two of the three heads into which he sub- 
divides his speech, and maintains that the war is now shown to be 
unavoidable, and in its extent is a dangerous one. As a con- 
sequence, " all that is necessary is for him to speak of the selection 
of a new commander, " and there is but one leader equal to the task. 

22. 32. innocentium: incorruptible. There is a suggestion in 
this word that the charge made by his opponents against Lucullus, 
viz., that he had chosen for private reasons not to finish the war, 
had some foundation. Later, p. 27, 11. 1-2, Cicero places innocentia 
at the head of the supplementary virtues demanded of an ideal 
general. 

Page 23. 1. deliberatio : decision. 

23. 2-3. quemnam . . . putaretis: an indirect question de- 
pendent on the verbal idea contained in deliberatio. 

23. 2. potissimum: an adv.; do not confound with poten- 
tissimum. 

23. 6. superarit: for superaverit, a subj. depending on unus; 
107. The instances of hyperbole in this chapter can hardly be out- 
done by human speech. Pompey had been very successful, was al- 
ways successful, indeed, until he met Caesar. He was at this time 
justly enjoying great fame from his wonderful celerity in finishing 
this most troublesome war with the pirates, but outside of this his 
exploits cannot put him in the class with the world's greatest com- 
manders. 

23. 8 ff . (Sect. 28.) Again Cicero makes a four-fold, but not 
complete, subdivision of his third heading, as he did of his first. 
A " perfect, consummate, ideal " general (summus imperator) must 
possess four characteristics : scientia rei militaris ; virtus; auctoritas; 
felicitas. These four he takes up in detail in order to prove that 
they are true of Pompey to a superlative degree. 'When he has dis- 
cussed through two chapters (XI and XII) what he first includes 
under his heading virtus, he tells us that besides the virtus bellandi 
his perfect general must have other virtutes, viz.: innocentia, tem- 
perantia, fides, facilitas, ingenium, humanitas. These he proves to 
his own satisfaction are also qualities of Pompey. After this ampli- 
fication or subdivision of his topic virtus, he returns to the earlier 
four-fold qualification and takes up for discussion the third char- 
acteristic, auctoritas, and then the fourth, felicitas. Following this 
is his confutatio, or refutation of the main arguments of his chief 
opponents, Hortensius and Catulus. Last of all comes his per- 
oratio, which closes the oration. 

23. 9. virtutem: this word includes much more than any one 



236 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

word which might be offered for it in English. One might think 
that Cicero had himself defined it as virtus bellandi (p. 26, 11. 29-32), 
but even so we see that he takes the trouble (p. 24, 11. 1-4) to tell 
us that there are five parts at least to this quality, which he there 
speaks of as virtus imperatoria, viz., labor, fortitudo, industria, 
celeritas, consilium. Hence our difficulty in finding a short Eng- 
lish equivalent. Perhaps general capacity or excellence may approxi- 
mate to a translation. 

23. n-12. bello maximo atque acerrimis hostibus: an abl. 
abs. expressing the attendant circumstances. Trans, by a clause 
with when; 83. 

23. 12. patris: his father, Cn. Pompeius Strabo, won success 
in the Social War. Cicero also made his first campaign under this 
general. 

23. 13-14. extremapueritia: an abl. expressing time when. This 
means, of course, a toga virili, i.e., he was but seventeen years old. 

23. 14. summi imperatoris: this also refers to Pompey's 
father, who took up arms in 87 B.C. for the senatorial against the 
popular party led by Cinna. 

23. 14-15. ineunte adulescentia : an abl. abs. expressing time. 

23. 15. ipse . . . imperator: Sulla landed from Asia in 83 
B.C. after settling the First Mithridatic War in an unsatisfactory 
way, as has been said. Pompey, though only twenty-three years of 
age, gathered together an army recruited from the estates of his 
father in Picenum, and with this gained some victories over partisans 
of the Marian party in Italy. Then he marched to join Sulla, the 
leader of the aristocratic party, when he landed. The latter was so 
pleased with his conduct that he is said to have greeted him with 
this title of imperator. 

23. 18. confecit: completely subjected. Observe the intensive 
force of con (cum) in composition. 

23. 19. alienis: here, as often, for aliorum. 

23. 20. suis imperiis: i.e., not under another, but himself in 
chief command. Plutarch testifies to a most self-complacent an- 
swer which Pompey gave to the censors when he was questioned by 
them preparatory to giving up his status as an eques: " that he had 
completed all the necessary campaigns and all under his own leader- 
ship." Suis would more properly be ipsius, but it is used for em- 
phatic contrast with alienis. 

23. 23. Civile, Africanum, etc.: this general summary of Pom- 
pey' s usefulness to the state during six wars contains many exag- 
gerations. They are slight, however, in comparison with the hyper- 



NOTES ON THE MANILIAN LAW 237 

bole exhibited in the earlier paragraph. It was his service to Sulla 
in the Civil War, both in Italy and later in Africa, to which he first 
alludes. He fought his way through some Alpine Gallic tribes in 
marching to the war with Sertorius; these events are summed up 
as the bellum Transalpinum et Hispaniense. In the latter he was 
no match for Sertorius, but defeated Perperna, the second in com- 
mand, after Sertorius was destroyed by treachery. Crassus had 
already beaten the gladiators under Spartacus and a remnant of the 
army was trying to escape into Gaul when Pompey on his way back 
from Spain fell in with them and annihilated them. For this he 
demanded full credit at Rome. This is the bellum servile. 

23. 24. mixtum . . . civitatibus . . . nationibus: Cicero uses 
natio regularly of a foreign, barbarous people; civitas, on the other 
hand, suggests a form of civilized government. Sertorius had 
allies in Spain from among the native princes, and also a large fol- 
lowing of the Marian party. He ruled Spain for years practically 
as another Rome and, but for treason among his officers, it seems 
likely that he would have made an independent state of it. 

23. 25. navale: i.e., the war with the pirates. In this Pompey 
seems to deserve all the praise he won. 

23. 27. declarant: make it obvious. 

23. 30. (Sect. 29.) lam vero: Furthermore. 

Page 24. 1. Neque . . . solae: Cicero interrupts himself in 
his classification. He tells us what these virtutes imperatoriae are, 
and then selects only one from his list, celeritas in conficiendo, for 
application to Pompey's history. It is not until he reaches p. 26, 
1. 29, that he continues the substance of this sentence in another 
form, viz., Quid ceterae? 

24. 6. (Sect. 30.) Testis est Italia : this refers to the bellum 
civile of p. 23, 1. 23. The other wars of that list are taken up in 
the same order in which they appear there. Sicily was also cleared 
of the Marian party on the same expedition which carried Pompey 
over to Africa. It is to be noted that Cicero is emphasizing here 
Pompey's military qualities only, and risks the people's remember- 
ing that when he speaks of Italy as freed (liberatam) by Pompey, 
he is referring to successes won by him over adherents of the popular 
party, while he was supporting the aristocratic faction. 

24. 24. exspectatione eius: at the prospect of his coming. The 
words chosen in the remainder of the sentence, attenuatum . . . 
sepultum, seem to describe a war as if it were a man who becomes ill, 
then grows feebler and weaker, and at last is carried out to his burial. 
The figurative language is excellently applied here. 



238 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

24. 26. (Sect. 31.) Testes nunc vero: the addition of veroto 
nunc makes for greater emphasis. The present (nunc) evidences of 
Pompey's successes are the most important of all. 

24. 27-28. cum universal not only speaking generally, or as a 
whole. 

24. 31. navigavit: put to sea. 

24. 31-32. servitutis: alluding to the ancient practice of sell- 
ing captives as slaves, a most unfailing and profitable form of booty. 

24. 32. hieme: naturally the winter season kept the pirates 
in harbor. 

24. 33. praedonum: depending upon referto, which takes the 
construction of pleno. 

24. 35. arbitraretur : a potential subjunctive in the imperfect 
tense is quite regularly employed in the sense of the pluperfect. 
Trans, who would ever have believed? 105. 

Page 25. 3. (Sect. 32.) hosce: emphatic for hos. Trans. 
recent. 

25. 4. cui praesidio: cf. vobis fructui, p. 18, 1. 9. 

25. 8-9. Fuit . . . fuit: the repetition emphasizes his regret 
that it is no longer the case. We should repeat the adverb quondam 
in trans, rather than the verb fuit; 93, 159. 

25. 9. populi Romani: a gen. following proprium, the regular 
construction with this word, though to us a dative would seem 
more natural; 76. 

25. 10. propugnaculis : whether this is to be taken figuratively 
of the fleets and armies of Rome or more literally of defenses on the 
frontiers is not clear. The connection seems to point strongly to 
the latter. Propugnaculum, bulwark, suggests the idea which the 
preceding clause expressly states, that, owing to Rome's strength 
and prestige, war was always far from the capital. This war was 
close at their doors, not at the borders, beyond the homes of the 
allies. Of course Cicero wishes to emphasize the greatness of the 
disgrace wiped out by Pompey and the magnitude of the peril which 
his generalship had overcome. 

25. 12. dicam: a deliberative subj., as querar and com- 
memorem in the following sentences show; 100. 

25. 13. Brundisio: to-day Brin'disi, a main port of departure 
for and return from the East, lying at the end of the Appian Way, 
which ran from Rome to Capua and then to Brundisium. It lies 
on the southeastern coast of Italy. While relatively of less impor- 
tance now, it is still very much used. 

25. 14. captos (esse) : the subject accus. of this is the omitted 



NOTES OX THE MANTLIAN LAW 239 

antecedent of qui. Venirent depends on this for its sequence. Cf. 
esset, p. 22, 1. 29. 

25. 16. duodecim secures: i.e., twelve lictors (see 46, b). The 
number indicates two praetors. 

25. 20. (Sect. 33.) vitam . . . ducitis: i.e., the ports from 
which supplies of grain were brought to Rome. For these supplies 
Rome was almost entirely dependent upon Corsica, Sardinia, 
Sicily, and Egypt. 

25. 21-22. Caietae: (to-day Gaeta) on the coast of Latium. It 
bears the name reputed to be that of the nurse of Aeneas (cf. Verg., 
Aeneid, VII. 1-4), who, so Vergil tells us, died in the neighborhood. 

25. 22. celeberrimuin: probably has its earlier meaning here, 
crowded. 

25. 23. Miseno: the promontory of Misenum forms the north- 
ern end of the Bay of Naples. Tradition named this also for a 
companion of Aeneas. This Misenus had ventured to challenge 
the gods to a contest in trumpet-playing and paid for his effrontery 
with his life, for Triton drowned him near this spot, where his com- 
panions later buried his body. See Verg., Aeneid, VI. 162 ff. 

25. 24. eius ipsius liberos: it is not definitely known who is 
meant. One explanation assumes that Cicero is generalizing in his 
use of the plural for the singular, and that he refers to the daughter 
of M. Antonius, the orator, who had won victories over the pirates. 

25. 26. Ostiense: near or off Ostia. Ostia, at the mouth of 
the Tiber some seventeen miles from the city, was the seaport of 
Rome. 

25. 26-27. labem atque ignominiam : hendiadys. 

25. 28. ea: such, i.e., large enough to justify placing a chief 
magistrate of Rome in command of it. Hence the use of the sub- 
junctive in a characteristic clause, praepositus esset; 107. 

25. 31. lucem: figuratively employed for salutem, security. 
Page 26. 2. ei: nom. pi. for iidem, an emphatic substitute for 

vos. 

26. 2-3. intra Oceani ostium: i.e., as might be said to-day, 
"this side of the Straits of Gibraltar." The headlands on either side 
of the straits were generally termed in ancient days the "Pillars of 
Hercules/ ' which he is supposed to have set up to mark his passage 
from Africa to Europe. 

26. 8-9. (Sect. 34.) tanti belli impetus: this fiercely driven war 
(lit., the force of so great a war) has swept over the sea. 

26. 11-12. frumentaria subsidia: lit., reinforcements to the grain 
supply; perhaps may be rendered freely chief sources of, etc. Rome, 



240 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

like England to-day, was dependent upon food-supplies from abroad, 
not raising enough herself for home consumption. 

26. 13. (Sect. 35.) Inde: this may be temporal, but more 
probably is here used of place. Trans. From these places. 

26. 13-14. duabus Hispaniis: i.e., Ulterior and Citerior. 

26. 16. Achaiam: here used of southern Greece, i.e., the Pelo- , 
ponnesus only, while omnem Graeciam must be employed chiefly of 
northern Greece. In 146 B.C. the Romans gave the name Achaia 
to their newly organized province, which comprised both parts. — 
duo maria: the mare superum (Adriatic) and the mare inferum, 
that part of the Mediterranean lying between Sicily and Etruria, 
elsewhere called the Tuscan, or Tyrrhenian. 

26. 17. adornavit: orno and adorno have primarily to do with 
equipment, not with the decoration of places or people. 

26. 22. Cretensibus: the dat. of separation with ademit; 74. 
Cicero is speaking very cleverly here. Without misstatement he 
contrives to present matters in a false light. Metellus (Creticus) 
had whipped the rebellious people in Crete, and they, knowing they 
could obtain better terms for themselves by so doing, chose to offer 
their submission to Pompey, who was the jealous rival of Metellus. 
In the controversy that followed, in which Pompey based his claim 
to act on the wide, sweeping nature of his appointment to the war 
with the pirates, Pompey was forced to yield, as otherwise the Ro- 
mans would have been precipitated into civil war. 

26. 23. usque in Pamphyliam: Cicero is perhaps trading on 
the general ignorance of the distance on the part of his hearers; 
consult the map. — deprecatoresque : although this is a noun, it really 
shows the purpose for which the legatos were sent. Therefore trans, 
as if it read legatos ad deprecandum. 

26. 24. obsidesque: but, etc., as usual with et and que after a 
negative. Why is not the dat. case used here ? 

26. 25-26. dispersum: the Romans could not localize this 
war. It extended the full length of the Mediterranean and its 
branches. To be sure, the pirates used the Cilician coast chiefly for 
storehouses of their plunder, but by no means exclusively. Pom- 
pey' s commission needed to be a peculiar one in order to enable him 
to pursue them inland when they left the sea and sought refuge in 
inland fortresses. This brought him into collision with Metellus, 
as has been stated. It must also be said, in praise of Pompey's 
conduct of this war, that the fighting part of every tribe, the part 
that would not brook submission to the Romans, in every case joined 
these pirates in a perpetual war against Rome. To these were 



NOTES OX THE MAXILIAN LAW 241 

added many Romans dissatisfied with their treatment at home or 
banished for various reasons. Hence the enemy he faced was most 
formidable. 

26. 29. (Sect. 36.) Est: emphatically placed. 

26. 30. Quid ceterae: with this question he goes back to the 
point from which he diverged (paulo ante) in Section 29. 

26. 31. coeperam: for the perfect in our usage. See on pro- 
posueram, p. IS, 1. 13. 

26. 32. summo ac perfecto: perhaps, as these are synonyms, 
we might render the two together by one adjective, consummate or 
ideal. 

26. 33. artes: qualities. — eximiae: very important, perhaps 
best joined with administrae. 

Page 27. 1-2. innocentia: trans, this and all the ablatives of 
quality which follow by adjectives — e.g., how upright. 

27. 4. Quae: a connecting relative. Break it up into et haec, 
making haec the subject of sint. 

27. 5. summa: most admirable. 

27. 6-7. ex aliorum contentione: this is equivalent to by com- 
paring his qualities with those of others. 

27. 8. (Sect. 37.) imperatorem: make this an appositive 
with quern. 

27. 9. numero: category, i.e., a list of qualified generals. — 
putare: reckon. — veneant, etc.: notice that these forms are not from 
venio but from veneo. Centurions were promoted from the ranks 
and appointed by the general. Their positions were based ordinarily 
on merit. 

27. 10. Quid hunc: sc. from the preceding sentence possumus 
putare, but with a different meaning for putare. In this sentence 
it has its ordinary meaning of believe. — magnum aut amplum: these 
adjectives are neuter, qualifying Quid, which is a cognate accusative 
after cogitare; 59, b. 

27. 13. provinciae: sc. retinendae; an obj. gen. after cupidi- 
tatem. The implication, of course, is that the magistrates would 
accept bribes to favor the continuation in office of a provincial gov- 
ernor. Probably the hearers understood the allusion. We do not 
know who is meant, but Lucullus can hardly be referred to after 
what Cicero has already said in his favor. 

27. 17. nisi qui ante: in this way Cicero seeks to ward off the 
possibility of an attack upon his statement by asserting that anyone 
who should choose to exhibit anger at him for making it would there- 
by show himself guilty of the charge made. 



242 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

27. 19. quocumque ventum est: everywhere they go. — ferant: 
i.e., work a lot of mischief, not suffer. 

27. 20. (Sect. 38.) hosce: see on this word p. 25, 1. 3. This 
may refer to the damage deliberately inflicted on the inhabitants of 
Italy in the course of the Civil War, the Social War, the War with 
Spartacus, etc. More probably it refers to the usual vandalism so 
frequently the accompaniment of an army's progress even through 
the territory of so-called friends. 

27. 22. recordamini : this imperative clause might perhaps be 
better rendered by making it the protasis of a condition, having for 
its apodosis the following sentence, statuetis, etc. 

27. 22-23. statuetis quid existimetis : you will . . . imagine 
what goes on, etc.; lit., you will decide what you think is, etc. 

27. 24. pluris: observe the emphasis placed upon pluris by 
its wide separation from urbis, which it qualifies. 

27. 25. armis . . . civitates: observe the strong contrasts and 
the opposition of the words in this sentence; armis contrasted 
strongly with hibernis; hostium urbis with sociorum civitates. 

27. 28. iudicando . . . iudices: these words are suggestive, 
at least, of the fact that a general's province was judicial as well as 
military. His own interests and those of the Roman tax-gatherers 
were often at variance. Hence this class, who came from the equites, 
would naturally seek revenge upon him should any governor be 
brought to trial at Rome after the expiration of his term of office. 
This they were the better able to accomplish since the equites served 
very largely as iudices in the courts at Rome, at one time being ex- 
clusively the jurymen, and few governors escaped trial for mal- 
administration; 51. 

27. 29. (Sect. 39.) Hie: = Quae cum ita sint. — ceteris: 
i.e., there is no one in the same class with Pompey, he would have us 
think. The word is dative as if antecellere rather thai: excellere 
were used. 

27. 30. non modo : sc. a second non from the ne . . . quidem 
following. 

27. 31. tanti: despite the great size of Pompey's army it did 
no harm to the populations through which it marched. Not only is 
no intentional harm done by them, as is implied by the word manus, 
hand, whose actions can be controlled, but even the well-nigh in- 
evitable injury caused by such a large army's march is absent in 
Pompey's case. The word vestigium typifies this unintentional harm. 

27. 34. sumptum faciat in militem: this seems to refer to the 
practice of quartering soldiers upon provincials. Quite as probably 



NOTES ON THE MANILIAN LAW 243 

it refers to the habit of entertaining (incurring expense for) soldiers, 
perhaps to curry favor with them. Pompey did not allow this, far 
from demanding it. 

Page 28. i. Hiemis . . . avaritiae: both of these genitives 
depend upon perfugium, but while the first is objective (from) the 
second is subjective. 

28. 2. voluerunt: intended. 

28. 3. (Sect. 40.) Age vero: simply an inter jectional phrase 
to rouse attention or to mark a transition to another topic. The 
sing, imperative can therefore be used, even though more than one 
is addressed. 

28. 4. tantam: marvellous. Never attempt to translate this 
word literally after a demonstrative such as hie or ille. 

28. 5. inventum (esse) : trans, as if it were active, with Pompey 
as subject, first by secured with celeritatem and then by covered with 
cursum; 174. — cursum: distance. 

28. io-ii. amoenitas: charming spot, abstract for the con- 
crete; 175. 

28. 11. nobilitas: fame, or, as equivalent in force to an em- 
phatic adjective, no famous or celebrated city. 

28. 12. denique: this comes in awkwardly if translated in its 
usual way, finally, as following it in the next sentence comes pos- 
tremo. Trans, with non, not even (labor) itself, etc. — signa: note the 
various and widely divergent meanings of this word; its meaning is 
determined easily here from its association with tabulas. 

28. 13. tabulas: sc. pictas, i.e., paintings. — ornamenta: beau- 
tiful objects. By way of contrast see the note upon adornavit, p. 
26, 1. 17. 

28. 17. (Sect. 41.) delapsum: descended, i.e., a god. — 
nunc denique : at last, for the first time. 

28. 18. fuisse: observe the emphasis gained by its position 
and compare the note on fuit, p. 25, 11. 8-9. We must introduce 
really, actually, in fact, or some such phrase or word to get the same 
effect.— ^hac: i.e., having such self-restraint as Pompey's. 

28. 19. quod: the entire preceding clause is its antecedent; 
something which, etc. 

28. 30. (Sect. 42.) loco: i.e., the Rostra. The general im- 
pression we have of Pompey's oratory is not very high. — Fidem: 
placed first for emphasis. We can hardly show this unless we 
translate in some such way as: As for his sense of honor. 

28. 31. quantam: trans, how highly. — quam: when, lit., which. 

Page 29. 11. (Sect. 43.) pertinere: this infin. forms the main 



244 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

clause of the indir. disc, depending on ignorat. It has for its sub- 
ject accus. the substantive clause (indir. ques.) quid . . . existi- 
ment. 

29. 14. tantis: such important. Frequently it is best to be 
more specific in translating tantus than to use simply great as a 
rendering. — ut aut contemnant, etc.: result clauses following com- 
moveri. Render by English infinitive clauses. The first pair of 
these verbs is naturally more appropriate to the enemies of Rome, 
the second pair to their socii. 

29. 15. opinione: i.e., an opinion formed without acquaint- 
ance or experience; hence trans, prejudice. 

29. 19. iudicia: i.e., you have time and again shown your 
good opinion of Pompey by electing him to important offices. — 
(Sect. 44.) An vero : compare the use of this introductory phrase, 
p. 25, 1. 21. While in origin this is doubtless the second part of a 
double question of which in these and similar places the first part has 
been omitted, no thought of a first and alternative question seems 
to be in the speaker's mind. The phrase simply indicates very 
emphatically in this passage that a negative answer to this question 
would be absurd. 

29. 20. quo: i.e., for ut ad earn. 

29. 21. illius diei: i.e., the day on which the Lex Gabinia 
was passed, placing Pompey in charge of the war with the pirates. 

29. 22. referto, etc.: trans, by active participles with the 
nouns they qualify as objects: i.e., crowding the temples, etc.; cf. 
147. — templis: i.e., the steps of the temples around the Forum, par- 
ticularly those of Vesta and Castor near the Palatine and those of 
Saturn and Concord on the slope of the Capitoline. 

29. 25. ut . . . dicam: certainly a parenthetical purpose 
clause; 106. Hence we should expect to have here ne . . . dicam, 
neve, etc., as ut non is properly used only in result clauses. The 
usual explanation offered is that non dicam is to be taken as one 
idea put for omittam or praeteream. 

29. 26. quantum . . . valeat: freely, the importance (of). 

29. 28. qui quo die: qui is out of its proper place, put first 
for emphasis, but is really the subject of the subordinate clause 
praepositus est. It is also a connecting relative (for . . . he). Die, 
the antecedent of quo, is incorporated in the relative clause; for 
on the day on which, etc. 

29. 30. ex: immediately after. 

29. 31. unius hominis: as often, a gen. is attached to two dif- 
ferent words in two different uses, one objective and one subjective. 



NOTES ON THE MANILIAN LAW 245 

29. 32. potuisset: the apodosis of a condition contrary to 
fact in past time. The protasis is implied in the phrase in summa 
ubertate agrorum, which might have been written si ubertas agro- 
rum summa fuisset. For the mood see 129 (cf. 128). 

Page 30. 1. (Sect. 45.) calamitate: see note on non ex 
proelio, etc., p. 22, 11. 15-16. The reference is to the defeat of 
Triarius, one of the lieutenants of Lucullus. 

30. 3. animi: courage. 

30. 5. discrimen: suggesting that it was just at the most 
critical moment of a generally hazardous time. 

30. 11. imperio atque exercitu: {when given) the commission 
and an army (to support him). 

30. 12. ipso: merely by his, etc. 

30. 13. (Sect. 46.) Age vero: practically an interjection. 
Hence the plural form is not needed. See on p. 28, 1. 3. — ilia res: 
i.e., the following fact, explained by the following clause, quod . . • 
dediderunt. 

30. 15. longinquis: i.e., from Rome, while diversis means from 
each other. 

30. 17. noster imperator: one of our generals. Q. Metellus is 
meant. He had served in Spain and won many of the successes 
there, in the campaigns against Sertorius and his followers, for 
which Pompey received most of the credit. This time, however, 
Pompey was obliged to give over his pretensions to a command in 
Crete or face civil war. See on Cretensibus, p. 26, 1. 22. 

30. 18. in ultimas prope terras : Cicero is certainly trading upon 
his hearers' ignorance of geography. Even with ancient means of 
travel only gross exaggeration could describe in this way the jour- 
ney from Crete to Pamphylia. Some suggest that he is really 
measuring in this phrase the distance from Rome to Pamphylia. 
Consult the map opposite p. 1. 

30. 20. Quid: see note on this word, p. 16, 1. 19. 

30. 21. in Hispaniam: we have no other information about 
this. So far as we know, his Spanish negotiations were with Ser- 
torius. 

30. 21-22. eum quern: a man whom. 

30. 22. ei quibus: i.e., some jealous rival of Pompey, who 
denied the privilege of ambassadorship to this man, while Pompey 
claimed it for him. 

30. 25. hanc auctoritatem : this is brought in early for em- 
phatic position; really it belongs in the quantum clause as subject 
accus. of valituram esse. 



246 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

30. 29. (Sect. 47.) est: this has the substantive result 
clause ut . . . dicamus for its subject; 137. With this he begins 
to discuss the fourth characteristic of his ideal commander, felicitas, 
good fortune, luck. 

30. 30. meminisse: sc. but before this. Adversative asyn- 
deton; 155. 

30. 31. homines: sc. dicere, from dicamus following. 

30. 32. Maximo: Q. Fabius Maximus Cunctator, the wary 
antagonist of Hannibal who once caught that wonderful general of 
the Carthaginians in a well-nigh hopeless position. He always 
refused to let Hannibal draw him into an engagement in the open 
field, knowing the inferiority of his own troops. He was called the 
" Shield of Rome " as well as Cunctator. 

Page 32. 1. Marcello: M. Claudius Marcellus, called the 
" Sword of Rome." Famous in the Second Punic War, but caught 
at last in an ambush and killed by Hannibal. See Vocabulary and 
Classical Dictionary on this name and the following. — Scipioni: 
probably the elder Africanus. Look up also the younger Africanus, 
who may be in the speaker's mind. — Mario: C. Marius, seven 
times consul. 

32. 4. Fuit: observe the emphatic position; its predicate 
nominative fortuna stands at the very end of the sentence, and is 
thereby also emphasized. Perhaps the tense may be regarded as 
gnomic, i.e., equivalent to our present, describing something that 
is generally true, as the tense is employed in maxims. For this the 
Greek uses the aorist (past) and the Latin often the perfect (past), 
while in English we employ the present. Hence trans, have, mak- 
ing the dative viris the subject nominative. 

32. 5. ad gloriam: i.e., enabling them to win this and to per- 
form, etc. 

32. 8-9. non ut . . . sed ut: i.e., not speaking in such a way 
as to claim . . ., but in such a way as to make it evident that, etc. 

32. 10-11. invisa . . . ingrata: to claim constant good for- 
tune for Pompey would seem likely to offend the gods (invisa), by 
whom it is bestowed (divinitus above), or, at the very least, to show 
a lack of appreciation of their favor (ingrata). 

32. 11-12. (Sect. 48.) non sum praedicaturus : a favorite 
device of the ancient orator was to call attention to some point he 
wished to emphasize under a pretence of omitting it. There have 
been a number of instances of this figure, known as praeteritio, in 
this oration, but no better example than this; 169. 

32. 13. ut eius: ut has here the less usual meaning of how, 
introducing an indirect question. 



NOTES ON THE MANILIAN LAW 247 

32. 19. Quod ut ... sit: the rel. quod serves to establish 
closer connection with the preceding sentence; cf. quae, p. 27, 1. 4. 
The ut clause is a substantive purpose clause depending upon the 
following optare; 136. Trans. That this {good fortune) may be a 
lasting characteristic of his. 

32. 20-21. cum . . . turn; = non solum . . . sed etiam, or 
simply et . . . et. — salutis atque imperi: hendiadys; 156. 

32. 21-22. velle et optare: these synonyms may be trans- 
lated hope and pray, or, as elsewhere in this oration, by one modified 
verb, a sort of hendiadys, desire earnestly; cf. the preceding note. 

32. 23-27. (Sect. 49.) cum et . . . fortuna: in this paren- 
thesis Cicero summarizes his own argument thus far, giving the three 
heads into which he had subdivided it — the character of the war, 
its extent, the choice of a commander — together with the four topics 
of the third, and shows that logically Pompey is the only man to 
select for the command as properly competent. Now he enters 
upon the rebuttal, the refutation of the specific arguments offered 
by his opponents Hortensius and Catulus. 

32. 27-30. quin . . . conferatis: regularly we should have 
conferre for this, as the inf. follows dubito in the sense of hesitate. 
Rarely, except in the meaning doubt, does dubito take quin and 
the subjunctive; 139, a. 

32. 28. boni: a substantive, advantage; a partitive gen. 

32. 31. (Sect. 50.) Quod si: And so even though, etc. 

32. 32. erat deligendus: the apodosis of a condition contrary 
to fact in present time; in the indicative with more emphasis than 
the subjunctive would have; 128. 

Page 33. 1. opportunitas : fortunate circumstance. 

33. 1-2. ut . . . adsit: this and the following ut clauses are 
result clauses explaining opportunitas. As opportunitas suggests 
the same idea, happen, as the verb accidit, the construction limiting 
opportunitas is the same as we should find after accidit. 

33. 2. ab eis qui habent: i.e., the generals still in Asia with 
troops. Lucullus had not yet returned, while Glabrio was nominally 
in command with an army composed only partly of troops received 
from Lucullus, and a third commander, Q. Marcius Rex, the gov- 
ernor of Cilicia, had troops not far away. 

33. 4. eidem: dative following committamus. 

33. 6. committamus: a deliberative subjunctive; 100. Ob- 
serve that in the exactly parallel question which precedes, quid 
exspectamus, Cicero uses the indicative. 

33. 7. (Sect. 51.) At enim: this is the regular phrase for 
introducing an objection. It is elliptical in form, assuming an 



248 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

omitted phrase; e.g., But {objection may be offered) for, etc. Per- 
haps it may be best rendered by But you will say that, etc. This 
marks the beginning of the conf utatio, the part of the speech devoted 
to answering criticisms of the proposed bill. 

33. 8. vestris beneficiis . . . affectus: the beneficia were 
magistracies and commands, for which in the next line, concerning 
Hortensius, he uses a different expression. Trans, these phrases by 
active relative clauses. — Catulus: Q. Lutatius Catulus, a most 
highly esteemed member of the* aristocratic party. Consult Vocabu- 
lary and also the Classical Dictionary about him and about Hor- 
tensius. The latter was Cicero's chief rival at the bar. 

33. 9. fortunae: referring to wealth and property. 

33. 11. auctoritatem: the mew, i.e., the expressed opinion. — 
locis: occasions. 

33. 13. contrarias: sc. esse, making the adjective predicate. 

33. 14-15. omissis auctoritatibus : sc. of every one. 

33. 15. ipsa re ac ratione: as if a hendiadys, by reasoning only 
upon the facts. 

33. 17-18. et (necessarium) : namely, that, etc., followed by a 
statement of his three main headings. 

33. 20. (Sect. 52.) omnia: all power. 

33. 23. pro: lit., according to; render very freely : as was to be 
expected from a man having your, etc. 

33. 25. graviter ornateque: with dignity and eloquence. 

33. 27. promulgasset: Roman practice required that a bill 
about which a comitia was to be called upon to vote should be 
posted in the city and announced in the Senate at least seventeen 
days before the assembly should be called upon to vote upon it. — 
ex hoc loco: i.e., he had argued against the former law both before 
the Senate and, in a gathering similar to the present one, before the 
people in the Forum. The manifest and immediate benefit which 
had followed the passing of the former, the Gabinian, law is assumed 
by Cicero to prove his plea sufficiently; his opponents were proved 
wrong before, so the same argument cannot be valid this time. Of 
course, this is all quite beside the real argument offered by these 
men. The state was fast drifting to the necessary establishment of 
a power which would be outside of law and above law. It is alto- 
gether probable that arrangements within the law would have been 
sufficient to drive the pirates from the seas. Pompey's peculiar 
command, though it had brought immediate benefit, led the way 
towards the ultimate domination of the state by its most powerful 
general. 



NOTES ON THE MANILIAN LAW 249 

33. 29. (Sect. 53.) Quid: i.e., What do you say to this? 
Trans, simply: Bid. It marks a transition merely, as often. Cf. 
p. 16, 1. 19; p. 30, L 20. 

33. 29-31. Turn . . . hodie: observe the great emphasis 
which their position gives to these words. 

33. 31. vera causa: real interests. 

33. 32. teneremus: be sure to show by your translation that 
this is in the imperfect, not, like the protasis, in the pluperfect, tense. 
— An: What! Did you then think, etc. See on p. 29, 1. 19, and cf. 
p. 25, 1. 21. 

33. 35. commeatu: observe the derivation of this word and 
do not trans, it provisions. It may be an abl. of specification telling 
in what respect prohibebamur ex provinciis ; or it may be regarded 
as a parallel construction to ex provinciis without a preposition, and 
explaining in more detail what is meant by the former phrase. 
Trans, freely, whether going there as private individuals or as repre- 
sentatives of the state. 

Page 34. 4. (Sect. 54.) Atheniensium : their naval suprem- 
acy came after and chiefly as a consequence of the Persian invasion 
of Greece; hence in the fifth century before Christ. 

34. 5. Karthaginiensium : in the third century before Christ 
the Carthaginians were the chief traders in all parts of the Mediter- 
ranean. The Athenians had not gone much beyond the Aegean 
and the Propontis. The first two wars with Rome drove the Car- 
thaginians from the. sea. 

34. 6. Rhodiorum: the Rhodians cannot be said to have dom- 
inated the sea in opposition to the Romans. They were certainly 
the best of sea-faring peoples for a long period after the overthrow 
of the Carthaginians on the sea, but were usually in alliance with 
Rome. 

34. 7. disciplina et gloria: hendiadys, fame for seamanship. 

34. 12. legem Gabiniam: Pompey's successful conduct of the 
war with the pirates furnishes Cicero with a specious argument for 
his appointment to this new extraordinary command. Of course 
the same objection existed to both commands, i.e., the creating of 
an authority greater than that of the home government. 

34. 13. invictum: as has been frequently pointed out, the 
Romans were never really great as a naval power. They won sea- 
fights, it is true, but mostly with the assistance of allies who were 
more expert sailors than themselves. Cicero simply exaggerates in 
order to please his hearers and to picture more vividly the change 
wrought by Pompey. 



250 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

34. 14. ac: in the sense of atque adeo, or rather; corrective in 
force. 

34. 15. utilitatis: advantages. 

34. 16. (Sect. 55.) Nos: this word, emphatic in itself {i.e., 
expressed when not needed for subject of the verb), emphatic also 
in its position, and further because it is repeated a few lines later, 
is still further emphasized by the introduction of ei (before nullo in 
loco), which is equivalent to eidem. — Antiochum: see on Antiocho, 
p. 17, 1. 12. 

34. 16-17. Persem: Perses, or Perseus, as it is often spelled, 
was the king of Macedonia who was conquered at Pydna in 168 
B.C. by Aemilius Paulus, the father of Scipio Africanus the Younger. 

31. 17-18. Karthaginiensis : at first the Carthaginians were 
far superior to the Romans on the sea. Only when the latter suc- 
ceeded in approximately bringing about the conditions of land 
fighting did they win. In spite of boastful claims the Romans al- 
ways remained inferior as sailors to other nations, although they 
won many sea-fights; see on invictum, line 13. 

34. 24-25. omnes . . . commeabant: it was the slave-market 
of the whole world. 

34. 25. referta divitiis: i.e., {although it was), etc. Much of 
the wealth of this island, the centre of the Cyclades group of the 
Aegean, consisted of offerings brought to the temple of Apollo. 
Delos, as the reputed birth-place of Apollo and Diana, contained 
the famous oracle, highly esteemed outside of Greece as well as by 
the Greeks themselves. These pirates of the Mediterranean were 
largely composed of the boldest and often the best part of the na- 
tions vanquished by Rome. Hence it would not be surprising if 
they permitted the general veneration for the oracle to afford pro- 
tection to the entire island. According to one statement, however, 
the pirates captured and plundered the island in 69 B.C. 

34. 26. eidem : emphatic repetition of nos. See on Nos, line 16. 

34. 27-28. Appia via: the main road to the south, begun by 
Appius Claudius the. Censor. It was originally built to Capua; 
later an extension carried it to Brundisium. Running occasion- 
ally near the shore, it was quite exposed to attacks by the 
pirates. 

34. 30. exuviis nauticis: i.e., the beaks of the captured ships 
of the Antiates. See note on hie . . . locus, p. 11, 1. 2. 

Page 35. 3-4. (Sect. 56.) in saluti communi: trans, in very 
freely, as is often necessary in order to bring out the meaning in 
English: when the {saluti communi) is involved. 



NOTES ON THE MANILIAN LAW 251 

35. 4. dolori: not grief or even resentment here, but in a more 
general sense, feeling. 

35. 9. (Sect. 57.) Quo: therefore. — obtrectatum esse: used 
impersonally; trans, that criticism has been offered. This is again 
to be supplied in the parenthetical clause after dicam. Join closely 
in translation with ne legaretur. 

35. 10. anne: for an, a substitution which rarely occurs. 

35. 12. expetenti ac postulanti: trans, by one verb qualified 
by an adverb. — Utrum: omit in translation in direct questions. 

Page 36. 1. legatum: sc. eum, him {as his) lieutenant. — quern 
velit: join closely with impetret, which attracts it into the sub- 
junctive; 145. — idoneus non est: does he not deserve f 

36. 2. impetret: subj. clause dependent on idoneus. Cf. 107. 
— cum: although. — ceteri: apparently at this moment Cicero 
chooses to think that Pompey alone among all Roman generals is 
honest. These legati were originally appointed by the Senate, but 
at this time the Senate simply fixed the number to be selected and 
the general chose his own. It was very properly the law at Rome 
that no man who had proposed a bill should himself profit by its 
passage. As yet Pompey had only the appointment under the 
Gabinian law; hence the impropriety — to say nothing of the illegal- 
ity — of his appointing Gabinius one of his legati. 

36. 3. quos voluerunt: men of their own choice. 

36. 5. expers: observe the etymology (ex, out of, i.e., negative; 
and pars, partis) and trans, accordingly. 

36. 6-7. qui . . . constitutus: apparently a double reference 
to both antecedents. Introduce two rel. clauses and trans, of that 
general who was appointed, and of that army which was organized, 
etc. — periculo : at his risk. The proposer of a bill which the Senate 
did not like was apt to suffer at the hands of the senators who were 
anxious to block its passage. This was true of Gabinius, we are 
told. It is also true that the success or failure of a general would 
affect the political future of the one who had proposed the bill 
giving him the appointment. 

36. 8-9. (Sect. 58.) honoris causa: with full respect. This 
was the regular phrase of courtesy or apology offered when mention- 
ing in public the names of people of importance. "Who these people 
were is not known. Perhaps Cicero is trying to becloud the issue. 
There could be no objection to a man's becoming a legatus the year 
after being a tribunus, unless during his term as tribune he had se- 
cured the appointment of the general whose legatus he became. 

36. 10. diligentes: particular, scrupulous. The obvious rea- 



252 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

son for a difference in Gabinius' s case Cicero chooses to ignore, 
viz.: that Pompey is paying a political debt in appointing Gabinius. 
Technically, there could be no objection to his appointment under 
the Manilian law, and he was afterward so appointed. What com- 
plicates the case somewhat is the fact that the Manilian law was 
virtually simply an extension of the territory over which the Ga- 
binian law held, and that Pompey, without renouncing the first, 
assumed the second. It is well to keep in mind, however, that 
at the moment when Cicero speaks Pompey holds his power only 
under the Gabinian law, the objects of which had been completed 
in three months, while the power had been conferred for three 
years. 

36. 18. intercessionem: i.e., the veto of a tribune. Any 
magistrate, however, who had equal or higher potestas could also 
exercise the veto; in this case a praetor or higher magistrate. 

36. 19-20. quidliceat: even a tribune might hesitate to offend 
the popular will, though there was no question of his immediate 
right to exercise the veto. The people would not forget. 

36. 21. maritimi . . . gestarum: clearly a case of hendiadys, 
as Gabinius could not claim a share in Pompey's other exploits. 

36. 22. socius: not to be taken of the proposal to make him a 
legatus, but generally, as a partner, a sharer in whatever glory came 
to Pompey from the War with the Pirates. In a later speech Cicero 
speaks quite differently of Gabinius, who had attached himself to 
the support of Clodius, Cicero's deadly enemy. He says that 
Gabinius while tribune must have turned pirate himself, such was 
his poverty and his generally worthless character, had he not suc- 
ceeded in securing the appointment of Pompey. 

36. 25. (Sect. 59.) Reliquum est ut: see p. 22, 1. 30, for the 
same subordinate phrase following the impersonal verb restat as a 
substitute for reliquum est. Of course the ut clauses are the sub- 
jects of the impersonal verbs and the subjunctive expresses result. 
Trans. I need only speak further, it seems, of, etc.; 137. 

36. 25-26. auctoritate et sententia: the figure hendiadys 
seems to have been an especial favorite with Cicero at the time he 
delivered this speech. He implies that this same view expressed 
by someone else might be of comparatively little importance, but 
uttered by Catulus it carries great weight. Trans, opinion backed 
by the authority of Catulus. 

36. 26-27. ex vobis quaereret: i.e., in a contio (40, a), a meet- 
ing similar to the one Cicero was now addressing, held to discuss the 
proposed Gabinian law. 



NOTES ON THE MANILIAN LAW 253 

. 36. 27. si . . . poneretis: this protasis has for its apodosis 
the two following clauses: si quid . . . esset and in quo . . . 
habituri. But these two clauses of the apodosis themselves form 
a conditional sentence having a protasis in si quid, etc., and an 
apodosis in in quo, etc. Observe that the secondary sequence 
throws the verbs into the past, ponetis in the original words of 
Catulus becoming poneretis, factum erit becoming factum esset. 
The mood of essetis, an indirect question, attracts the other verbs 
into the subjunctive, as the clauses form an integral part of the 
question; 145. 

36. 27-28. si quid eo factum esset: a euphemism by which 
the speaker seeks to soften an unpleasant statement by the form in 
which he expresses it. It is, of course, equivalent to si ille inter- 
fectus esset. The superstition of his hearers, if not his own, would 
incline Cicero to avoid this latter phrase as ill-omened; 167. Eo 
is considered a peculiar use of an ablative of material. 

Page 37. 3-4. quo minus . . . hoc magis: abl. of degree of 
difference, the less . . . the more. 

37. 6. (Sect. 60.) At enim . . . maiorum: placed in quo- 
tation marks as giving the exact words used by Catulus in stating 
his objection. See on At enim, p. 33, 1. 7. 

37. 7. non dicam: praeteritio, another of Cicero's favorite 
devices, runs a close race in this speech with hendiadys. Observe 
how he emphasizes these things by pretending not to mention them. 
Observe also the anaphora in non dicam, non dicam, non com- 
memorabo. A modern instance of this praeteritio cleverly em- 
ployed is told of a former member of Congress from Massachusetts. 
He had been violently assailed in the House of Representatives one 
day when he was absent. The following day his answer was such 
that he could not be called to account or disciplined for his words. 
His reply went something after this fashion: "I might call the 

gentleman from (naming his assailant) a liar, a swindler, a 

horse-thief, but I wont"; 169. 

37. 9. utilitati: expediency, their own interests. 

37. 9-10. ad novos . . . accommodasse : that they always 
adapted the measures they devised to fresh emergencies as they arose. 
This is a free translation of a vague generalization. The literal 
translation should also be given. Cicero means simply that Roman 
action in war was not governed by precedent but that their laws were 
elastic enough to cover any new situation. The modern phrase 
for similar departures from earlier custom is military necessity. 

37. 11-12. ab uno imperatore: i.e., by Scipio Africanus the 



254 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

Younger. In his time it was illegal for a man to be twice con- 
sul, but he was chosen in 133 B.C. after having held the office 
in 146. 

37. 15. nuper: is it quite proper to use this word in 66 B.C. of 
the war with Jugurtha, and the contest with the Cimbri and Teu- 
tones? What were the dates of these wars? — esse visum ut: the 
verb here is equivalent to a verb of resolving, decreeing, and so is 
followed by a, substantive clause with ut; 136. 

37. 16. Mario: he was continued as consul by the Romans 
during the years when they were awaiting the threatening return 
of the Cimbri and the Teutones from Spain. The law in his time re- 
quired that a period of ten years elapse between consulships of the 
same individual. But the fact that he was then their best general 
caused the Romans to elect him in spite of the law. 

37. 20. (Sect. 61.) Catuli voluntate : a very clever argument 
by Cicero, whereby he endeavors to prove that Catulus is now in- 
consistent with his views expressed at various times in the past in 
regard to the extraordinary powers and honors heaped upon Pom- 
pey. This is effective as an argument, much after the fashion of 
the modern " deadly parallel " so much feared by politicians, whom 
opposing newspapers often show to be speaking inconsistently by 
printing parts of previous speeches in parallel columns with the 
latest one. In the case of Hortensius, Cicero had shown that he 
had offered the same argument against Pompey's appointment 
to the command proposed by Gabinius. Yet the subsequent event 
had seemed to prove the appointment a wise one. Now he main- 
tains that Catulus had previously had abundant opportunity to ob- 
ject to something which was being done in Pompey's case entirely 
contra exempla atque instituta maiorum, yet instead of objecting 
he had supported the granting of these extraordinary powers. 

37. 21. tarn novum: sc. est. This is also necessary, of course, 
in the series of questions of the same sort which follows through the 
chapter. 

37. 24. ductu suo: i.e., acting independently, without refer- 
ence to any other authority; not, for example, as a legatus of some 
imperator. 

37. 25. aetas . . . abesset: this clause of concession means 
that he was not yet old enough to be a quaestor, the lowest office by 
which he could qualify to become a member of the Senate. The 
lowest age for this office was thirty, but the holder of it was usually 
much older. Pompey was but twenty-three when he commanded 
for Sulla in Sicily and Africa. Of course we should remember that 






NOTES ON THE MANILIAN LAW 255 

these irregularities occurred at a most irregular time, when war was 
raging between Sulla and the Marian faction. 

37. 28. administrandum : a gerundive expressing purpose with- 
out ad, usually found in agreement with the object of verbs of special 
meanings (see 152); here it agrees with bellum, which is the sub- 
ject accusative of permitti, one of these verbs, and may be rendered 
the management of, etc. — Fuit: in emphatic position. He acted with, 
etc. — provinciis: probably not to be taken as referring literally to 
Sicily and Africa, but in its original sense for duties or commands, 
unlike provincia just before. 

37. 30. deportavit: to do this was of itself an honor. He 
practically defied Sulla in so doing, who had insisted that he disband 
his army or send home most of it. He claimed a triumph and Sulla 
seems to have thought it prudent to yield him this most unusual 
honor. It was not customary for any magistrate below the rank of 
praetor to celebrate a triumph. See Introd. to this oration. 

37. 31. equitem: i.e., never yet having held any office what- 
ever. See on equates publico equo; 54. 

Page 38. 1. rem: sight. 

38. 3. (Sect. 62.) quam ut: observe and compare with the 
similar phrase, p. 37, 11. 21-22, Quid . . . quam . . . adulescentulum 
. . . conficere ? There an accus. with the infin. is used, while here 
tit with the subjunctive follows. The reason for the change may be 
that an idea of happening (accidit) seems to be involved in this 
latter clause and influences the construction. 

38. 4. clarissimi fortissimique : the consuls for that year, 77 
B.C., were Mamercus Lepidus and Decimus Brutus. It goes with- 
out saying that men who attained the consulship might safely be 
described in these terms even though they had gained no great dis- 
tinction as leaders in war. The description adds to the force of the 
contrast between them and the simple eques (54) Pompey, and so 
indirectly magnifies his glory in being chosen. 

38. 5. bellum: the war with Sertorius. How Pompey suc- 
ceeded has already been told. 

38. 5-6. pro consule: a provincial governor, known as a pro- 
consul, was usually a consul who, after the expiration of his year of 
office in Rome, had his powers prolonged for one year with the re- 
striction that said powers should be used only within certain limits, 
i.e., his province. The witticism which follows depends upon the 
double meaning of the words, which may be taken literally or 
technically in the sense of a provincial governor, instead of a consul, 
or with the power of a proconsul ; 47. 



256 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

38. 7. non nemo : as we might say, there were people; the idea 
seems to be plural. 

38. 9. sua sententia: according to his motion, i.e., his formal 
proposal ordering Pompey 's appointment; not merely with the gen- 
eral idea of in his opinion. 

38. 13. legibus solutus: in defiance of the laws (lit., freed from 
the laws). 

38. 14. per leges: just the opposite of legibus solutus; here 
it is equivalent to a protasis, of which licuisset is the apodosis, of a 
condition contrary to fact. 

38. 16. triumpharet: an appeal had to be made to the Senate 
and their decision determined whether or not a general should be 
allowed to have a triumph. 

38. 16-18. Quae . . . nova . . . ea: All the innovations which 
. . . are, etc. Instead of being an argument in favor of a still greater 
extension of the peculiar authority bestowed on Pompey, this was 
just the reason why supporters of senatorial authority should be 
more and more in opposition. Cicero, however, in his application 
of the fact makes a telling point. Catulus and the others are forced 
to appear inconsistent, as they now oppose, after permitting the 
former unusual grants of powers. 

38. 20. (Sect. 63.) tanta: so extraordinary. 

38. 20-21. profecta sunt in ... a ceterorum, etc.: the verb 
is proficiscor: start out for . . . from. Trans, lit. first, and then 
give a free translation of the substance. He wishes us to under- 
stand that influential and distinguished men, of whom Catulus is 
the type, who are now opposed to the proposal of Manilius, had been 
in the past the originators of just such extraordinary measures as 
they now disapprove. 

38. 24. illorum: this is irregular for suam, meaning, of course, 
the people who are to be understood as the subject of videant just 
before. Cicero is speaking before an assembly consisting largely 
of the popidares, the political party opposed to the optimates (52). 
Naturally, then, he wishes to intimate to the senators, of whom 
Catulus and Hortensius are representatives, that the common peo- 
ple are supporters of Manilius and Pompey and their will must be 
obeyed. 

38. 25. ab illis: observe the antitheses between a vobis and 
ab illis, between illorum and vestrum. 

38. 26. auctoritatem : this has the meaning of the same word, 
p. 33, 1. 11; not as we just found it, p. 38, 1. 22. 

38. 27. suo iure : with full right, with especial right. 



NOTES OX THE MANILIAN LAW 257 

38. 30. delegistis: only indirectly. In fact, the Gabinian 
law did not specifically demand Pompey, simply asking for the ap- 
pointment of an ex-consul. Nevertheless so clearly was their wish 
known that the Senate, who nominally had the power to select the 
person whom the provisions of the bill required, could not fail to 
select Pompey. 

Page 39. 1. (Sect. 64.) rei publicae parum consuluistis : the 
difference in meaning between the verb consulere used intransitively 
with the dative following and transitively with the accusative is 
frequently brought out in this speech; here, did not consider 'properly 
the interests of the state. 

39. 3. plus ... in re publica vidistis: saw more clearly the 
state's needs. — vos (eis) : sc. a conjunction; also before salutem, line 5 
— asyndeton ; 155. 

39. 6-7. parendum esse : used impersonally in the passive, as 
are all intrans. verbs, and followed not only by its regular dative 
but here by the datives of the agent sibi and ceteris also. Render 
in English by the active personal construction, viz.: that they and 
all the rest must, etc.; 173. 

39. 8. bello Asiatico et regio: trans., as a form of hendiadys, 
war with the Asiatic kings. 

39. 10. virtutes anirni: qualities of character. — magnae et 
multae : these adjectives reverse the natural order; omit et and trans. 
magnae by important, immediately after multae. 

39. 11. Difficile: Cicero is now going to discuss at length the 
qualities of Pompey which are most needed in this particular war, 
viz.: innocentia and temperantia. Other generals, capable in other 
respects, are lacking in these fundamental virtues for the successful 
prosecution of this particular war, and so the choice can wisely 
fall only upon him if the state's interests are to be properly safe- 
guarded. 

39. 12. nostrum imperatorem: one of our generals. 

39. 13. Deinde: the thought is that in the first place (the pre- 
ceding sentence) it is hard to conduct oneself properly amid the 
temptations in the provinces; and, secondly, even though a few may 
attempt to put some limits upon their greed and show some con- 
sideration for the rights of the provincials, they are merely thought 
to be a little more clever in attaining their ends than those who are 
openly self-seeking, and so are not given credit for honorable mo- 
tives. 

39. 14. pudore ac temperantia: ablatives of cause. — mode- 
ratiores: fairer-minded. 



258 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

39. 15. cupidorum : self-seeking. 

39. 16-17. (Sect. 65.) in odio simus: this phrase is used as 
a passive of odisse. 

39. 18-19. libidines et iniurias: trans, by acts of, etc., as they 
are plurals of abstract nouns. 

39. 19. fanum: an excellent example of Pompey's generosity 
in such matters, or, if you prefer, of his shrewdness, is shown in his 
treatment of the temple at Jerusalem. Cicero says (Pro Flacco, 67) : 
Cn. Pompeius, captis Hierosolymis victor ex illo fano nihil attigit. 

39. 22-23. quibus . . . inferatur: a clause of purpose, quibus 
being equivalent to ut iis. 

39. 23. (Sect. 66.) Libenter: observe that this is not libere. 

39. 24. coram: whether these opponents were actually present 
at this gathering cannot be determined. In p. 35, 1. 1, he appears to 
be addressing Hortensius directly, but here he speaks as if he were 
not present. It is not necessary to infer from the earlier passage 
that he was present. 

39. 24-25. summis et clarissimis : bring these words in just 
names Q. Catulo, etc., eminent and distinguished gentle- 

disputarem : not i dispute ' but discuss. 

vulnera : suffering. 

hostium: of (acting against) enemies. 

Quae civitas est, etc.: Can you find anywhere in, etc. 
— non modo: in this place this is about equivalent to non dicam. 
The argument is much the same as if we should say that the biggest 
city can hardly satisfy the greed of a corporal, much less of a gen- 
eral. The latter' s cupidity and arrogance is supposed to match his 
rank and to be correspondingly greater than the corporal's. 

39. 30. sed: but (even). — capere: satisfy. 

Page 40. 1-2. collatis signis: how important in Roman days 
the standards (the ancient flags) were in controlling the movements 
of armies appears from the number and variety of phrases describ- 
ing movements in which they occur. E.g., signa inferre, to advance; 
signa convertere, to wheel, etc., while here signa collata means literally 
standards brought together (in hostility), i.e., in a pitched battle. 

40. 3. idem: also. — se: this is repeated by analysis in the 
following accusatives: manus, oculos, animum. 

40. 4. ornamentis : works of art. 
40. 6. animum: thoughts, attention. 

40. 8. (Sect. 67.) pacatam fuisse: the idea of this phrase 
in this passage is perhaps better given by a free rendering, viz.: has 



before the 


men. 




39. 


25- 


39. 


26. 


39. 


28. 


39. 


29. 



NOTES OX THE MAXILIAX LAW 259 

been left unmolested. The Romans are truly said to have " created 
a desolation and called it peace.' ' In the next sentence it will be 
necessary to translate pacata esse a little differently, viz.: be peace- 
ful, i.e., properly subdued. 

40. ii. animi: omit in translating; in the arrangement of the 
sentence it simply serves as a balance for the genitive rei militaris 
with gloriam. 

40. 12. praetores: i.e., officers, governors, etc., more properly 
propraetores ; 47. 

40. 12-13. pecunia publica: i.e., the money appropriated (cf. 
p. 27, 11. 11-12) for the conduct of the war, for equipment, etc., went 
into the pockets of the generals. 

40. 13. praeter paucos: it is said that P. Servilius was pres- 
ent, whom Cicero lauds highly for his integrity a little later. Con- 
sequently he is bound to admit some exceptions to the general charge 
of corrupt commanders in order to cover his case. — eos: this must 
refer to the praetores who were corrupt, not to the paucos. 

40. 14. classium nomine : with their pretended fleets, i.e., poorly 
equipped on account of the greed of the governors. These were no 
match for the pirate vessels and, through their defeat, greater dis- 
grace was incurred than if the Romans had not offered battle. 

40. 15-17. cupiditate . . . iacturis . . . condicionibus : these 
words suggest clearly the predicament of the ordinary Roman gov- 
ernor when, as propraetor, he started for his province. To win the 
favor of the people and so secure his election as praetor a future 
candidate, when holding the office of aedile and consequently being 
superintendent of the public games, would not only sacrifice his own 
property but plunge into the deepest debt. The money-lenders saw 
to it that he was amply supplied with funds, but on terms which 
spelled ruin unless he later secured a rich province. In this con- 
nection the etymology of iactura is interesting. Derived from 
iacio, it signifies " something thrown out," as valuable cargo which 
is flung out from a ship in danger of sinking in order to lighten it 
and allow it to reach shore. This, however, has to be made good 
later. The cupiditate, therefore, indicates the feeling with which the 
governors leave Rome, iacturis the sacrifices they have previously 
made to win their election; condicionibus, the terms for repayment 
which they have entered into with the money-lenders. Caesar 
went through precisely this experience, and had to depend upon 
the help of Crassus as bondsman to get to his Spanish province 
at all. 

40. 17. videlicet: strongly ironical, as often; 168. 



260 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

40. 20. videamus: subjunctive in a comparative clause after 
quasi; in English we should look for a past tense, did not see. 

40. 2i. (Sect. 68.) quin . . . credatis: trans, as if credere 
stood after dubitare; another violation of the ordinary practice 
with dubitare. See on quin . . . conferatis, p. 32, 11. 27-30; 139, a. 

40. 24. auctoritatibus : see on auctoritatibus omissis, p. 33, 
11. 14-15 and 11. — hanc causam: this proposal of ours. 

40. 25. est vobis auctor: freely, recommends it to you. 

40. 26. maximarum : most important; avoid the repetition of 
most by using widest in translating peritissimus. — P. Servilius: he 
had been a governor of Cilicia and while there had won successes 
over the pirates. He and the three others mentioned had all held 
the office of consul. 

40. 29-30. summis . . . gestis: render by relative clauses, 
who has, etc. 

40. 31. pro . . . honoribus: lit., in proportion to your (be- 
stowing on him), etc. I.e., as these honors (bestowed upon him) show. 
— amplissimis : he had been both consul and censor. When hold- 
ing the latter office he struck from the list the names of one-eighth 
or more of the entire number of senators. Hence gravitatem seems 
rather appropriately used of him. It is perhaps needless to add 
that he is not the Lentulus who was himself expelled from the Sen- 
ate, and who later became the accomplice of Catiline. 

Page 41. 3. ut: how. — auctoritatibus: by (stating), etc. 

41. 7. (Sect. 69.) legem et voluntatem et sententiam: the 
two last seem to be a detailed summary of the first. He both praises 
the law and the intention of the proposer in asking the people to 
bestow this appointment upon Pompey, and, secondly, he approves 
of the formal expression of his desire (sententiam). 

41. 8-9. auctore populo Romano: since you have the support 
of the Roman people; an abl. abs. expressing cause. 

41. 9. neve : not neque, because it is for et ne, not for et non. 

41. 13. iterum: alluding to the enthusiasm displayed when the 
Gabinian law was proposed. 

41. 14. re . . . facultate: i.e., it is unquestionably a good 
thing to appoint Pompey, and there can be no doubt of their abil- 
ity to secure this appointment for him. 

41. 16-17. hoc beneficio . . . atque hac potestate praetoria: 
what the beneficium is, the phrase following atque shows. There- 
fore atque may be omitted in translation. 

41. 20. (Sect. 70.) huic loco temploque: the Rostra is meant, 
and there is no thought of a temple, ix. } a building, just as there 



NOTES ON THE MANILIAN LAW 261 

was no thought of a building in the original use o£ the Latin word 
templum (see its derivation). As an instance of hendiadys we may 
translate the phrase consecrated spot. Places where the comitia 
met, or the Senate, were always consecrated by the augurs; hence 
such places were always technically templa. 

41. 21. mentis: thoughts, motives. 

41. 21-22. ad rem publicam: to public life. 

41. 23-24. neque quo . . . neque quo: equivalent to neque 
quod . . . neque quod, followed by the subjunctive because the 
reasons offered are suggested simply to deny them; cf. 142, a. 

41. 24. per hanc causam: sc. after per (my support of), etc. 

41. 25. periculis: trans, with from or against as a dat. of 
reference depending directly upon praesidia. 

41. 26. honoribus: dependent upon adiumenta.. See preced- 
ing note, but trans, with to. The word honor has its usual political 
meaning, the offices conferred by the people. 

41. 27. ut hominem praestare oportet: these words are meant 
to qualify his assertion, in which he appears to assume more for 
himself than a man properly can. Trans, so far as a man may 
guarantee (this); the implied object this means the successful meeting 
of dangers. 

41. 28. honorem: he has in mind, of course, the consulship. 
Better to translate it generally, however, as advancement or pro- 
motion (to a higher post of honor). — uno: i.e., especially Pompey. 

41. 28-29. ex hoc loco: not alone or chiefly from political 
activity upon the Rostra. 

41. 29. ratione vitae: i.e., from the help he has given to many 
individuals as an advocate in the law-courts; the same course 
which he has hitherto followed and which has brought him to the 
office of praetor. 

Page 42. 1-2. (Sect. 71.) quicquid . . . id . . . omne: a 
favorite emphatic relative expression. Cf. p. 41, 11. 15-18. — mihi: 
the dat. of the agent, quite common with perfect passive participles 
and with compound tenses in Cicero; 78. 

42. 3-5. ut videar . . . ut intellegam : the first is a substantive 
clause, the real subject of abest; the second is the result clause fol- 
lowing abest,— bonam gratiam: profitable return. 



262 CICERO'S ORATIONS 



NOTES ON THE FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 

Page 46. i. (Sect. 1.) tandem: observe its peculiar meaning 
in questions and exclamations. — abutere: alternative form for 
abuteris, fut. indie, act. second sing. 

46. 2. iste: called the demonstrative pronoun of the second 
person, i.e., that of yours, making tuus unnecessary, though it adds 
emphasis. 

46. 2-3. Quern ad finem: i.e., ad quern finem. 

46. 4-9. nihil: the anaphora (158) suggests the vigor with 
which Cicero spoke. 

46. 5. Palati: on the Palatine hill the wealthier nobles and 
equites lived. 

46. 7. bonorum: good, i.e., loyal {citizens), a favorite expres- 
sion of Cicero's, who is in the habit of applying this term to people 
who agree with him politically. 

46. 9. locus: the Curia Hostilia, the regular meeting-place 
of the Senate close by the Forum, was not used for this meeting, as 
it was more open to attack. The temple of Jupiter Stator was more 
convenient to Cicero's house on the Palatine hill. The Senate 
might hold their sessions in any temple. — horum: i.e., the senators 
who were present. 

46. 9-10. ora vultusque: an instance of hendiadys (here con- 
sisting of two nouns joined by a conjunction where one noun really 
qualifies the other like an adjective or genitive), expressions of (upon) 
their faces; 156. 

46. 10. Patere: observe that questions do not always con- 
tain the interrogative particles -ne, num, nonne. Especially is 
this true of rapid oratory. So in the sentence following and often. 

46. 11. constrictam: the knowledge is the equivalent of a 
physical grip in that it effectually cripples the conspirators. 

46. 14. proxima, superiore: Cicero tells in some detail what 
happened on u the night before last " in Chapter IV following. He 
may not have anything more in mind here, however, than to im- 
press Catiline with the belief that he knows fully all his movements. 

46. 15. egeris: this clause is the object of ignorare below; 
this and the parallel subjunctives are therefore indirect questions. 

46. 17. quern: interrog. pronoun subject accus. of ignorare. 

46. 18. (Sect. 2.) O tempora, etc.: an accus. in an exclama- 
tion. Trans, freely: What a situation! What a state of affairs! 63. 

46. 19. immo vero: this phrase implies that the statement 



NOTES ON FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 263 

just made is not emphatic enough. It does not deny its truth, 
however. 

46. 20. publici consili: this may mean equally well and with- 
out appreciable difference the council of the state, i.e., the Senate it- 
self ; or their deliberations. — no tat, etc.: in the way that a butcher 
might select for killing certain ones from among his flock of sheep. 
In Catiline's case, however, the eyes alone do the indicating. 

46. 22. videmur: if this is translated by its equivalent, think, 
the reason for the subjunctive vitemus below will be apparent. 

46. 24. duci : render by the perfect infln. in English according 
to the idiom with oportebat, a past tense of oportet; 94. — iussu 
consulis: he is referring to the dictatorial power granted the con- 
suls on the 21st of October by a decree of the Senate of which he 
speaks on p. 47, 11. 11-12, and throughout the section which fol- 
lows; 49. 

46. 25. pestem: for mortem. — (Sect. 3.) An vero: this part 
is merely preliminary; the real question does not begin till we reach 
Catilinam. 

46. 26. pontif ex maximus : this was the title borne by the head 
of the Roman religion, as it is now the Latin title of the Pope at 
Rome. Cicero could speak of him as a privatus, as he was not a 
civil magistrate but a religious officer; 41. 

46. 26-27. Ti. Gracchum: the famous tribune who sought il- 
legally to force his own re-election in 133 B.C., in order to complete 
certain reforms which he planned in the interests of the plebs. 

46. 27. mediocriter: it suits Cicero's purpose here to imply 
that Gracchus was not particularly dangerous to the state, so as to 
emphasize the contrast between him, his plans, and his treatment, 
and Catiline's mad attempts and treatment by the consuls up to 
this point. 

Page 47. 3. ilia: strictly this should be sing, illud, as only one 
instance follows, viz.: quod . . . occidit. 

47. 3-4. C. Servilius Ahala: at the time he did this Ahala 
was acting as magister equitum for the dictator Cincinnatus. 
Hence he had proper legal authority supporting him. Seipio could 
not claim this in killing Gracchus. 

47. 5. Fuit, fuit: in translating repeat quondam rather than 
fuit. The repetition of the word emphasizes the fact that no such 
excellent state of affairs still exists. Cf. Verg., Aeneid, II. 325: 
Fuit Ilium, Troy no longer exists; 93. 

47. 9. rei publicae: dative case. — auctoritas: if a decree of 
the Senate (senatus consultum) for any reason was not executed it 



264 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

still carried a certain amount of influence as an expression of opinion. 
In this case there has been no veto, so the responsibility for inaction 
Tests squarely with the consuls; 53, e. — ordinis: i.e., the ordo sena- 
torius. For the "orders " of the state see 53, 54, 55. 

47. 11. (Sect. 4.) Decrevit ut, etc.: this is the regular for- 
mula by which the Senate sought to bestow dictatorial power upon 
the consuls. This practically unlimited power, of course, included 
the right to put to death. But the Sempronian law of Gaius Grac- 
chus guaranteed the right to every citizen to appeal from a magis- 
trate's death sentence to the people assembled in comitia. It was 
Cicero's violation of this law that gave his enemies their opportunity 
to drive him into exile. 

47. 13. quasdam: vague or indefinite. Cicero purposely makes 
light of these, thereby establishing a very strong contrast to the 
abominable intentions of Catiline, which have received no punish- 
ment at all. 

47. 14. patre, etc.: Ti. Sempronius Gracchus, the father of the 
more celebrated tribunes, Tiberius and Gaius, was himself a distin- 
guished man who was twice consul and once censor. He married 
the daughter of P. Scipio Africanus, who had conquered Hannibal 
at Zama and was the grandfather here referred to. 

47. 15. M. Fulvius: he was the most distinguished of the ad- 
herents of the Gracchi. 

47. 17. res publica: i.e., (the control) of the state. Apparently 
in this case as in the other the Senate's decree in the formula given 
just before is the so-called consultum ultimum. Marius, though the 
representative of the state's authority in this matter, was really in 
sympathy with Saturninus, and it was the fury of the attending 
mob, rather than any strong activity on Marius' s part, that led to 
the death of these men. 

47. 19. remorata est: a slightly humorous turn; doubtless 
these men were in no hurry to have the consuls destroy them. 

47. 19-20. vicesimum: not meant to be exact; the consul is 
speaking "in round numbers." Strictly but eighteen days had 
passed, October 21 to November 8. 

47. 20-21. auctoritatis : the opinion of the Senate as deter- 
mined by its vote was termed its auctoritas until its resolutions were 
enforced. So in this case Cicero could speak of the Senate's resolu- 
tion as an auctoritas rather than as a consultum, precisely as he 
might have done had some tribune interposed his veto, for as yet 
the consuls had not acted; 53, e. 

47. 22. in tabulis: in the records. After a decree was passed 



NOTES ON FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 265 

it was always written out. So we may speak to-day of "pigeon- 
holing " a resolution about which we expect no further action. — 
vagina: just as above, in line 20, he chooses hebescere, so here 
he uses a word which is to be understood only by reference to 
his obvious metaphor, a sword, which may be supplied in trans- 
lating. 

47. 23-24. interfectum esse . . . convenit: convenit is in the 
perfect tense with the meaning of oportuit. We should expect the 
present tense of the infinitive with it, instead of the perfect. The 
same irregularity occurs again (p. 48, 1. 6) below, factum esse 
oportuit. Cf. the usual idiom (p. 46, 1. 24), duci oportebat, and 
cf. 94. 

47. 25. cupio: sc. really; me esse clementem, which follows, 
is a more emphatic phrase than the more usual complementary in- 
finitive would be, esse clemens. The sense would seem clearer if 
we introduce the second cupio thus: But I {am) also anxious, etc. 

47. 27. dissolutum : indifferent to my duty. 

47. 29-30. (Sect. 5.) in Etruriae faucibus: this was at 
Faesulae (to-day Fiesole) close by the site of modern Florence. 

47. 32. atque adeo: added to strengthen his previous state- 
ment, intra moenia. Trans, yes, even; elsewhere better rendered 
or rather. 

Page 48. 2. molientem: striving to do. — iam: for statim. — 
comprehendi: infin. parallel to interfici. 

48. 3. credo: parenthetical and ironical. It has the force of 
non. Cicero means to say that he will be blamed for his delay. 
The credo in the first part and the non in the second part neutralize 
each other. Omit both in translating and render: / shall have to 
fear that . . . will say, etc. 

48. 8. iam: for tandem. 

48. 9. tui: why not tibi? See 76. 

48. 11. (Sect. 6.) et vives: trans, as if sed vives. — multis 
et firrnis : here, and elsewhere in similar associations of multus with 
another adjective qualifying the same noun, omit the et in translat- 
ing. 

48. 13. etiam: furthermore, i.e., concealment is no longer 
possible for you. 

48. 13-14. sentientem: equivalent to a clause of concession. 

48. 16. Etenim: there is very little if any of the usual force 
of enim in this word in this place. Trans. : And in fact. 

48. 18. privata domus: the house of M. Laeca. 

48. 19. si illustrantur, etc.': (What) if, etc. Illustrantur is 



266 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

chosen with especial reference to nox tenebris obscurare ; so erum- 
punt is appropriate to privata domus parietibus. The consul im- 
plies that he possesses full knowledge of their affairs. 

48. 22-23. recognoscas: this is a substantive clause, the sub- 
ject of licet; 136, b. 

48. 23. (Sect. 7.) ante diem . . . Novembris: in these idio- 
matic phrases expressing dates the names of the months are always 
adjectives; here lit., Novembrian Calends, i.e., November 1. The 
entire phrase is to be regarded as an indeclinable noun in whatever 
case the context demands; here the ablative of time when. Thus 
below, in is placed before the phrase when it is conceived as being 
accusative governed by the preposition. It was on the first of these 
dates, October 21, that the Senate had passed its consultum ulti- 
mum, virtually conferring dictatorial power upon the consuls. For 
the method of reckoning these dates see 176. 

48. 24. dicere: this represents in Catiline's thought (Cicero) 
dicebat, not dicit or dixit. Dixit would be represented by dixisse, 
and the sense forbids our assuming that it stands for dicit. In this 
use with memini the inf. is sometimes called the imperfect in- 
finitive; 141, a. — fore: = futurum esse, having for its subject 
Manlium below. 

48. 25. futurus esset: thrown into the subjunctive in the sub- 
ordinate clause by the indirect discourse. 

48. 30. pptimatium: one of the two political parties into which 
the Roman state was divided, opposed to the populares. In general, 
we may say that the optimates were the senators and their followers. 
But it should be remembered that the distinction was of political 
affiliation, not of birth; 52. 

48. 31-32. sui conservandi: as usual when sui is plural the 
gerundive is kept in the singular form instead of being put in the 
awkward-sounding plural; 151. 

48. 33. profugerunt: a good example of Cicero's humor. He 
politely but none the less obviously charges the senators with 
cowardice. 

Page 49. 3. discessu: apparently an ablative of time when. 
It seems to contain also the opposition implied by the presence of 
tamen just following. Although the rest had gone, still you were satis- 
fied with, etc., gives the idea. — nostra: a possessive pronoun, the 
equivalent of the genitive of the personal nostri; hence used as the 
antecedent of the relative qui. 

49. 4. dicebas: apparently expressing time only, with em- 
phasis and with definiteness. It would seem more natural to have 






NOTES ON FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 267 

a subjunctive clause with although. — (Sect. 8.) Quid? probably 
the grammatical relation can be shown by supplying ais or censes 
with this. It should not be translated literally here and in similar 
passages, but simply as a particle of transition to introduce an- 
other illustration of something just mentioned — again, or further- 
more, or moreover. 

49. 5. Praeneste: the modern Palestrina, one of the hill towns 
of Italy, about twenty miles southeast of Rome. Like Faesulae its 
high position made it more easy to defend, and so it would naturally 
be sought as a rallying-place by the revolutionists. It served the 
Romans as a summer resort. The Roman poet Horace characterizes 
it by the phrase frigidum Praeneste. 

49. 6. coloniam: i.e., it had been occupied as a stronghold by 
settlers from Rome who had been sent out to hold in subjection the 
surrounding neighborhood. See 56. 

49. 8. nihil: cf. the anaphora in the use of this word, p. 46, 
11. 4-9, and note. There is also a climax in the meaning of the verbs; 
158, 163. 

49. 10. Recognosce: this imperative is the equivalent of a 
protasis; if you, etc. 

49. 11. iam: with a future indicative serving as apodosis of 
the preceding clause; trans, at once. 

49. 13. inter falcarios: i.e., a district or street of Rome where 
these artisans lived. — non obscure: plainly; 157. 

49. 13-14. in M. Laecae domum: in, by rule unnecessary be- 
fore domum, is often added when, as here, the genitive giving the 
occupant's name also appears; when a preposition is used, the mean- 
ing of the word is usually house, not home. 

49. 14-15. amentiae scelerisque: it is often best in translat- 
ing to replace Cicero's abstract nouns by the concrete equivalents, 
viz.: mad and criminal attempts; 175. 

49. 15. Quid: adverbial accusative of the interrogative pro- 
noun; Why? 60. The sense implies, of course, that Cicero pauses 
between this and the preceding question, as otherwise there would 
be no point in his second question. 

49. 16. Video, etc.: this unexpected form of evidence against 
Catiline must have been a thunderbolt for those of the conspirators 
who were sitting in the Senate and thought their association with 
Catiline unknown to the consul. 

49. 19. (Sect. 9.) nostro: this possessive in agreement with 
interitu is the equivalent of a genitive of the personal pronoun nos, 
i.e., nostrum, with which omnium is in apposition. 



268 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

49. 22. atque adeo: see note on this phrase on p. 47, 1. 32. — 
cogitent: a clause of characteristic, i.e., the kind of men who, etc.; 
107. 

49. 23. re publica: do not translate this combination always 
by "state." Examine the context closely in each case to get the 
exact meaning. — sententiam rogo: i.e., as presiding officer he would 
introduce the matter and then ask each senator in turn for his 
opinion; 53, d. 

49. 24. trucidari: remember the idiom in trans, a present 
infin. with a past tense of debeo, oportet, etc. Cf. duci, p. 46, 1. 24; 
94. — voce: far from meting out to them the punishment they de- 
serve (ferro), he does not even give their names (voce); however, by 
the addition of nondum he conveys the suggestion of a threat; he 
will do this later. 

49. 26. quemque: from quisque, the subject accus. of pro- 
ficisci, together with which it forms the subject of the impersonal 
verb placeret. 

49. 27. placeret: introduced by the interrogative quo, in an 
indirect question. Sc. tibi. 

49. 27-28. relinqueres, educeres: these are in the imperfect 
tense in indirect questions, as if he had asked himself quos relin- 
quam? Quos educam? The sequence of tenses now demands that 
the present tense of the deliberative subjunctive change to con- 
form to that of statuisti, and the question is no longer a direct one. 
For the deliberative subjunctive see 100. 

49. 31. equites: Sallust gives us the names C. Cornelius and 
L. Vargunteius, adding that the latter was a senator. 

49. 33. pollicerentur : joined by et to liberarent and sub- 
junctive for the same reason, i.e., these men were the kind of people 
to do this, subj. of characteristic; 107. 

Page 50. 2. (Sect. 10.) munivi atque firmavi: Cicero every- 
where shows a fondness for expressing a statement emphatically by 
using two synonymous words, in this case verbs, joined together by 
a conjunction, where we should employ one verb and a modifier, 
here an adverb. This is a form of hendiadys. See note on ora 
vultusque, p. 46, 11. 9-10; 156. 

50. 3. salutatum: the supine of saluto, expressing purpose; 
153. The attendance upon his morning levee, and the consequent 
size of his escort to the Forum later, measured somewhat a man's 
importance and distinction at Rome. In this case this Roman 
habit gave the would-be assassins just the opportunity they desired. 
The use of the word lectulo, p. 49, 1. 32, is not an exaggeration, for 



NOTES ON FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 269 

these early-morning visitors did not need to wait for their patron 
to arise, but were at liberty to enter his chamber. 

50. 4. quos: subject accus. of venturos esse depending upon 
praedixeram. — multis ac summis: omit ac; cf. et, p. 48, 1. 11. 

50. 5. id temporis: an idiomatic expression equivalent to eo 
tempore. The genitive is said to be partitive and id an adverbial 
accusative; 60. 

50. 7. aliquando: this word always indicates impatience. 

50. 8. Nimium diu: like iam diu and other expressions of 
time this expression is used with a present tense to denote an action 
begun in the past and still continuing; 89. 

50. 9. minus: practically the equivalent of non, as often. 

50. 12. non feram, etc.: note the asyndeton (155) between 
these three synonymous verbs and the anaphora (158) in the use 
of non. Trans, by using three different auxiliaries, can, shall, 
unll, with one English verb. 

50. 13. (Sect. 11.) Magna . . . gratia: the wide separation 
of adjective and noun and the position of magna at the beginning 
of the sentence makes a most emphatic statement. Compare the 
three phrases: gratiam habere, be grateful; gratiam referre, repay, 
reward; and gratias agere, thank. — atque: as usual, laying stress 
on the following phrase; here, in particular. Probably this god 
is singled out because the Senate was at the time convened in his 
temple. 

50. 14. Statori: it was the popular tradition, as told by Livy, 
that Romulus, when his troops were fleeing in battle, prayed to Jove 
and vowed to build a temple to him as the Stayer of the flight where 
the rout stopped. The soldiers did turn and won their fight, and 
Romulus fulfilled his vow. Thus, as the adjective indicates, he was 
the earliest (antiquissimus) of protectors. 

50. 16. pestem: use concrete noun, fiend, monster, in trans- 
lating. Cf. amentiae, Section 8; 175. 

50. 17. in uno homine: in literally means here in the case of; 
render by; of course Catiline is meant. 

50. 18. designato: a man bore this title during the time be- 
tween election and the assumption of office. 

50. 19. publico praesidio: he did not apply to the public 
authorities, but depended on the private resources of himself and 
his friends for his protection. To have done otherwise would have 
increased the public uneasiness and excitement. 

50. 20. comitiis consularibus : these were the elections for 
the following year over which, as consul, Cicero must preside. In- 



270 ■ CICERO'S ORATIONS 

stead of being held in July, at the usual time, they were this year 
necessarily postponed. When they were held finally, Cicero came 
armed and with a strongly armed bodyguard. This was effectual 
in holding the conspirators in check and no outbreak was attempted. 

50. 21. campo: sc. Martio; the consuls were elected at the 
Comitia Centuriata, which could meet only outside the city. See 
40, g. The modern city of Rome is built in great part upon this 
Field of Mars. — competitores : the successful candidates were 
Murena and Silanus. Before the end of the year Cicero had to 
defend Murena from a charge of using bribery to secure his election. 
He did this with success in one of his wittiest orations; 35. 

50. 23. publice: for publicly Cicero uses aperte and palam; 
this word means rather officially, on the part of the state. 

50. 24. petisti: attacked; so petis below, 1. 27. — per me: 
i.e., alone, without assistance. 

50. 25. videbam: observe the force of the imperfect tense, 
and contrast with the two perfects just preceding. 

50. 26. (Sect. 12.) iam: at last. 

50. 28. vitam : English idiom requires the plural in translating. 

50. 30. huius imperii this probably refers chiefly to the ex- 
traordinary power conferred upon the consuls by the decree referred 
to in Section 4, giving them dictatorial power. See note on de- 
crevit, p. 47, 1. 11; and 49. — disciplinae: the genitive case, as is 
shown by imperi; the regular construction with proprium, not the 
dative as we might expect; 76. 

50. 32. ad severitatem: trans, freely, as if he had written 
severitate, an abl. of specification. So also just below, ad com- 
munem salutem. 

50. 33. iussero: this and exieris just below, both protases of 
future conditions, are to be translated by present tenses. The 
Latin idiom carefully indicates a distinction in time between prot- 
asis and apodosis in such conditions, which the English rarely 
takes the trouble to make; 123. 

Page 51. 1. quod: trans, as. It seems to be a second accus. 
(cognate accus.) of a neuter pronoun following hortor. This use 
is common with moneo; 59, b. 

51. 1-2. iam dudum: see note on nimium diu desiderant, 
p. 50, 1. 8; 89. 

51. 2-3. tuorum comitum: this must be explained as a so- 
called appositional genitive. It means and describes sentina rei 
publicae, much as if we added to it, i.e., your companions; 64, a. 

51. 4. (Sect. 13.) Quid est: Cicero is simply calling for 



NOTES ON FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 271 

close attention to his argument by this expression. Trans, freely 
by "Well," or "Surely," or "Tell me." 

51. 5. faciebas: the imperf. tense, denoting the beginning of 
an action, i.e., just about to do; pi. 

51. 6. consul hostem: describes and contrasts the status of 
the two with great emphasis. Cicero realizes his full responsibility 
when as chief magistrate he speaks of a senator as a public enemy. 

51. 8. te: observe the exception to the case usually employed 
after a verb meaning to please (delectare). Cf. with iubeo just be- 
fore, a similar exception in case following a verb signifying to com- 
mand. 

51. 11. oderit: as odi is a perfect of a defective verb having 
the force of a present, so, of course, oderit denotes the same time as 
metuat, with which it is closely joined. — nota: probably alluding to 
the custom of branding runaway slaves with a letter F, signifying 
fugitivus. The Greek word stigma conveys the meaning more 
closely. Catiline cannot escape from his record. 

51. 15. adulescentulo : the diminutive ending, which some- 
times expresses affection, here is employed to suggest contempt for 
the sort of moral weaklings out of wmich Catiline moulded his 
followers. 

51. 16. irretisses: the clause implies cause, hence the sub- 
junctive; 122. — ferrum aut . . . facem: just as masters at Rome 
were attended by slaves to perform this service, as occasion re- 
quired, so Catiline acts in a similar capacity. Obviously, in Cati- 
line's case the object to be attained is not service but control of the 
young men. 

51. 17. (Sect. 14.) Quid vero? Cicero employs this phrase 
simply to indicate a transition; he proposes to offer a new proof of 
Catiline's villainy. Trans. Again, or Furthermore, Cf. Quid, p. 
49, 1. 4. 

51. 18. morte: this is perhaps purposely ambiguous. It cer- 
tainly hints strongly at murder. 

51. 19. incredibili scelere : Catiline is reported to have quieted 
the objections of his new w4fe to a grown-up stepson by poisoning 
the latter. No proof of this has ever been forthcoming. 

51. 20. sileri: be passed over in silence. 

51. 21. tanti facinoris immanitas: either reverse this in trans- 
lating, i.e., f acinus tantae immanitatis ; or trans, immanitas by an 
adjective. 

51. 22. non vindicata: the law did not compel anyone to bring 
an accusation. If, then, none is brought, the state must be morally 



-272 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

most corrupt when no private individual takes the trouble to bring 
one for a crime like this. 

51. 23. omnis: trans, in the preceding clause with ruinas, the 
complete, etc. 

51. 24. Idibus: debts were payable on the first or the middle 
of the month. Sallust (Cat., 35. 3) tells us that Catiline was com- 
pelled to continue his plans because of his enormous debts. 

51. 26. difficultatem : this refers to money perplexities. 

51. 26-27. summam rem publicam : this is used frequently for 
summam rei publicae salutem. 

51. 30. (Sect. 15.) pridie: this has prepositional force in 
the expression of three dates, viz.: pridie Kalendas, pridie Nonas, 
pridie Idus. Sallust places this occurrence on January 1, in the 
Capitol, one day later. Nothing of any account was done at that 
time nor on February 5, to which date the conspirators postponed 
action. Catiline is said to have frustrated his own plan by giving 
the signal before a sufficient number of conspirators had gathered. 
This is sometimes referred to as the First Conspiracy of Catiline. 

51. 31. cumtelo: armed. 

Page 52. 1. sceleri ac furori: trans, by hendiadys, mad vil- 
lainy, or mad intention; 156. — mentem: i.e., (change of) purpose; so 
timorem signifies (feeling of) fear. 

52. 3. ilia: this refers to the following clauses introduced by 
quotiens and quot. 

52. 3-4. non multa: an instance of litotes (157) for pauca. 

52. 4. (consulem) designatum: see on designate p. 50, 1. 18. 

52. 6-7. quadam: not to be translated by a certain; perhaps 
by very, exceedingly. It seems simply to intensify the adjective 
parva. Evidently the expressions are technical, applying specific- 
ally to a description of fencing. Hence the term petitiones, and the 
insertion of ut aiunt. 

52. 7. declinatione et corpore: trans, by hendiadys. The 
whole expression simply indicates a narrow escape from vital injury. 

52. 8. neque: Roman writers prefer to combine a conjunction 
and a following negative. In such cases break up into et non and 
trans. 

52. 9. (Sect. 16.) tibi: as a dative of the person with ex- 
torta est, = de te, expressing separation; see 74. Others prefer to 
make it a dative of reference modifying the whole clause, = tuis 
with manibus. 

52. 11. Quae: trans, by and . . . this. — quibus . . . sacris (a 
noun here) : this clause through sit is an indirect question, the object 



NOTES OX FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 273 

of nescio. Cicero pretends to believe that Catiline shows, by the 
persistence of his attempts, that he has bound himself on oath at 
some holy ( ! ) shrine to use this dagger only upon the body of a 
consul. 

52. 12. quod: because, but better that. 

52. 15. quo: sc. permotus esse. 

52. 16. nulla: adj. agreeing with quae, but translated with it 
as if quae were a partitive genitive. Cf. the translation of medius^ 
ceteri, reliquus, etc., with nouns with which they really agree* 
Trans, none of which. 

52. 19. vocis: equivalent to an adjective, spoken. 

52. 20-21. taciturnitatis : trans, in the same way as vocis, by 
an adjective, or {indicated by their) silence. 

52. 21- Quid quod: an abbreviated expression in constant use 
by Cicero for What (do you say to this) that, etc. The same idea in 
different form is fully expressed in the following sentence: quo 
tandem animo tibi ferendum putas, quod, etc. 

52. 24. istam: i.e., to which you came. — subselliorum: the 
presiding officer of the Senate occupied the sella curulis. The 
senators occupied benches in order of their rank. These were prob- 
ably brought in especially for this occasion. Probably the word is 
not to be interpreted literally. One of its meanings is footstool. 
It is a bench unprovided with arms or back. 

52. 26. (Sect. 17.) Servi: placed first emphatically, where 
naturally the conjunction si would stand, introducing the condition 
contrary to fact in present time. — mehercule : a weak oath, merely 
an expletive which originally stood in the form me Hercules iuvet, 
Hercules help me, i.e., by Hercules. — isto pacto: = ita. 

52. 28. urbem: sc. from the preceding sentence relinquendam. 
esse, upon which the regular dative of the agent tibi depends. 

52. 29. iniuria: an abl. of manner with cum omitted; prac- 
tically an adverb, wrongfully. — offensum: sc. to them in translation; 
it is connected by atque with suspectum, which in turn is limited 
by tarn graviter, and has a dative of the agent, meis civibus, de- 
pendent upon it. The dative of the agent is regularly employed 
with the gerundive, but not infrequently also with the perfect pas- 
sive participle; cf. 78. 

52. 30. omnium: trans, this gen. limiting oculis as if it were 
ab omnibus with conspici. 

52. 31. oculis: glances. 

52. 33. mentis sensusque: trans, by hendiadys, deepest 
sensibilities. 



274 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

Page 54. 2. odissent: for imperfect. See note on oderit, p. 

51, 1. 11. — neque: see note on neque, p. 52, 1. 8. 

54. 4. Nunc: no longer dealing with imaginary situations as 
in the clauses si servi and si parentes, but with the condition of 
things actually existing. 

54. 5. odit, metuit, iudicat: observe how Cicero preserves the 
balance of his sentence by using three verbs, verebere, sequere, 
pertimesces, as if he needed this number to make the correspondence 
exact. 

54. 8. (Sect. 18.) quodam modo: as it were, so to speak. 
This is introduced by way of apology for the obviously contra- 
dictory expression which follows, tacita loquitur. The latter is an 
example of paradox, or oxymoron. See 170. 

54. 9. aliquot annis: the abl. expressing time within which; 
sometimes, as in this case, not differing much if at all from the ac- 
cusative of duration. 

54. 10. tibi uni: a dat. of reference qualifying the whole 
statement. 

54. 11. sociorum: Catiline had served in the usual rapacious 
fashion as propraetor in Africa. 

54. 14. superiora ilia: sc. scelera. 

54. 15. me totam: Cicero places the whole state in contrast 
with the individual citizen. Observe the order of the words — 
chiasmus, so-called; me totam . . . unum te, pronoun, adjective, 
adjective, pronoun; 160. 

54. 16. esse: an infin. with subj. me used as a substantive 
clause, the subject of est ferendum; so also the parallel clauses 
Catilinam timeri and nullum . . . posse. — quicquid increpuerit: 
freely, at every, even the slightest, sound; how is it translated literally ? 
The subjunctive is caused by the dependence of the clause on the 
infinitive timeri, called Attraction or Integral part; 145. 

54. 18. quod a tuo scelere abhorreat: freely, with which you 
are not concerned. This is the meaning; give a literal version also. 

54. 19. mini: dat. of separation, of persons with eripe; cf. p. 

52, 1. 9; 74. 

54. 22. (Sect. 19.) loquatur: 126. 

54. 23. impetrare: receive attention. 

54. 24. Quid, quod: cf. p. 52, 1. 21. — ipse: Roman writers 
usually place the intensive pronoun with the subject; instead of 
this we connect it for emphasis with the object. Trans, as if ipse 
agreed with te. — custodiam: this is the so-called free custody, 
whereby a man under suspicion would place himself in the charge 



NOTES ON FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 275 

of someone who was well-known and who would be responsible for 
his appearance when he was wanted. 

54. 25. ad: here in the sense of apud, at the house of; cf. 
apud Laecam, p. 49, 1. 25. 

54. 28-29. isdem parietibus: See 83 for the case. Observe 
carefully in giving your translation the distinction in meaning 
between this word and moenibus just below. 

54. 29. tutor an adv. where an adj. in agreement would be 
more natural. Trans, as if tutum. — essem: the introductory word 
qui is causal in force, hence the subjunctive; 122. It would, however, 
be subjunctive for another reason. Why? 

54. 30. Metellum: i.e., Q. Metellus Celer, who had much to 
do later with suppressing the conspiracy. 

54. 31. sodalem: Cicero follows this with the ironical definition 
virum optimum, as we might speak of a man as another's 'crony/ 
intimating that he was of the same sort as Catiline, i.e., a bad sort. 

54. 32. videlicet: added to emphasize the irony; 168. 

Page 55. 3. carcere: this with vinculis means the state's 
prison as contrasted with the free custody suggested by Catiline. 

55. 4. qui . . . iudicarit: obviously these words are not to 
be taken seriously; they simply give an ironical turn to Catiline's 
offer, by which Catiline had intended to show his innocence, not 
suggest his guilt. 

55. 5. (Sect. 20.) emori aequo animo: Cicero seems to 
imply by these words that another man in Catiline's predicament 
would choose to commit suicide. This was a common practice 
among the Romans when fearing condemnation and preferring death 
to exile. If, as some think, Cicero is imputing cowardice to Cati- 
line, the latter' s death the following year in the battle of Pistoria 
amply disproved the charge. He was no coward. Cf. Sallust's 
account of his death (de Catilinae Coniuratione, 60). 

55. 7-8. fugae solitudinique : by hendiadys, to lonely exile; 

156. 

55. 9. Refer ad senatum : this is the technical phrase employed 
to describe the magistrate's act of bringing a matter officially be- 
fore the Senate for formal decision. — postulas: this implies that it 
had been suggested to Catiline that he avoid trouble by going into 
voluntary exile, that he had refused and made this demand. 

55. 10. placere: sc. sibi, which is frequently omitted in this 
technical phrase of the presiding officer when asking the opinion of 
the Senate. 

55. 11. quod abhorret a, etc.: this needs a free translation. 



276 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

See note on this phrase on p. 54, 1. 18, and model your translation 
on the one given there. Cicero is, of course, offering no sufficient 
explanation. The Senate could not decree a man's exile; only a 
court could do that by issuing its formal interdictio aquae et 
ignis. 

55. 12. faciam ut: I will see that you, etc. 

55. 15. Quid est: we must assume that Cicero pauses after 
saying proficiscere, for some possible objection on the part of the 
senators. As none is made he turns to Catiline with the remark: 
Well, Catiline. Cf. similar phrases in Sections 8, 13, 14. — ecquid 
attendis: are you paying any attention f 

55. 18-19. (Sect. 21.) adulescenti Optimo: Sestius was trib- 
une in 57 B.C. and made strong efforts to secure Cicero's return 
from exile. Cicero defended him in 56 B.C. for some of his acts 
when tribune. 

55. 19. Marcello: Marcellus was consul in 51 B.C. and a most 
violent opponent of Caesar. In a speech delivered in 46 B.C. Cicero 
eulogizes Caesar most highly for pardoning Marcellus. See page 
181. 

55. 20. iam: by this time, i.e., before this. — consuli . . . tem- 
plo: i.e., even if he were chief magistrate of the state and the place 
of meeting was a sacred spot, nevertheless his offense would have 
t>een too great to pass over. 

55. 23. neque hi: i.e., the senators; then he adds the two 
other chief " orders " in the state — the knights, who were probably 
standing before the open doors of the temple, and ceteri cives, all 
the rest of the plebeians. 

55. 24. vita vilissima: observe the strong contrast drawn with 
auctoritas . . . cara and the grim humor in the suggestion of great 
respect for auctoritas combined with total disregard for the lives 
of the senators. The omission of the conjunction sed between the 
two nouns serves to emphasize the contrast still more; 155. See 
note on non feram, p. 50, 1. 12. 

55. 26. quorum tu: sc. and in trans, just before quorum. 

55. 28. Quorum ego: this illustrates the very common fash- 
ion of emphasizing a relative clause in Latin by placing it first and 
then introducing an emphatic demonstrative into the clause natur- 
ally antecedent which now follows; here eosdem. Begin trans- 
lating: The very people whose, etc. 

55. 28-30. iam diu . . . contineo; also iam pridem studes: 
these are two more instances of the idiom mentioned, p. 50, 1. 8, 
on nimium diu; 89. 



NOTES ON FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 277 

55. 30. haec: doubtless this word was accompanied by a 
gesture indicating the city in general, but in particular the public 
buildings and temples near the Forum. 

55. 30-31. usque ad portas: this alludes to the prevailing 
custom of attending to the gates of the city friends who were leav- 
ing for any reason, thereby showing them respect and good-will. 
As the phrase is applied here Cicero means that the citizens will be 
so overjoyed that Catiline has not succeeded in bis attempts that, 
to be rid of him, they will readily appear to be doing him an honor 
by escorting him in this fashion. 

Page 56. 1. (Sect. 22.) Quamquam: And yet: to be so 
translated only in principal clauses where it has corrective force. 
In subordinate clauses, of course, it is concessive and means al- 
though. — quid: why; 60. — Te ut . . . frangat, etc.: observe the 
emphasis laid upon the pronoun te (tu) in the four successive clauses. 
The subjunctive is not easy to explain positively; one may join 
it and those following closely with loquor and regard as a purpose 
clause, or as a result clause depending upon a potestne fieri to be 
supplied; or, and this is the usual explanation, as an exclamatory 
clause used in place of an accusative and an infinitive; 10 1. 

56. 4. duint: an archaic (old) form of the present subjunctive 
(cf. sint and velint) from do, dare, and used for dent in a clause 
implying a possible wish; 104, a. — tametsi: see and apply note just 
given for Quamquam. 

56. 6. animum induxeris: make up your mind, decide; observe 
the usual Latin idiom in selection and care in choice of tense. The 
action is assumed to be complete; not so in English usage; 91. 

56. 7. si minus: = si non; cf. p. 50, 1. 9. 

56. 11. tanti: sc. preti; a pred. gen. of indef. value. See 67. 
Definite price or value is usually expressed by the ablative. 

56. 13-14. Sed tu ut . . . commoveare: emphatic position of 
tu as above. Variety in translation may be gained by making the 
clause active: that (my statement of) your vices should give you any 
concern. 

56. 18. is: = talis. 

56. 23. (Sect. 23.) ut praedicas: as you claim; distinguish 
between praedico, praedicere, and this verb praedico, praedicare. 
Catiline evidently wished to make it appear that Cicero's personal 
dislike for him lay at the foundation of his charges. 

56. 24. vis: a verb form from volo. — recta: adverbial, for 
recta via. 

56. 25. istius: i.e., caused by you. 



278 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

56. 26. ieris: = iveris. 

56. 27. servire meae laudi, etc.: If Catiline did go to Manlius, 
Cicero's attack upon him would be justified, and the consul's fame 
would thereby be assured. Indirectly, then, Catiline would be 
" serving " Cicero's glory, i.e., increasing it. 

56. 30. non: trans, closely with eiectus, not with videaris, 
for this seems a clause of purpose, not of result. 

56. 31. isse: = ivisse. — videaris: generally the passive forms 
of video are to be translated "seem," but occasionally, as here, it 
is best to render them as true passives of " see." 

56. 32. (Sect. 24.) Quamquam: see note, line 1 above, on 
Quamquam. — invitem: a direct question in the subjunctive; dubita- 
tive or deliberative use; 100. — a quo . . . sciam: as the relative 
clause expresses cause the verb is in the subjunctive. Break up the 
rel. into cum a te, for I know that, etc.; 122. 

Page 57. 1. Forum Aurelium: this was a market town on the 
road running north along the shore, the via Aurelia. It was about 
fifty miles north of Rome. To-day it is called Monialto and is 
situated between Civita Vecchia and Orbetello. 

57. 1-2. praestolarentur: a rel. clause of purpose, its tense 
determined by praemissos. 

57. 2. cui: for a quo, a dat. of the agent where the abl. with 
a might be expected. As, however, a quo immediately precedes and 
follows, cui affords variety; 78. 

57. 5. cui: a dat. of reference, having aquilam for its antece- 
dent. — sacrarium: as it was customary in Roman houses to have a 
shrine where the worship of the household gods was held, so Cati- 
line is thought to have kept this eagle in a sacred spot in his home, 
guarding it and almost worshipping it as an emblem of good luck 
for him in his plans. 

57. 6. ut: how, but see 101. — possis: this may be taken as a 
dubitative subjunctive expressing impossibility. 

57. 8. a cuius: a second relative, also referring back to ilia. 
Better to break this up and trans, and from its, etc. * 

57. 11. (Sect. 25.) rapiebat: this is a strange tense to use in 
close connection with ibis. We should expect the present tense as 
in the frequently employed idiom; 89. But Cicero seems to be 
viewing the matter from the standpoint of Catiline's departure as 
an event already accomplished, though it is still to take place. 

57. 12. haec res: i.e., his rebellion against the government, 
shown by his going to the camp of Manlius. — quandam: this word 
used in conjunction with another adjective has adverbial force and 






NOTES OX FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 279 

a variety of meanings. Here it seems emphatic and may be ren- 
dered wholly; elsewhere almost, perhaps. 

57. 14. fortuna servavit: in all his earlier perils his luck has 
kept him safe, preserving him for this superlatively criminal action. 

57. 14-15. non modo . . . sed ne . . . quidem: when these 
two phrases are used with one verb a negative must be added to the 
first member, i.e., non modo non; this is borrowed from ne . . . 
quidem. To gain directness in translating, render non modo (non), 
to say nothing of, and omit the sed. 

57. 16. atque: this connects perditis with derelictis. 

57. 17. conflatam: collected. Join closely with ex perditis in 
translating. 

57. 21. (Sect. 26.) Habes ubi (for ut ibi) ostentes: ubi in- 
troduces here a rel. clause of purpose. 

57. 25. (Sect. 27.) exsul . . . consul: Cicero evidently bal- 
ances these words against each other because of the resemblance in 
sound. Observe, p. 08, 11. 8-9, a similar play on the sound in emissus 
and immissus; also, p. 59, 11. 18-19, reprimi and comprimi; 162. 

57. 26. id quod . . . susceptum: an entire rel. clause may 
sometimes be well rendered by a noun; your abominable undertaking. 

57. 28. quandam: see note, line 12 above, on this word; here 
and often, however, it has no more force than the English indefinite 
article and seems to be the equivalent of it; an. 

57. 29. detester ac deprecer: observe carefully the etymology 
of these words. They are synonyms and present one idea with 
emphasis. Trans, by one verb qualified by an adverb; this is a 
sort of hendiadys, of which we find many in other orations of Cicero, 
particularly in the Manilian law. See note on munivi, etc., p. 50, 1. 2. 

Page 58. 4. Tune : for tu and -ne, interrog. particle. Tu is 
the subject of patiere, several lines below. 

58. 6. auctorem sceleris: for auctorem scelesti belli; cf. 
amentiae, p. 49, 1. 14. 

58. 7. evocatorem servorum: Sallust tells us that the slaves 
in Capua and Apulia did revolt and flock to Catiline in large num- 
bers. In spite of the fact that he was urged by Lentulus to accept 
their aid, Catiline steadily refused. Hence this charge is without 
foundation, though Cicero may have believed it to be true. 

58. 9-10. Non . . . non . . . non: with this repetition of the 
same word at the same place in succeeding clauses (anaphora, 155) 
cf. the use of nihil, p. 46, 11. 4-9. 

58. 10. duci . . . rapi . . . mactari: as if iubebis stood here in 
place of imperabis. What is the regular construction with impero? 



280 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

58. ii. (Sect. 28.) Quid, etc.: Cicero offers three possible 
replies to the question Quid te impedit? put by him to himself 
for the personified patria. He answers each in turn in a way which 
he deems satisfactory but which we cannot. Persaepe in the first 
reply is certainly an exaggeration. The second answer is absurd, 
for laws imply the right to a trial before being condemned as a 
traitor and Catiline had not been tried. 

58. 13. leges: three Valerian, three Porcian, and one Sem- 
pronian law had guaranteed the right of appeal to the Comitia from 
a magistrate's sentence of flogging or death. 

58. 14. rogatae sunt: have been enacted: lit., have been ashed. 
The proposer of a law was said to ash the people if they were pleased 
with it. Hence a bill (strictly speaking, a law proposed but not yet 
passed) was called a rogatio. 

58. 14-16. numquam . . . tenuerunt: as said above, this was 
a flimsy evasion on Cicero's part, which later on was proved to be 
worthless. When the powerful leaders of the state wished to get 
rid of him later, they allowed him to be banished for having denied 
citizens their rights, as he had caused the Catilinarian conspirators 
to be put to death without affording them the chance to appeal to 
the people, a privilege granted them by law. 

58. 17. refers gratiam: cf. and distinguish this phrase from 
gratiam habere, used p. 50, 1. 13. 

58. 18. maiorum: as none of his ancestors had held a curule 
office, Cicero (a novus homo) had to overcome the prejudice the 
nobles felt for all new-comers. The fear of Catiline, generally felt 
by the nobles, had much to do with Cicero's winning the consulship. 
The praetorship he justly claims to have received from the people 
as a result of his disinterested efforts, as a private citizen, to assist 
accused persons by his oratory. 

58. 18-19. tarn mature . . . per omnis honorum gradus: by a 
lex (Villia) annalis the earliest age at which a person could lawfully 
hold one of the four major offices was fixed: 30 (?), 37 (?), 40, 43. 
Cicero had succeeded in winning each of these at the earliest possible 
age; hence he was said to have reached each office suo anno. 

58. 22. (Sect. 29.) severitatis: sc. in trans, {arising from) or 
{caused by). 

58. 23. quam: than {that) of, etc. 

58. 24. vastabitur Italia, vexabuntur urbes, tecta ardebunt: 
observe the order of words in these pairs; anaphora in the first two; 
chiasmus between the second and third; 158, 160. 

58. 25-26. incendio conflagraturum : continuing in a figura- 



NOTES OX FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 281 

tive sense the meaning of ardebunt. Conflagro is an intransitive 
verb, but trans, passively the active form; be consumed. 

58. 28. mentibus: this is connected by et with vocibus. 
Cicero has himself claimed to give the state's objection to his own 
conduct. Many persons in the state feel the same way, so Cicero 
proposes to reply to himself, speaking for the state, and also to reply 
to the thoughts of these others who agree. 

58. 29. respondebo: the protasis, si . . . loquatur above 
(11. 1-3), was left without a conclusion, or apodosis. This word 
takes the place of the missing apodosis. 

58. 30. Catilinam . . . multari: an infin. clause with subj. 
accus. in apposition to hoc and explanatory of it. 

58. 31. gladiatori: remember there are other and, in this 
case, more suitable meanings for this word than gladiator. Rich 
men had troops of these men whom they used for other purposes 
than those we usually associate with the name. Literally mean- 
ing a "swordsman," it came to have a meaning not very different 
from that which of late has associated itself in America with " gun- 
man," owing to the use of these slaves for bullying and creating gen- 
eral disorder, mostly for political ends. Cf. the use of these gladi- 
atores in the street fights between Clodius and Milo. 

58. 32. summi et clarissimi: any individual who won dis- 
tinction might be called clarissimus ; to be described as summus he 
must have held high office. — viri: nom. plural. — Saturnini: gen. 
singular. 

Page 59. 1. superiorum: temporal in meaning. Cf. superi- 
ora, p. 54, 1. 14. 

59. 3-4. hoc parricida . . . interfecto: an abl. abs. express- 
ing condition. 

59. 5. impenderet: this protasis of a condition contrary to 
fact in present time is not concluded in the usual form. Cicero 
continues by a statement of fact always true of him (fui) and not 
dependent upon the form of condition preceding; 128. 

59. 6. partam: do not confound this with partem or paratam; 
see pario. 

59. 7. (Sect. 30.) Quamquam: trans, as if sed. Why? 
See note on Quamquam, p. 56, 1.1. 

59. 9. mollibus sententiis: lenient judgments. 

59. 10. nascentem; aluerunt; corroboraverunt : observe the 
choice of words; Cicero apparently has in mind the metaphor of 
a weak infant growing into a strong man; so the weak conspiracy 
gains vigor with each assertion that it does not exist. 



282 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

59. ii. multi: of course he now is referring to men who are 
not members of the Senate but are influenced by these weak-knegd 
senators. 

59. 12. imperiti: i.e., people who have no knowledge of the 
facts, people who " didn't know any better." 

59. 12-13. animadvertissem in: had punished. 

59. 13. regie: he is playing upon the traditional hatred of 
the Romans for kings, based upon the experience with them their 
ancestors were reputed to have had, and especially with Tarquinius 
Superbus. Trans, tyrannically , despotically. 

59. 21. exstinguetur atque delebitur: will be absolutely wiped 
out. A single idea expressed strongly by two almost synonymous 
verbs. See note on detester ac deprecer, p. 57, 1. 29. 

59. 22. stirps: root. 

59. 25. (Sect. 31.) periculis . . . insidiisque: trans, by hen- 
diadys, using an adjective for periculis. — coniurationis : abstract for 
the concrete; for conspirators. Cf. amentiae, p. 49, 1. 14; 175.* 

59. 25-27. nescio quo . . . erupit: the phrase nescio quo has 
no effect on the mood of the verb erupit — we might look for a sub- 
junctive in an indirect question. It is used for aliquo, an indefinite 
adjective pronoun, but with even a greater idea of indefiniteness or 
vagueness; some (way) or other. 

59. 26. veteris . . . audaciae: make a better English render- 
ing than the literal one by translating fur oris and audaciae as if 
they too were adjectives like veteris and all three qualified directly 
scelerum, schemes. 

59. 27. in: with tempus; the latter is accus. rather than abl. 
because of the idea of motion in erupit. The preposition in erupit 
suggests the idea of concealment, out of which, etc. 

59. 28. latrocinio: see note on coniurationis above. 

59. 29. ad breve quoddam tempus: just for a moment 

59. 32. aestu febrique: trans, by hendiadys. 
Page 60. 2-3. qui est: unnecessary in English. 

60. 3. relevatus: this has conditional force and serves as the 
protasis of ingravescet. 

60. 5. (Sect. 32.) a bonis: sc. civibus, as is shown by the 
presence of the preposition with the ablative. 

60. 7. domi suae: this locative form domi may be qualified 
as here by the possessive adjective. The phrase is equivalent to 
in sua domo. — tribunal: a neut. accus. form; the tribunal was a 
raised place in the Comitium upon which the praetor's official seat 
was placed. 

60. 8. praetoris urbani: the adjective distinguishes him from 



NOTES ON FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 283 

the praetor peregrinus. See 45. Of course the intent was to in- 
timidate the magistrate in giving his official decisions. — curiam: 
i.e., Hostiliam. This was to the northeast of the Forum in the 
Comitium. It was reputed to have been built originally by Tullus 
Hostilius. It was burned by the mob in the funeral ceremonies of 
Clodius in 52 B.C. — malleolos: observe the formation of the word, 
giving the meaning little mallets. These were used for setting build- 
ings afire. They resembled in shape perhaps most nearly an Indian 
tomahawk. A wire frame attached to the upper part contained a 
blazing inflammable substance (perhaps pitch or tow). A sharp 
arrow-like head ended the top of the shaft, and this, when the missile 
was thrown against the side of a wooden building or a thatched 
roof, would adhere and the burning substance within the wire frame 
would start a blaze. 

60. 12-13. f° re in: the sentence may well be turned about in 
English: we consuls will exhibit such, etc., you will furnish such sup- 
port (auctoritatem), etc. 

Page 61. 3. (Sect. 33.) Hisce: simply an emphatic form for 
his. In older Latin this -ce forms a part of hie throughout its de- 
clension. — ominibus: observe this word is not omnibus. Anything 
which happened and frequently anything spoken at the beginning 
of a journey or an undertaking was construed into a sign, an omen, 
a warning in those days of prevailing superstition. The previous 
words of Cicero bode ill for Catiline but good for the state. Yet 
the omens are contained in the following words. 

61. 4. cum . . . salute . . . peste, etc.: supply sure or cer- 
tain in translating with each phrase: with the welfare sure, etc. 

61. 6. Tu: as he makes this final appeal to the god in whose 
temple he was, we may assume that he turns towards the statue of 
Jupiter. 

61. 7. isdem auspiciis: Livy (X. 37. 15) tells us that this 
spot had long been held as sacred, but that the temple which Rom- 
ulus had vowed was not built until the year 294, i.e., 460 B.C. 
A fairly old building in 63 B.C., however, according to our standards. 
— quibus: as; with the full literal translation we must, of course, 
supply the omitted est constituta. 

61. 7-8. quern Statorem: the Roman writer Seneca objects to 
this etymology or explanation which Cicero offers. He declares: 
quod stant beneficio eius omnia, stator stabilitorque est. 

61. 10. vita: sing, idiomatically in Latin; plural in the Eng- 
lish rendering. — arcebis: in force the equivalent of an imperative. 
See 92. So also mactabis below. 

61. 11. bonorum inimicos, hostes patriae, latrones Italiae: ob- 



284 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

serve the order of the words in these phrases as affording proof of 
the care with which Cicero arranged his composition. This is 
hardly compatible with the speech in its impromptu form as it was 
first delivered. Here he just reverses his arrangement of p. 58, 1. 24: 
vastabitur Italiae, etc. The first and second illustrate chiasmus; 
the second and third exhibit anaphora. 

61. 11-12. scelerum foedere: criminal compact. 



NOTES ON THE SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 

Page 62. i. (Sect. 1.) Tandem aliquando: now at last, 
somewhat stronger than tandem alone. — Quirites: a name applied 
to the Romans as civilians; its derivation is uncertain. 

62. 3. vobis . . . urbi: dative governed by minitantem. 

62. 4-5. eiecimus . . . emisimus . . . prosecuti sumus: a 
descending climax (163), of which the last part is strongly ironical; 
168. 

62. 5. Abiit . . . erupit: an ascending climax (163), with 
asyndeton; 155. Cf. the preceding note. 

Page 63. 1. Nulla iam: equivalent to non iam ulla, no longer 
. . . any. 

63. 2. moenibus ipsis: against (literally "for") our very 
walls {city). Dative of the indirect object. — Atque . . . quidem: 
And in fact. — hunc . . . unum ducem: in appositive relation, this 
man, the sole leader. 

63. 3-4. domestici: do not translate by the corresponding 
English word. — sine controversial = sine dubio. 

63. 4. non . . . iam: see note on nulla iam, line 1 above. — 
inter: here means about. 

63. 5. non . . . non . . . non: anaphora; 158. — campo: 
sc. Martio. The references are to special attempts of Catiline to 
commit murder. 

63. 6. domesticos parietes: contrast the meaning of domes- 
ticos here with that of the same word in line 3 and that of parietes 
with moenibus, line 2. — Loco : his position, used in a technical sense, 
as of a fighting gladiator. 

63. 7. cum est . . . depulsus: that is, in being driven, explan- 
atory cum clause. 

63. 8. nullo: why not nemine? See Vocab. under nemo. — 
iustum bellum : a regular war, as opposed to latrocinium or brigand- 



NOTES OX SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 285 

age. Cicero here, for the sake of contrast, uses a term which is 
not ordinarily applied to a revolution; see note on latrocinantem, 
p. 70, I. 21, below. 

63. 9. cum . . . coniecimus: like cum est ... depulsus, 
line 7. 

63. 12. (Sect. 2.) Quod . . . quod . . ., etc.: anaphora; 158. 
The clauses introduced by quod give the reason for ilium afflictum 
et profligatum (esse). — cruentum: stained with blood, in predicate 
relation to mucronem. 

63. 13. vivis nobis: that is, without first causing our death; 
abl. abs. It is not certain whether nobis is an ordinary plural 
referring to Cicero and others, or an "editorial" we. — ei: dat. of 
reference. It is nearly equivalent to eius (manibus) and may be 
so translated. 

63. 14. incolumis . . . stantem: predicates, like cruentum. 
Translate accordingly. 

63. 16. Iacet: note the emphatic position of this verb. 

63. 17. sentit: realizes. 

63. 18. quam: be careful of the translation. Luget may be 
rendered as a participle, lamenting that it; or ereptam esse as a 
noun, whose rescue, etc. First get the literal meaning, then express 
the thought in the best possible English, keeping as close as you can 
to the original. 

63. 19. Quae: But the city. 

63. 20-21. evomuerit . . . proiecerit: subjunctive as giving 
the reason of the personified city; 121 and 164. 

63. 22. (Sect. 3.) talis: so affected; literally, " such." 
oportebat: ought to have been, referring to the time since the first 
discovery of Catiline's designs. Note the tense of the infin. and 
see 94. 

63. 23-24. qui. . . accuset: a relative clause of result; trans- 
late accordingly. — hoc ipso: the very point, explained by the clause 
quod . . . emiserim. Cicero means that he might fairly be criti- 
cised for being so lenient towards Catiline. 

63. 25. ista: that; attracted, as usual in Latin, to the gender 
of the predicate nom. culpa. To be strictly logical the sentence re- 
quires us to supply " I reply," or something similar, but the ellipsis 
is common in English as well as in Latin. 

63. 26. Interfectum esse . . . affectum: we should expect the 
present infinitive (cf. esse, line 22 above), but the perfect emphasizes 
the completion of the act. 

63. 28. mos maiorum: the usage of the men of old, or prece- 



286 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

dent, had great influence with the conservative Romans. — huius 
imperii referring to the absolute power conferred upon him by the 
Senate's vote, videant consules ne quid res publica detrimenti 
capiat; 49. 

63. 29. res publica: here means (regard for) the public welfare. 

63. 30. deferrem: subjunctive by " attraction/' as forming an 
integral part of the clause qui . . . crederent; 145. — crederent: 
117. 

Page .64. 1. Ac: here has adversative force, And yet. — illo 
sublato: the abl. abs. denotes means and the participle contains 
the main idea; 147. How should it be translated? 

64. 2-3. iudicarem . . . sustulissem: 127. — invidiae . . . 
vitae: two kinds of genitives, appositional (64) and objective; at 
the risk not only of unpopularity but even of my life. 

64. 4-5. (Sect. 4.) cum viderem: causal; since I saw, or 
seeing, as I did; 120. — ne vobis quidem . . . probata: an abl. abs. 
of attendant circumstances, belonging in sense after si: if I pun- 
ished him . . . when not even all of you, etc. — multassem: standing 
for the future perfect indicative of the direct discourse; 144. — ut 
erat meritus: parenthetical, and not part of the ind. disc, as is 
shown by the mood; 143. 

64. 6. fore ut . . . possem: the result would be that. The 
paraphrase is necessary, since possum has no fut. act. infin.; 144, a. 

64. 7-8. rem hue deduxi: / have so managed the matter; lit- 
erally, " I have brought the matter to this point." — palam pugnare 
possetis: alliteration; 161. — cum . . . videretis: 118. — ego: em- 
phasized by being expressed and also by its position. 

64. 9. putem: subjunctive in an indirect question. — licet . . . 
intellegatis : you may know; intellegatis is a substantive clause of 
jussive origin, the subject of licet; 136, b. 

64. 10-11. quod . . . fero: explaining hinc. — quod . . . ex- 
ierit: a causal clause, giving Cicero's reason as if it were that of 
another person; 121, a. — comitatus: the participle of the deponent 
verb here has a passive force. — ille : emphatic, the man, the fellow. 

64. 12. eduxisset: a wish unfulfilled in the past; 104, b. — 
mihi: a good example of the so-called ethical or emotional dative, 
"our friend Tongilius"; said, of course, ironically. See 77. — 
praetexta : here used for the time of life which it represents. See 8. 

64. 14-15. nullum . . . poterat: that is, was not enough to 
drive them to rebellion against their country. — Reliquit quos viros: 
in English the order of the verb of this exclamation and its object 
would be reversed. — quanto aere alieno: abl. of quality, modifying 



NOTES ON SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 287 

viros understood; 85. Their great debts and consequent desperation 
are contrasted with the comparative harmlessness of Publicius and 
Minucius. 

64. 16. nobilis: be careful of the meaning; note the derivation 
of the word, and see Vocab. 

Page 65. 1. (Sect. 5.) exercitum: in English we should put 
this word after prae . . . comparantur and next to its modifier col- 
lectum. The reference is, of course, to Catiline's forces outside of 
the city. 

65. 2. Gallico: sc. agro. The reference is not to Gaul, as in 
Gallicanis legionibus, but to the ager Gallicus, a district on the coast 
of Umbria, between Cisalpine Gaul and the ager Picenus, or Pice- 
num. 

65. 3. his copiis: also governed by prae. 

65. 4. ex senibus, etc.: denoting the material of which the 
army is composed. The senes in question were the veteran soldiers 
of Sulla, who had been assigned to colonies in various parts of Italy, 
including Etruria. For additional remarks of Cicero about these 
men see p. 72, 1. 20, below. 

65. 5. agresti luxuria: the abstract for the concrete; 175. 
The reference here, too, is to Sulla's veterans, who had squandered 
their property, and to those whom they had inspired to imitation. 

65. 6. vadimonia deserere: that is, to forfeit the bail wmich 
they had given for their appearance in court. 

65. 7-8. Quibus : since the relative must come first, the order 
of the whole sentence is affected. Trans. : si ego eis . . . concident. 
— non modo . . . verum etiam: "not only . . . but also"; but in 
English the idea is much more clearly expressed by inverting the 
order of the clauses and translating even . . . not to mention. — 
edictum praetoris: the praetors, on beginning their term of office, 
published an edict setting forth the principles which they proposed 
to follow in performing their judicial duties. The praetor's edict 
would therefore show Catiline's followers the punishment which 
was in store for them. — concident: collapse; con- has intensive force. 

65. 9-10. quos . . . quos . . . quos: anaphora; 158. 

65. 11. purpura: referring to the broad purple stripe on the 
tunic of a senator (latus clavus) and the two narrow^ ones on those of 
a knight (angustus clavus). — mallem . . . eduxisset: I would rather 
he had led out. Mallem is potential subjunctive of softened asser- 
tion (105, b), while eduxisset is subjunctive in a substantive clause of 
optative origin, object of mallem; 138. 

65. 12. Qui si: But if they. — permanent: we should rather 



288 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

expect the future indicative, but the present is sometimes used in 
Latin with a future force. — mementote: the so-called future im- 
perative, formed on the perfect stem. The verb has no present. 

65. 15. hoc: with the double meaning of "the more on this 
account"; that is, ablative of degree of difference with magis and of 
cause with timendi sunt. 

65. 16. neque: and . . . not, not "nor." — permoventur: greatly 
moved. Per- is intensive; cf. pertimescendos, line 14 above, and 
concident, line 8. 

65. 17. (Sect. 6.) Apulia, etc.: that is, to whom these vari- 
ous places have been assigned as their sphere of activity. 

65. 18. Gallicum: sc. agrum, and see note on line 2. With 
this word and with agrum Picenum supply depoposcerit. 

65. 20. superioris noctis: night before last, the night of the 
meeting in the house of Marcus Laeca; see p. 49, 1. 25, above. 

65. 21-22. pertimuit: see note on permoventur, line 16 above. 
— profugit: asyndeton; 155. — Hi: in the emphatic position, con- 
trasted with Catilina. — Ne: observe that this is not followed by 
the subjunctive; for the meaning see Vocab. — illi: referring to 
the same persons as Hi. 

65. 23. illam pristinam: implying that it is a thing of the past. 

65. 25. Quod exspectavi: sc. id, object of sum assecutus, 
explained by the following ut clause. 

65. 26. factam esse aperte : Catiline admitted his guilt by his 
flight from the city, and the following clause introduced by nisi 
vero hints at the rest of the proof. 

Page 66. 1. Non . . . iam: to be taken together, no longer. 

66. 2-3. Unum . . . concedam: make one concession, explained 
by the three following clauses. — Exeant . . . patiantur: 97. 

66. 4. sui: objective genitive with desiderio, for them. — iter: 
route. 

66. 5. via: road; abl. of the way by which. The Aurelian 
Road led northward along the coast of Etruria. — volent: are willing. 

66. 7. (Sect. 7.) fortunatam . . . publicam: accusative in 
an exclamation; 63. — si quidem: if really. Eiecerit is future perfect 
indicative. 

66. 8. mehercule: note the derivation; see Vocab.— ex- 
hausto : drawn off; a word appropriate to the bilge- water (sentina) 
to which the followers of Catiline are likened. Cicero uses many 
metaphors drawn from the sea; 166. 

66. 11. conceperit: subjunctive in a clause of characteristic; 
107. — Quis . . . quis . . ., etc.: substantives with veneficus, etc.,. 



NOTES OX SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 289 

in apposition, but equivalent in force to the adjective (qui), and so 
to be translated. For the repetition see 159. — tota Italia: note 
the omission of the preposition, and see 86. 

66. 16. non: from its position belongs with familiarissime, 
but in English must be taken with fateatur. — familiarissime: on 
the most intimate terms. 

66. 17. per hosce annos: per. throughout, emphasizes the 
duration of the time. 

66. 18. non per ilium: with the same force as sine illo. Both 
expressions imply complicity or instigation (cf . line 23) rather than 
that Catiline committed all the crimes himself. 

66. 19-21. (Sect. 8.) quae tanta ... in illo: the literal 
translation of this sentence makes awkward English. Try to ex- 
press the thought in the most natural way. See note on p. 63, 1. 
18, above. — alios . . . aliorum: like aliis . . . aliis below, line 22. 

66. 25-26. collegerat: the pluperfect tense emphasizes the 
quickness of the action. — non modo . . . sed: for the translation 
see note on non modo . . . verum etiam, p. 65, 1. 7, above. 

66. 28. asciverit: subjunctive in a characteristic clause after 
an indefinite antecedent; 107. For the tense see 95. 

66. 29. (Sect. 9.) ut . . . possitis: subjunctive in a paren- 
thetical clause of purpose; 106. — in dissimili ratione: in their varied 
aspects; Catiline was a many-sided man. 

66. 30. ludo gladiatorio : the gladiators, who were for the most 
part slaves and foreigners, were trained for their contests in the arena 
by a rigorous course of exercises in a gladiatorial school. 

66. 31. audacior: that is, than his fellow gladiators. — in- 
timum: used as a noun. — fateatur: for the mood cf. asciverit, 
line 28. Observe the difference in tense and the reason for it. 

Page 67. 1. in scena: to appear upon the stage was disgrace- 
ful for a Roman citizen, and even to associate with actors, who were 
for the most part slaves, was discreditable. — nequior: for the force 
of the comparative cf. audacior, p. 66, 1. 31, above. 

67. 2. sodalem: literally, " fellow member of a sodalitas," 
or "fraternity"; hence implying a very close intimacy, which is 
qualified somewhat by prope; it might be translated, almost a bosom 
friend.. 

67. 3-4. frigore . . . perferendis: the cause of praedicabatur. 
Perferendis agrees in gender and number with the nearest of the 
four nouns. — fortis: a hero. 

67. 5. cum: while all the time, with concessive force. — in- 
dustriae . . . virtutis: chiasmus; 160. 



290 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

67. 7. (Sect. 10.) Hunc: the position of the word and the 
use of sui (with comites) show that hunc is the real subject (the 
psychological subject, although not the grammatical one) and it 
may be so translated : if this man, etc., making the necessary changes 
in the following words. 

67. 8-9. nos . . . rem publicam . . . laudem: 63. 

67. 10. hominum: with contemptuous force, referring to the 
associates of Catiline; " fellows/' or " creatures." 

67. 11. libidines . . . audaciae: acts of licentiousness and 
recklessness; hence the somewhat unusual plural of the abstract. 

67. 12. nisi . . . nisi . . . nisi: except . . . (and) . . . and; 
anaphora; 158. 

67. 13. obligaverunt : mortgaged. 

67. 14. res: money. — fides: credit. 

67. 15. in abundantia: temporal in force; in the days of their 
prosperity. 

67. 16. alea: gambling was forbidden by law, but was never- 
theless very common. — solum: only, that is, without thoughts of 
revolution. 

67. 17. quidem: it is true, contrasted with sed tamen. — de- 
sperandi: hopeless cases. What is the literal meaning? 

67. 18-19. possit: subjunctive in a dubitative question; 101. 
— homines . . . viris: note the contrast; fellows (cf. hominum, 
line 10 above) . . . men. 

67. 20-21. mihi: "ethical" dative; see note on mini, p. 64, 
1. 12, above. The dative here is less easy to render; see 77. — 
accubantes: the usual custom of the Romans at table. — vino . . . 
stupris: a combination of anaphora and chiasmus; see 159 and 160. 

67. 24. (Sect. 11.) Quibus: equivalent to eis autem and 
governed by impendere. 

67. 27. Quos: see the preceding note and translate quos ac- 
cordingly. 

67. 28. nescio quod tempus: do not translate nescio as a 
verb; it forms a pronoun with quod. See Vocab. 

67. 29-30. propagarit: the future perfect in the apodosis as 
well as in the protasis is not common. It denotes instantaneous 
action. The meaning is : ' it will at once add to (the life of) the 
commonwealth, not some brief time, but/ etc. — quam pertimes- 
camus: for us to fear. Like the following possit it may be taken as 
a subjunctive of characteristic. — populo Romano: dat. of the in- 
direct object, as if it were bellum inferre. 

67. 31. omnia . . . externa: all foreign lands. Literally what ? 



NOTES ON SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 291 

— unius: referring to Pompey, 'with special reference to his vic- 
tories over the pirates and Mithridates. 

Page 68. 1-2. sanari . . . resecanda: a metaphor (166) de- , 
rived from medicine and surgery. — quacumque ratione : that is, ' as 
best I can/ 

68. 4. in urbe . . . permanent: in English such combinations 
are used only in jest. Translate: f if they remain in the city and 
retain the same feelings'; and cf. 174. 

68. 5. ea quae merentur: their deserts, namely, capital pun- 
ishment. Merentur is indicative, instead of being attracted into 
the subjunctive, because it is a mere paraphrase for merita; 143. 

68. 7. (Sect. 12.) Quod: see note on quibus, p. 65, 1. 7, above. 

68. 8. possem . . . eicerem: 127. 

68. 9. Homo : for the meaning cf . hominum, p. 67, 1. 10, above. 
— videlicet: gives the sentence an ironical force; 168. Note the 
derivation of the word. — permodestus: note the force of per-; cf. 
permoventur, p. 65, 1. 16, above. 

68* 10. simul atque: to be taken together, as soon as. 

68. 14. Quo: this relative adverb is treated like a relative 
pronoun and translated as if it were et eo. 

68. 14-15. quis senator: see note on quis, p. 66, 1. 11, above. 

68. 15. ita: leads up to ut; it need not be translated into 
English. 

68. 17. Quin etiam: Why even, introducing a stronger state- 
ment. — principes: the leading men. The senators differed in rank 
according to the magistracies which they had held, the Qonsulares, 
or ex-consuls, being of the highest standing. 

68. 20. (Sect.' 13.) Hie: adverb, Hereupon. — ille vehemens 
consul: ironical; 168. * 

68. 22-23. ad: with the force of apud, at the house of. — fuis- 
set: subjunctive in an indirect question, with the first introductory 
particle (utrum, num, or -ne) omitted. — homo audacissimus : ap- 
positive to ille, with concessive force. 

68. 24. proximam : sc. noctem. 

68. 25. ei: dative of the agent, used with a compound tense 
of the verb; see 78. 

68. 26. edocui: note the force of the prefix, which gives the 
idea of thoroughness. 

68. 27. dubitaret: what is the meaning of dubito when fol- 
lowed by an infinitive? See 139, a. — pararet: he had been preparing, 
the force given by iam pridem. See 90; and for the mood 145. — 
cum . . . cum . . . cum: 158. 



292 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

68. 28. securis . . . fascis: the emblems of consular power, 
which Catiline proposed to usurp; see 46, b. 

68. 29. aquilam . . . argenteam: see p. 57, I. 3, above. 

68. 30. fecerat: the mood shows that this remark is paren- 
thetical and not an essential part of the cum clause; 145. 

Page 69. 1. (Sect. 14.) eiciebam: the imperfect here de- 
notes an attempted action; 91. — quern: one whom, or a man whom. 
— ingressum esse: that is, 'taken the first steps/ 

69. 2. credo: ironical, / suppose, not 'I believe/ — iste: with 
contemptuous force, implying that a mere centurion would not 
make war on his own account. 

69. 5. in exsilium . . . Massiliam: to be taken together with 
conferet. For the case of Massiliam see 61. 

69. 7. condicionem: see note on rem publicam, p. 66, 1. 7, 
above. 

69. 9. meis: to be taken with all three words. 

69. 10-11. pertimuerit . . . mutaverit, etc.: determine the 
mood and tense from that of dicetur, p. 70, 1. 3. 

69. 13. spoliatus: esse, p. 70, 1. 2, belongs with this word as 
well as with obstupef actus, perterritus, etc. — armis: 79. 

Page 70. 1. indemnatus, innocens: 155. 

70. 2. vi et minis: hendiadys; 156. Translate accordingly. 
70. 3. fecerit: subjunctive by attraction to velint, standing 

for an original future perfect indicative; 145. 

70. 6-7. (Sect. 15.) tanti: worth while; genitive of value; 
67. — huius . . . subire : the clause is the subject of est. — dum modo 
. . . depellatur: a concessive clause, provided, etc.; 132. 

70. 8. Dicatur: jussive subjunctive; 97. The verb is used 
personally, as is shown by the form of eiectus esse. This is the 
more common construction in Latin, while in English the imper- 
sonal is preferred. 

70. 10. non est iturus: he has no intention of going. 

70. 12-13. ut . . . audiatis: substantive clause of optative 
origin, object of optabo; 138. This would justify the charges made 
by Cicero and so acquit him of having persecuted Catiline. — triduo 
within three days. 

70. 14. illud: this; explained by the substantive clause ne 
. . . aliquando; 140. 

70. 15. quod emiserim . . . eiecerim: another substantive 
clause, subject of sit; subjunctive as representing the thought of 
his accusers; 142, a. 

70. 16. cum sint: since there are. — cum profectus sit: when 



NOTES ON SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 293 

he has gone of his own accord; subjunctive in a subordinate clause in 
indirect discourse; 142. 

70. 17. quid dicerent: the apodosis of a condition contrary to 
fact in the interrogative form; 128. 

70. 18-19. (Sect. 16.) Quamquam: And yet. — isti: con- 
temptuous. — dictitant: note the formation of the word and its 
meaning. — hoc: i.e., Catilinam Massiliam ire. — queruntur quam 
verentur: that is, they are afraid that Catiline may really in- 
tend to go into exile and give up his plans for revolution. 

70. 20. tarn misericors: so merciful, implying that to go into 
exile would save Catiline from a worse fate. 

70. 21-23. malit: subjunctive in a relative clause of result 
(108; note the preceding tarn). They would prefer to see Catiline 
risk the fate suggested by misericors (see preceding note) rather 
than lose their chance of profiting by the revolution. — ille: in an 
emphatic position, but, as for him (Catiline), he, etc. — si . . . cogi- 
tasset: that is, if he had not planned his course of action before- 
hand, but had to decide on the spur of the moment. — latrocinantem : 
while engaged in brigandage, or like a brigand. The Romans strictly 
applied the term bellum only to a war regularly declared and carried 
on according to the law of nations. But see note on iustum bellum, 
p. 63, 1. 8, above. — se interflci: infin. with subject accus., object 
of mallet, instead of the simple infin. — Nunc: as it is, contrasted 
with si . . . cogitasset, above. 

70. 24. adhuc: up to the present time, implying that this will 
not always be the case. — ipsius: his own. Why not suus? 

70. 25. nisi quod: except that. — vivis nobis: that is, without 
having us murdered. See note on vivis nobis, p. 63, 1. 13, above. 

70. 26. optemus . . . quam queramur: why? See note on 
queruntur quam verentur, line 19 above. For the mood see 96. 

70. 27. (Sect. 17.) et: with the force of and that too. 

70. 28. iam : now, at last, by leaving the city. Cicero assumes 
it to be certain that he has gone to the camp of Manlius. — quod: 
as; literally, " a thing which," referring to murus interest. When 
the antecedent of a relative is a clause, id quod is more usual. 

70. 30. nihil dicimus: have we nothing to say? 

Page 71. 1. Quos quidem: These men; quidem may be rendered 
merely by an emphasis on "these." — ego: emphatic; for my part, 
or so far as I am concerned. — si . . . possit: a less vivid future con- 
dition (127), the force of which cannot well be expressed in English. 
The apodosis is in the present indicative, but studeo ulcisci has a 
future force. 



294 4 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

71. 2. sibi: for their own sokes; contrasted with the following 
rei publicae; his desire is to restore them to their senses for their 
own benefit and make them friendly towards the commonwealth. 

71. 3. id qua re: the English order would be qua re id. 

71. 5. istae: with contemptuous force. 

71. 6. singulis: sc. generibus; to them, one by one. — consili 
atque orationis: appositional genitive with medicinam; 64. — 
quam: sc. mediciaam afferre, but in English we should omit both 
these words as well as quam, translating simply 'if I can/ 

71. 8. (Sect. 18.) eorum: consists of those; 64. — magno in 
aere alieno: although heavily in debt; the adversative idea is de- 
rived from the context; literally, ' in great debt/ 

71. 9. maiores: even greater, or still greater. 

71. 10. dissolvi: be freed from their debt, become solvent. 
That is, they are too fond of their wealth to be willing to part with 
it to pay their debts. 

71. 11. honestissima : be careful of the meaning of the word; 
note the derivation and translate accordingly. 

71. 12. causa: that is, the cause in which they are engaged. — 
Tu . . . tu: addressed to a member of the first class of conspirators 
in the form of a rhetorical question; 102. For the repetition of tu 
see 159. 

71. 13. familia: remember the Roman sense of this word. 

71. 14-15. de possessione . . . ad fidem: to subtract from your 
possessions and add to your credit. Both infinitives depend on 
dubites; 139, a. For the order see 160. — Quid enim: what, then? 
Enim really means ' f or ' ; what is the logical connection ? 

71. 16. vastatione omnium: general devastation; literally, 'of 
all things/ 

71. 17. An tabulas novas: sc. expectas; new accounts; that 
is to say, a cancellation or reduction of debts, probably the former. 
— Errant qui . . . exspectant: not that Catiline had not promised 
them and would be glad to give them, but because he would not have 
the opportunity of so doing. A Catilina is contrasted with meo 
beneficio, it is through my kindness. 

71. 19. auctionariae : that is, they will be forced to sell their 
goods at auction and thus cancel their debts. Cicero plays upon 
two meanings of tabulae. 

71. 20. salvi: used in a financial sense. Cf. dissolvi, p! 71, 
1. 10, above. 

71. 21. Quod: This; namely, to sell their possessions and pay 
their debts. — voluissent: note the mood and tense; see 127. 



NOTES OX SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 295 

71. 22. certare . . . praediorum : that is, to use the produce 
(income) of their estates in paying the interest on their debts; note 
the literal meaning. 

71. 23. uteremur: we should find them; note the change of 
tense in the apodosis. 

71. 24. hosce: emphatic form. 

71. 25-26. deduci de sententia, etc.: that is, they are weak, 
pleasure-loving men who are infirm of purpose and not inclined to 
exert themselves even in revolutionary acts. — permanebunt: sc. 
in sententia. — magis mihi videntur vota : note the alliteration; 161. 
— vota facturi: that is, to wish for the destruction of the state; 
more literally, to make vows or offerings to the gods in case their 
plans against the state are successful. 

71. 28. (Sect. 19.) Alterum: The second. — eorum: for the 
construction and meaning see eorum, line 8, above. 

71. 29. premuntur: 133. 

71. 30. rerum potiri: to get power into their hands; more 
literally, to get control of things. — honores: that is, political honors. 

Page 72. 1. perturbata: sc. re publica. 

72. 2. hoc . . . videtur: to these, it would seem, this (bit of) 
advice ought to be given. Note the literal translation. Observe that 
we should translate quibus by a demonstrative and that we must 
express the ideas of praecipiendum and videtur as idiomatically as 
possible. 

72. 3. reliquis omnibus: sc. praecipiendum est. — id quod 
conantur: their purpose. Id quod conantur is a paraphrase for 
conatum suum, and is hence in the indicative; cf. ea quae me- 
rentur, p. 68, 1. 5, above. 

72. 4. me . . . vigilare, etc.: the infinitives with their subject 
accusative are in apposition with unum et idem in line 2. Prae- 
cipiendum implies a verb of saying. — adesse : be careful of the mean- 
ing. 

72. 6. bonis: here used, as commonly in Cicero, of the party 
of the aristocracy; cf. p. 46, 1. 7. 

72. 9. praesentis: in person. 

72. io-ii. Quod si: But if. — sint . . . adepti: they should 
obtain; the perf. subj. represents the act as completed at the time 
of futuros. 

72. 13. etiam reges: even kings. 'What is the thought that 
leads to the use of etiam? How did the Romans of Cicero's day 
regard kings? See p. 59, I. 13. 

72. 14-16. quod ... sit necesse: which they would have to 



296 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

give up, if they gained it, to, etc. When the precedent of seizing the 
supreme power by force was once established, anyone might aspire 
to it. 

72. 18. (Sect. 20.) exercitatione : an active life. Though 
getting on in years, they are still strong because of their military 
training and habits. — quo ex genere: equivalent in meaning to a 
genitive of the w T hole. 

72. 19-20. succedit: is on his way; more literally, is draw- 
ing near. — ex eis coloniis: cf. quo ex genere, line 18. — quas Sulla 
constituit : assignments of land were a common means of rewarding 
. military service. Sulla thus recompensed 120,000 of his veterans, 
many of whom were settled in Etruria. Pompeii also became one of 
Sulla's colonies. — quas ego : these I; the expression of the first per- 
sonal pronoun makes it emphatic. — universas: as a whole, as a class. 

72. 21. optimorum . . . virorum: for the construction and 
meaning cf. eorum, p. 71, 1. 8, above. 

72. 22. ei sunt coloni: there are some of those colonists. Both 
ei and coloni are in predicate relation. — in: in the midst of. 

72. 24. beati: rich, wealthy. 

apparatis: elaborate. What is the literal meaning? 
salvi: for the meaning see p. 71, 1. 20, above. 
Qui etiam: These men . . . besides. 
eandem . . . spem: that is, the same that Sulla's 
veterans felt. 

72. 29. rapinarum veterum: they hoped to repeat their old- 
time plundering, of which they doubtless gave glowing accounts to 
their neighbors. — utrosque: that is, the coloni and the agrestes. 

72. 31. hoc: a second (inner) object w r ith moneo; 59, b. — 
desinant: jussive subjunctive; 97. 

72. 32. dolor: a horror; that is, a painful recollection. 

72. 33-34. ista: sc. tempora. — non modo . . . sed ne . . . 
quidem: not even cattle, to say nothing of men. Cf. p. 65, 1. 7, above. 
— passurae esse: likely to endure. 

Page 73. 2. (Sect. 21.) premuntur: 89. 

73. 3-4. emergunt: come to the surface. — male gerendo nego- 
tium: by bad management (of their affairs). — sumptibus: extrava- 
gance. — in vetere . . . vacillant : are floundering in a sea of old debt 
Cf. premuntur and emergunt, lines 2 and 3 above; and see 166. 

73. 5-6. vadimoniis: that is, bail given for appearance in 
court. — proscriptione bonorum : the forced sale of their property to 
satisfy the demands of their creditors. — permulti: in great numbers. 
What is the force of per- ? 



72. 


25- 


72. 


26. 


72. 


27. 


72. 


28. 



NOTES dN SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 297 

73. 7. conferre: note the tense. 

73. 9-10. stare: in a financial sense; cf. salvi, p. 71, 1. 20. — 
ita, ut: in such a manner that. — non modo . . . ne . . . quidem: 
for the translation cf. p. 68, 1. 7, above. 

73. 11. illud: this, emphatic, and explained by the following 
indirect question. 

73. 13. cum multis: in company with many (others). Misery 
loves company. 

73. 17. (Sect. 22.) pereant sane: let them perish and wel- 
come, or by all means. Jussive subjunctive; 97. 

73. 18. latrocinio: the proper term for a war such as Catiline 
had in mind; see note on latrocinantem, p. 70, 1. 21, above. — car- 
eer: the dungeon on the slope of the Capitoline hill above the Forum, 
known also as the Tullianum and later as the Mamertine prison. 
The Romans did not use imprisonment as a form of punishment, 
but criminals were detained in the career for a short time pending 
their execution. For a picture of the Tullianum, see p. 108; for 
a plan, p. 109. 

73. 21. genere: character, nature. — quod: the one which. 

73. 22. de complexu . . . ac sinu: cf. our term, a bosom 
friend. 

73. 23-24. pexo capillo: 85. — bene barbatos: that is, with 
carefully trimmed beards. — manicatis et talaribus: signs of effemi- 
nacy and foppishness. The ordinary tunic came about to the knees 
and had short sleeves. — velis, non togis : that is, their togas were so 
full and flowing as to resemble veils or draperies rather than the 
usual dress of a Roman citizen. 

73. 26. vigilandi labor: that is, busy nights. — antelucanis: 
lasting until daybreak. What are the derivation and literal mean- 
ing? 

73. 27. (Sect. 23.) his gregibus: that is, the postremum 
genus. 

73. 28. versantur: are to be found ; the word does not greatly 
differ in meaning from sunt. 

73. 29-30. saltare et cantare: both these accomplishments 
were looked upon by the Romans as unworthy of a citizen. 

Page 74. 2. perierit: shall (in the meantime) have perished. — 
hoc : they, equivalent to hos, but attracted to the number and gender 
of seminarium. 

74. 4. (Sect. 24.) bellum: 63. 

74. 6-7. Instruite nunc: that is, in your mind's eye. — tarn 
praeclaras: 168. 



298 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

74. 8. confecto et saucio: because of the discovery of his 
plot and his departure from the city. 

74. io. naufragorum: 166. 

74. 12. respondebunt : that is, may be contrasted with. He 
has no towns to serve as bases of supplies. 

74. 13. Neque: But . . . not. — ornamenta : be careful in trans- 
lating this word; note its derivation. 

74. 16. (Sect. 25.) quibus: the ablative is used in different 
ways with the two verbs, as one of instrument with suppeditamur, 
of separation with eget. 

74. 17. senatu, etc.: in apposition with his rebus. 

74. 19. si . . . omissis: repeated from line 16 because of the 
length of the intervening part of the sentence. — causas ipsas: 
merely the causes, regardless of their material resources. 

74. 20-21. ex eo ipso: from that alone; namely, the comparison 
of the two causes. — valde . . . iacent: what is the literal meaning? 
How can the thought best be expressed in English? 

74. 22. illinc: = ex ilia parte. 

74. 28-29. bona ratio cum perdita: sc. ratione; sound (polit- 
ical) principles with desperation. Bona doubtless has, in Cicero's 
mind, its usual political meaning. See note on p. 46, 1. 7, above. 

74. 30. omnium rerum desperatione : utter despair. 

Page 76. 1-2. ab . . . virtutibus: note the personification of 
the virtues as indicated by the use of ab; see 164. 

76. 3. (Sect. 26.) vos . . . vestra tecta . . . mihi . . . urbi: 
vos is emphatic through being expressed at all, and is contrasted 
with mihi; the citizens are to look out for their own homes; Cicero, 
the consul, has provided for the protection of the city. 

76. 5-6. mihi . . . provisum est: translate in the personal 
form. For the constr. of mihi see 78. 

76. 7. Coloni . . . municipes: the former are dwellers in 
colonies, the latter the inhabitants of free towns; see 56. 

76. 8. nocturna excursione: referring to his departure from 
the city the night before. 

76. 9. quam: for quos, attracted to agree with manum; see 
note on ista, p. 63, 1. 25, above. 

76. 12. hoc: namely, the present state of affairs. 

76. 15. Reliquis de rebus constituendis : the question of de- 
termining other matters. 

76. 16. vocari: is being summoned by the praecones, or criers, 
whose duty it was. 

76. 17. (Sect. 27.) adeo: even. 



NOTES OX SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 299 

76. 21. hoc: explained by the following ut clause. — exspec- 
tavit: supply as the subject ea, = mea lenitas. 

76. 22. Quod reliquum est: As for the rest, i.e., the future. 

76. 24. horum: with reference to his hearers, and with an 
appropriate gesture. 

76. 27-28. cuius . . . factum: parenthetical; and I shall de- 
tect . . . any act of his. 

76. 29. sentiet: sc. is, antecedent of qui at the beginning of 
the sentence. 

Page 77. 2-3. esse voluerunt: intended to make ; literally, 'in- 
tended to be/ 

77. 7-8. (Sect. 28.) me uno togato . . .: with me, your only 
leader and general, clad in the toga; that is, in the garb of peace, as 
distinguished from the paludamentum, or general's cloak. — Quod: 
And this. 

patriae: dative with impendens. 

illud: explained by the following clause, ut . . . pos- 



77. 


12. 


77. 


13. 


sitis. 




77. 


14. 


77. 


15. 



optandum : to be hoped for. 

bonus: good citizen. See note on bona ratio, p. 74, 
1. 28, above. 

77. 18-20. multis . . . signiScationibus : abl. of means gov- 
erned by fretus, like prudentia and consiliis. — quibus ego ducibus: 
note the order. Cicero has formed the plans, but under the guid- 
ance of the gods. 

77. 21. Qui: They ; the antecedent is deorum. 

77. 22-23. praesentes: cf. praesentis, p. 72, 1. 9, above. — 
suo . . . sua: emphasizing the idea of praesentes, 'they will in 
person defend their own temples/ etc. 

77. 24. precari, venerari, implorare: climax; 163. 

77. 25-27. quam urbem . . . hanc: = hanc urbem, quam. — 
voluerunt: for the meaning cf. voluerunt in line 3. — omnibus . . . 
superatis: noiv that all the forces of our enemies have been conquered. 
The term hostes is applied to enemies outside of the state and con- 
trasted with perditissimorum civium. 



300 CICERO'S ORATIONS 



NOTES ON THE THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 

Page 78. i. (Sect. 1.) Rem publicam : this and the following 
accusatives are objects of videtis at the end of the sentence. — 
vitamque: in English we should use the plural. 

78. 2. vestros: qualifying all four substantives, but agreeing 
with the nearest. 

Page 79. 2-3. deorum . . . meis: chiastic order; see 160. De- 
orum is subjective genitive, while erga vos takes the place of an ob- 
jective genitive. 

79. 4. e flamma . . . ereptam: see 166. 

79. 6. (Sect. 2.) si sunt . . . debebit: 123. Although de- 
bebit is future it is most naturally translated into English by 
' ought/ or by a paraphrase. See note on esse in honore debebit is, 
line 12 below. — non minus: litotes; 157. — nobis: in our eyes. Da- 
tive of the person judging, a variety of the dative of reference. 

79. 8. nascendi . . . condicio: that is, "our lot at birth"; 
sc. est. Between est and (est), nascimur and servamur, we have 
adversative asyndeton; 155. 

79. 9. sine sensu: that is, without our being conscious of it. 

79. 10-11. ilium: referring, of course, to Romulus, the myth- 
ical founder of R,ome. — ad deos . . . sustulimus: Romulus was 
deified under the name of Quirinus. — benevolentia famaque: hen- 
diadys; 156. — esse ... in honore debebit is: he will justly be 
{held) in honor; see note on line 6. 

79. 13. conditam amplificatamque: in the relation to urbem 
of appositive adjectives. Translate by a clause introduced by 
'when' or ' after.' 

79. , 14. toti urbi: this and the following datives are governed 
by subiectos and circumdatos. 

79. 15. idemque: note the quantity, which shows the gender. 
How should the word be translated? 

79. 16. rettudimus: note the spelling. The tt comes from 
tetudi of the simple verb, so repperi (from peperi),rettuli (the orig- 
inal form of the perfect was tetuli), reccidi (from cecidi), etc. 

79. 17. (Sect. 3.) Quae: These things, referring to the pre- 
ceding sentence. 

79. 18-20. per me: through me, through my efforts, while a me 
would mean ' by me, by my act.' — vobis: referring to the people, 
who did not yet know the circumstances which had been communi- 
cated to the Senate. — exponam: sc. ea, them. — quanta et qua ra- 
tione : that is, what important matters and by what method. 



NOTES OX THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 301 

Quanta introduces an indirect question, of which the verbs are 
investigata et comprehensa sint. 

79. 22. ut: here has the force of ever since. — paucis ante 
diebus: the time was actually twenty-four days. — erupit: no. 

79. 23-24. cum . . . reliquisset: leaving; see 117. — sceleris 
sui socios: note the alliteration and see 161. 

79. 27. turn, cum . . . eiciebam: a typical temporal cum 
clause in the past; see 117. 

79. 28. huius verbi: of this word; subjective genitive, = 
'caused by this word/ — ilia: sc. invidia. 

79. 29-30. quod . . . exierit: subjunctive because of the idea 
of indirect discourse implied in invidia; 142, a. — exterminari: note 
that the corresponding English word is an inappropriate transla- 
tion and observe the derivation and meaning of the Latin word. — 
volebam: see note on turn, cum eiciebam, line 27 above. 

Page 80. 1. restitissent: standing for a future perfect indica- 
tive in Cicero's thought. 

80. 2. (Sect. 4.) Atque: adversative, B ut. — ut vidi: as soon 
as I came to see, or realized. Cf. ut . . . erupit, p. 79, 1. 22. 

80. 3. sciebam: the mood shows that this verb is not a part 
of the indirect discourse; hence not ' those whom I knew to be/ 
etc., but they or those men (whom I knew to be), etc., had remained: 
see 143. 

80. 4. in eo . . . ut . . . viderem: in the effort to see; liter- 
ally, 'in this, that I might see/ 

80. 6. ut . . . rem ita comprehenderem: in order to get such a 
grasp of the subject. 

80. 7. faceret: potential subjunctive; 105, b. 

80. 8. oratio mea: in the emphatic position, with somewhat 
the force of 'mere words/ 

80. 9. animis: contrasted with oculis, with somewhat the idea 
of 'heart and soul/ 

80. 11. legatos Allobrogum: they had been sent to Rome to 
ask for relief from the extortion of the Roman governors. Since 
their mission was unsuccessful, the conspirators, at the suggestion 
of Lentulus, hoped for their co-operation. 

80. 12. tumultus: the regular word for a revolt in Italy or 
Cisalpine Gaul, here contrasted with belli Transalpine — P. Len- 
tulo: he was at the time a praetor and hence a member of the 
Senate. He had been consul in 71 B.C., but had been expelled from 
the Senate the following year because of his immorality. 

80. 13-14. eodemque . . . itinere: as Catiline was in Etruria, 
the envoys would pass near him on their way to Gaul. 



302 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

80. 15. comitem: as the representative of the conspirators. — 
T. Volturcium : Sallust tells us that he was a native of Crotona in 
Magna Graecia, but little besides is known of him. 

80. 17. quod . . . quodque: referring to the sentence tota res 
. . . deprehenderetur. When the antecedent of a relative is a 
sentence, id quod is more common. 

80. 22-23. (Sect. 5.) praetores: at this time there were 
eight praetors elected each year. — fortissimos . . . viros: note the 
order. 

80. 24-25. qui . . . sentirent: since they; 122. — omnia . . . 
praeclara atque egregia: accusative of the inner object; 59, b. 

80. 26. cum advesperascent : 117. The mood shows that the 
time is not the main thing, but the setting of the stage. 

80. 27. pontem Mulvium: the Mulvian bridge, which crossed 
the Tiber between two and three miles north of Rome. It carried 
the via Flaminia, leading to Etruria and Gaul. The origin of the 
name is unknown. 

80. 28. ita . . . fuerunt: so took their places, or posted them- 
selves. 

80. 29. Eodem: the adverb. — ipsi: the praetors. 

80. 30-31. praefectura Reatina: Reate, a town in the Sabine 
country, was at the time a praefecture; 57. Cicero was the patronus, 
or legal representative, of Reate and hence could command its serv- 
ices. 

80. 32. praesidio: dative of service or purpose, instead of an 
appositive accusative. 

80. 33. (Sect. 6.) tertia vigilia: the night from sunset to 
sunrise was divided into four vigilia, or watches, of approximately 
three hours each. 

80. 34. magno comitatu: with a large company or retinue. 

80. 35. educuntur . . . nostris: note the order and the em- 
phatic position of educuntur. Can you bring this out in the trans- 
lation ? 

Page 82. 1. Res: the situation, the plan. Only the praetors 
were as yet in the secret. 

82. 5. integris signis: with their seals unbroken, i.e., 'un- 
opened/ The leaves of the tablets on which letters were written 
(see p. 84) were tied together face to face with a cord, on which a 
seal was impressed in wax. — ipsi : the men, in contrast with the letters. 

82. 6. comprehensi . . . deducuntur: were arrested and brought. 

82. 8. Cimbrum Gabinium: Gabinius Cimber, referred to by 
Sallust as P. Gabinius Capito. He had acted as the go-between 



NOTES OX THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 303 

from the conspirators to the Allobrogian envoys. Hence horum 
. . . scelerum machinatorem. When only the nomen and cog- 
nomen are given, their order is sometimes inverted. 

82. 10. tardissime: in the emphatic position, as well as being 
superlative. 

82. ii. credo: ironical; 168. — dandis: we should say 'writ- 
ing.' For the exact force of dandis see data esse, p. 83, 1. 11, below. 
— praeter consuetudinem . . . vigilarat: Lentulus was notorious 
for Ins indolence. 

82. 13. (Sect. 7.) Cum: although. 

82. 14-15. litteras . . . aperiri: subject of placeret. 

82. 16. esset inventum: subjunctive in indirect discourse, 
introduced by placeret; esset inventum stands for a fut. perf. indie, 
of the direct form. 

82. 17-19. iniectus: sc. esse. — negavi me esse facturum ut 
. . . non: the two negatives neutralize each other — / declared that 
I certainly would, that is, '1 declared that I would not fail to (act 
so as not to).' — periculo publico ... ad consilium publicum: a 
danger affecting the state . . . to the deliberative body of the state. 

82. 20. reperta non essent: should not be found) a fut. perf. 
indie, in indirect discourse. Quae erant . . . delata, as the mood 
shows, is parenthetical; 143. 

82. 22-23. (Sect. 8.) pertimescendam : note the force of 
per-. — frequentem: in full numbers; with senatum, = 'a full meet- 
ing of the Senate.' 

82. 24. admonitu: 84. 

82. 25-26. qui . . . efferret: to bring. — si quid telorum esset: 
tvhatever weapons there were there. The command was: 'If there 
are any weapons there, bring them here.' Esset is subjunctive be- 
cause of the implied indirect discourse; 142, a. 

82. 28. fidem publicam: that is, a promise of pardon if he 
would turn f state's evidence.' 

82. 29. quae sciret: 145. 

Page 83. 1. vix se . . . recreasset: having with difficulty mas- 
tered; 117. 

83. 3. ut . . . uteretur: urging him to make use; a final clause 
introduced by a word of urging or advising implied in man data et 
litteras. Mandata et litteras may be taken together by hendiadys 
(156) with the meaning 'written instructions/ 

83. 4. id autem: sc. faceret, the meaning being ut ad urbem. 
• . . accederet. For the case of eo consilio see 84. 



83. 


5- 


83. 


6. 


83. 


7- 


83. 


8. 


83. 


10 



304 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

ex omnibus partibus: we say: " in all parts." 
discriptum . . . erat: what does the mood indicate? 
ille : Catiline. 

exciperet: that is, to cut off their retreat. 
(Sect. 9.) iusiurandum et litteras: an oath in writ- 
ing, or a written oath; cf. mandata et litteras, line 3 above. 

83. ii. data esse: the subjects are iusiurandum et litteras, 
but, since both are inanimate objects and of different genders, the 
infinitive is put in the neuter plural. 

83. 12. sibi . . . esse praescriptum: that they had been directed ; 
that is to say, they were given verbal as well as written instruc- 
tions. For the form of expression see 73. What is the subject of 
esse praescriptum ? What kind of a clause is ut . . . mitterent ? 

83. 14. pedestris . . . defuturus: since praescriptum implies 
a command, a verb of saying is understood, but it is no more neces- 
sary to express it in English than it is in Latin. 

83. 15. ex: in accordance with. — fatis Sibyllinis: referring to 
the Sibylline books, which were kept in the temple of Juppiter 
Capitolinus under the charge of a college of priests, and consulted 
in times of danger or difficulty. The original books were bought by 
Tarquinius Superbus, according to tradition, but they were de- 
stroyed when the temple was burned in 83 B.C. A new collection 
of prophetic utterances was, however, made and preserved under 
the same name. 

83. 16. tertium ilium Cornelium: that third member of the 
Cornelian clan {gens). According to Lentulus, the three were 
Publius Cornelius Cinna, Lucius Cornelius Sulla, and himself, 
Publius Cornelius Lentulus. Ilium implies that the prediction was 
well known. 

83. 17. esset necesse: was destined, 'must of necessity/ 

83. 18. Eundemque: cf. idem, p. 79, 1. 15, above. — fatalem: 
fated, decreed by fate, not ' fatal/ 

83. 19-21. qui esset: being; that is, l since it was'; 122. — 
post virginum absolutionem : the reference is to an alleged violation 
of their vows by some of the Vestal virgins, for which they were 
tried and acquitted. Nothing further is known of this particular 
case. — post Capitoli incensionem: in 83 B.C. 

83. 22-24. (Sect. 10.) Cethego: dat. of the possessor, Cethegus 
had had. — quod . . . videretur: that, etc.; a substantive clause in 
apposition with controversiam. — aliis: there is a sense-pause be- 
tween this word and the next. — Saturnalibus : on the Saturnalia; 
abl. of time when. This festival of Saturn, beginning on the 17th 



NOTES ON THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 305 

of December and continuing for several days, was a time of general 
merrymaking and license. It was therefore a favorable time for 
carrying out such a design. — Cethego: adversative asyndeton; 155. 
— nimium longum: that is, 'too long to wait/ too far off. 

83. 25. ne longum sit: that my story may not be long. The 
use of longum in a different sense from the longum immediately 
preceding forms a word-play; see 162. — tabellas: the letters; liter- 
ally, 'the tablets' on which the letters were written. These were 
covered with wax, protected by a raised edge, and the writing was 
done with a pointed instrument called a stilus; see next page. 

83. 26. datae: sc. esse. 

83. 27. signum . . . linum: see note on integris signis, p. 82,. 
1. 5. — cognovit: acknowledged it, as his seal. 

83. 30-32. orare: sc. se. — sibi . . . recepissent: 'had taken, 
upon themselves '; that is, had promised to do. — qui: although he; 
the implied tamen is not the one expressed after aliquid, but is 
understood before recitatis litteris below. — tamen: at least; in 
spite of his guilt. See the preceding note. — quae . . . erant de- 
prehensa: 143. 

Page 84. 1-2. f erramentorum : 'tools/ 'irons/ a colloquial 
term for weapons, of which Cethegus pretended to be a collector. — 
recitatis litteris : on the reading of the letters; see 147. 

84. 5-6. in eandem fere sententiam: that is, to about the 
same purport as the letter of Cethegus. 

84. 8. quidem: emphasizes notum; hardly translatable ex- 
cept by additional stress. — avi tui: P. Cornelius Lentulus, consul 
in 162 B.C. and princeps senatus. 

84. 9. quae: this; the antecedent is imago. Quidem as in 
line 8 above. 

84. 10. etiam muta: emphasized by its position. 

84. 11. (Sect. 11.) eadem ratione: almost equivalent to in 
eandem sententiam (line 5) ; more literallv, ' of the same character '; 

85- 

84. 12. Si quid . . . vellet: that is, of saying anything that he 
wished. Si . . . vellet is a simple present condition (si vis) trans- 
ferred to the past in indirect discourse, which is implied in potes- 
tatem feci; 144. 

84. 14. edito: recorded, put on record. 

84. 15-16. quid sibi esset cum eis: what he had to do with 
them. — quam ob rem . . . venissent: to lead them to come ; literally, 
'why they had come '; an indirect dubitative question. — itemque: 
and also; sc. quaesivit, meaning ' asked these questions/ 



306 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

Page 85. 1-2. per quern: through whom; the go-between was 
a freedman called Publius Umbrenus. 

85. 3. nihilne: emphasized by its position, nothing at all. 

85. 4. scelere: abl. of cause. — esset: we should say is; in 
Latin a general statement is commonly put in the past after a past 
tense; 95. 

85. 5. cum: although. 

85. 6. ingenium: talent, referring to natural ability; not 
' genius.' 

85. 7. exercitatio: training. As Cicero himself says in an- 
other connection, Lentulus, in spite of his slowness and indolence, 
was a graceful and effective speaker. 

85. 11. (Sect. 12.) ad: for. 

85. 12. perturbatus: note the following tamen, which indi- 
cates the force of the participle. 

85. 14. sine nomine: usually the name both of the sender 
and the recipient of the letter stood at the beginning: e.g., P. Cor- 
nelius Lentulus Catilinae suo S. P. D. (salutem plurimam dicit). 
See p. 200 and note 1. 

85. 15. Cura: See to it. — quern in locum: ' into what a posi- 
tion '; that is, ' think how far you have gone.' 

85. 17-18. infimorum: that is, of slaves, whose service as 
soldiers was employed only in times of great emergency. — Gabinius : 
subject of coepisset, while introductus is a participle. — cum . . . 
coepisset: 130. 

85. 21-23. (Sect. 13.) mini quidem: emphatic also by posi- 
tion; for my part, 'so far as I am concerned.' — cum . . . turn: not 
only . . . but also. — manus: cf. line 13. 

85. 24-25. Sic ... sic . . . sic: 158. — sic furtim . . . as- 
piciebant: they exchanged such furtive glances; note the literal 
translation and its inappropriateness in English. 

85. 28-29. expositis atque editis : see note on this same phrase, 
p. 84, 1. 14. — senatum consului: that is, 'laid the question before 
the Senate.' Matters were brought before the Senate not as with 
us by the motion of one of the members but by the presiding consul. 
— de summa re publica: 'with regard to the welfare (highest in- 
terests) of the state.' The whole clause, de summa . . . placeret, 
means in effect 'what course of action they thought to be for the 
best interests of the state.' A proposition in this general form was 
common under such circumstances. — principibus : the leading men; 
that is, those of the highest rank; see 53, d. 

Page 86. 1-2. sine ulla varietate: that is, 'without a dissent- 



NOTES ON THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 307 

ing voice.' — est perscriptum : after each meeting the decrees which 
had been passed by the Senate were written out by scribes appointed 
for the purpose and a copy was deposited in the treasury at the temple 
of Saturn. 

86. 4. (Sect. 14.) amplissimis verbis: in the highest terms; 
that is, 'in the most complimentary language/ 

86. 6. periculis: 79. — sit liberata: subjunctive in a quota- 
tion of the words of the Senate. 

86. 7-8. usus essem: observe that with an historical present 
we sometimes have the primary tenses of the subjunctive (cf. sit 
liberata, line 6) but usually the secondary; see 95. — forti: gallant, 
worthy; not ( brave/ 

86. 9. collegae meo: C. Antonius Hybrida. He at first 
favored the designs of Catiline, but Cicero won his support by 
making over to him the rich province of Macedonia for the year of 
his proconsulship. 

86. io-ii. a suis et a rei publicae consiliis: that is, he had 
ceased to have anything to do with them personally or officially. — 
ita censuerunt: their decree was as follows, after the various votes 
of thanks already enumerated. 

86. 12. cum . . . abdicasset: no magistrate could be tried or 
imprisoned while in office; hence Lentulus's confinement must be 
preceded by the resignation of his praetorship. — in custodiam: 
that is to say, what was called 'free custody'; see note on p. 54, 
1. 24, above. 

86. 13-14. qui . . . erant: parenthetical, as shown by the 
mood (143). So the following relative clauses. 

86. 17-18. cui . . . erat indicatum: we should say, ' to whom, 
as it was shown/ — ex eis colonis: 'one of those colonists/ 

86. 20-21. erat . . . versatus: had been engaged. 

86. 22-23. a quo . . . constabat: 'by whom, as was evident'; 
cf. cui . . . erat indicatum, line 17. — ea: such, a common meaning of 
is when followed by an ut clause. 

86. 24. ex . . . multitudine: with novem hominum with par- 
titive force. 

86. 25. hostium: 64, a. 

86. 26. re publica conservata: after safeguarding the state; 
abl. abs. For the translation see 147. 

86. 28. (Sect. 15.) supplicatio: a solemn thanksgiving to the 
gods. All the temples were opened, the images of the gods were 
exhibited on couches (pulvinaria, see p. 91, 1. 7, below), and offer- 
ings of wine and incense were made to them. The period of a 



308 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

supplicatio varied at first from one to two or three days. A thanks- 
giving of ten days was decreed for Pompey at the close of the War 
with Mithridates, while Caesar was honored with thanksgivings of 
fifteen and twenty days for his victories in Gaul. 

86. 29. quod: a thing which, referring to the entire preceding 
sentence instead of to supplicatio. We might have expected id 
quod. 

86. 30. togato: emphatic by its separation from mihi, with 
which it agrees; a civilian, as distinguished from the generals in 
whose honor such thanksgivings had formerly been decreed. 

86. 32. liberassem: note the mood. What does it indicate? 

86. 33. conferatur . . .interest: a mixed conditional sentence, 
the protasis being future less vivid and the apodosis present. — 
lioc: abl. — ceterae: sc. supplicationes constitutae sunt. — bene 
gesta . . . conservata: successful management . . . 'preservation; 
abl. abs. Cf. conservata re publica, line 26. 

86. 35. factum atque transactum: done arid carried out; legal 
pleonasm; 171. 

Page 87. 1-2. patefactis indiciis: 147. 

87. 3c ius: we should use the plural, the rights, 'privileges. 
See note on p. 86, 1. 12, above. 

87. 4-6. quae religio . . . ea religione : = ut ea religione quae. 
— C. Mario: possessive dative with fuerat; it may be translated 
'which Gaius Marius had not felt/ — quo minus . . . occideret: 
'to prevent him from putting to death/ The reference is to the 
revolution of Saturninus and Glaucia in 100 B.C. Actually Glaucia 
was killed by the mob and not put to death by Marius. — nomina- 
tim: that is, no names had been mentioned, but it had been decreed 
tit videret consul ne quid detrimenti res publica caperet. — prae- 
torem: in an emphatic position; contrasted with privato, line 7. 

87. 8-12. (Sect. 16.) consceleratissimi . . . concidisse: con- 
has intensive force. — captos . . . tenetis: 148. — pellebam: for the 
mood see 117. 

87. 13. hoc: explained by remoto . . . pertimescendam. — 
remoto Catilina: the abl. abs. is equivalent to a condition, si re- 
motus esset, standing for a fut. perf. indie, of the direct form. 

87. 14-15. somnum . . . adipes . . . temeritatem: best 
translated as adjectives agreeing with the nouns, 'the sleepy Len- 
tulus/ etc. 

87. 16-17. tarn diu: sc. timendus erat, only so long. — duni 
. . . continebatur : 112. We should translate dum (literally, 'as 
long as') in this connection by 'as/ — norat: for noverat. Since 



NOTES ON THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 309 

novi is a preteritive verb, norat has the same temporal force as the 
following imperfects. 

87. 19. consilium ad f acinus aptum : that is, 'skill in planning 
crime.' — consilio: dative of the possessor with a compound of 
sum; consilio is personified; 164. 

87. 20-21. certas . . . certos: particular . . . trustworthy. 
A word-play; see 162. — delectos . . . descriptos: in predicate re- 
lation to homines. 

87. 22. cum . . . mandarat: indicative of repeated action; 
119. 

87. 23-24. vigilaret, laboraret: we should say 'look out for' 
and 'work for/ For the mood see 107. 

87. 25. (Sect. 17.) ego: prepares the way for the deferred 
verb compulissem. The Latin order may be kept in the transla- 
tion by changing from the active to the passive or in some similar 
way, and is more effective. 

87. 28. castrense latrocinium: armed brigandage. The ad- 
jective implies open warfare, while the noun is used contemptu- 
ously. 

87. 30-32. Saturnalia constituisset: see note on Saturnalibus, 
p. 83, 1. 23, above. Catiline, like Cethegus, would have favored 
quick action. — commisisset, ut: allowed . . . to. Ut . . . depre- 
henderetur is the object of commisisset; 137. 

Page 88. 1. testes: predicate nominative, as testimony. 

88. 2. nunc: as it is, explained by illo absente. 
88. 4. manifesto: pleonastic; see 171. 

88. 6. quoad fuit: sc. in urbe; 112. 

88. 7-8. ut . . . dicam: 106. — dimicandum fuisset: 129, a. 

88. 9-10. periculis: 79. — tantis . . . tanta . . . tanto: 158. 

88. 12. (Sect. 18.) Quamquam: And yet; that is, in spite of 
what might have happened. 

88. 14. cum: correlative with turn, line 16. 

88. 15-16. consequi: arrive at, infer; literally, 'overtake/ — 
humani consili: to belong to human wisdom; that is to say, 'to be 
within the power of human wisdom ' ; 64. 

88. 17. praesentes . . . tulerunt: sc. dii. 

88. 19. ut . . . omittam: 106. — ilia: such things as these, 
explained by the following clauses. 

88. 21. quae tarn multa: so many of which, or which . . . in 
so great numbers. 

88. 23. canere: foretell; the word is used because oracles and 
responses of the gods were in metrical form. 



310 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

88. 24. praetermittendum . . . relinquendum : is not to be 

overlooked or disregarded; that is, made light of. 

88. 25. (Sect. 19.) memoria: in memory (perhaps literally, 
'by memory 0; instrumental or locative. 

88. 26. de caelo: by lightning; literally, 'from heaven/ 

88, 27. simulacra deorum: note simulacra of images of the 
gods, and statuae of men. 

88. 28. legum aera: that is, the bronze tablets on which the 
laws were inscribed. 

88. 29. ille . . , Romulus: the great Romulus, or something 
similar. Since the statue was no longer there, ille can hardly imply 
a gesture. 

88. 30. quern inauratum: a gilded statue of whom. The fa- 
mous " Wolf of the Capitol " suckling the twins is believed by some 
to have been the group in question. See p. 89; the twins are not 
the original statues. 

88. 31. fuisse: implying that the statue was no longer there; 

93. 

Page 89. 1. ex tota Etruria: the Romans derived the haru- 
spices, as well as many other features of their religion, from Etruria, 
and resorted to that country on special occasions. 

89. 3. civile ac domesticum: that is, civil war within the city 
of Rome. 

89. 4-5. nisi flexissent: for a fut. perf. ind. of the direct dis- 
course, while appropinquare has a future force; " were on the w T ay," 
= " would come." 

89. 6. (Sect. 20.) responsis: 84. — et: correlative with ne- 
que, both . . . and nothing. 

89. 8-10. simulacrum: see note on simulacra deorum, p. 88, 
1. 27, above. — maius: of greater size: keep the appositive relation 
in the translation. — excelso: sc. loco. — contra atque antea fuerat: 
in the direction opposite to that which it had had before. 

89. 11. quod videtis: 143. The statue had just been made 
and put in its position; see lines 15 ff. below. 

89. 12-15. f° re ut . . . illustrarentur: 144, a. — ut . . . pos- 
sent: a result clause without an introductory 'so'; see 108. — col- 
locandum . . . locaverunt: contracted for the erection; literally, 
'placed (the contract for) the statue to be set up'; 152. — consules 
illi: Cotta and Torquatus; see p. 88, 1. 25. They were consuls in 
65 B.C. and the superioribus consulibus in 64 B.C.; that is, the year 
before that of Cicero and Antonius (nobis). 



NOTES OX THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 311 

Page 90. i. (Sect. 21.) Hie: adv., Under these oircum- 
stances ; cf. nunc, p. 88, 1. 2, above. 

90. 2-3. mente captus: mad, insane, the regular term. — qui 
neget: a relative clause of result. — haec omnia . . . videmus: all 
this world about as, with a gesture. 

90. 4. ita: omit in translating; it merely leads up to the fol- 
lowing infinitive clauses. 

90. 6. et ea: and that too; ea is the subject of comparari 
and is plural because it refers to caedes, incendia, and interitum. 

90. 9. Illud: 'what I am going to say/ referring to ut . . . 
statueretur. — praesens: providential, a manifestation of the prae- 
sentes dii; see p. 88, 1. 17, above. 

90. 11. eorum: objective genitive, against them. 

90. 17. (Sect. 22.) Quo: has the force of an abl. of cause, 
wherefore, and of one of degree of difference with maiore, the greater. 

90. 20. conati: sc. sunt. — ego . . . me: the first person is 
made emphatic by the repetition and by the position of ego, for the 
sake of contrast with ille, ille, below. 

90. 21-22. non sim ferendus: I should be intolerable; that is, 
intolerably arrogant. — Hie, ille: see 159 and the note on ego . . . 
me, above, line 20. 

90. 24. Dis ego: Cicero shares the glory with the immortal 
gods. 

90. 27. creditae: to be taken with numquam essent, like 
commissae. 

90. 29. huic tantae audaciae: abstract for concrete, l these 
men of so great recklessness '; see 175, and for the case 74. 

90. 30. ut . . . neglegerent . . . anteponerent : substantive 
clauses in apposition with id, p. 91, 1. 4. — male pacata: hardly sub- 
dued. — quae videatur: a characteristic clause with una; 107. 

Page 91. 1. non nolle: 157. 

91. 2. ultro: unsolicited, voluntarily. 

91. 4. putatis: a question without an interrogative particle 
or pronoun. 

91. 5. Praesertim qui: Especially when they; subjunctive as 
part of the indirect discourse, although there may be a causal idea 
also in qui. Cf. 122. 

91. 7. (Sect. 23.) pulvinaria: see note on supplicatio, p. 
86, 1. 28, above. It here means the shrines in which the couches 
were placed. 

91. 10. iusti . . . ac debiti: appositive; may be translated by 
a relative clause. — habiti sunt: paid. 



312 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

91. 13. Togati . . . togato: see note on togato, p. 86, 1. 10, 
above. Both the leader and his followers were in the garb of peace. 

91. 15. (Sect. 24.) omnis civilis dissensiones : Cicero gives 
a review of the contest between the parties of Sulla and Marius 
from 88 to 78 B.C. 

91. 16-18. vosmet ipsi: very emphatic, you . . . with your 
own eyes. — P. Sulpicium: as tribune of the commons he attempted 
to transfer the command of the war against Mithridates from Sulla 
to Marius. Sulla, who had already left Rome, returned with his 
army. Sulpicius was killed and Marius fled from the city. — cus- 
todem: protectory against the Cimbri and Teutones in 102 and 101 

B.C. 

91. 19-21. partim . . . partim: here means either . . . or. — 
expulit . . . collegam: L. Cornelius Cinna and Cn. Octavius were 
colleagues in the consulship. When Cinna favored the Marians, 
Octavius drove him from the city. In the battle, which took place 
in the Forum in 87 B.C., and in the butchery which followed, more 
than 10,000 lost their lives. — hie locus: the Forum. 

91. 23-24. interfectis: 147. — lumina . . . exstincta: 166. 

91. 25-26. postea: on Sulla's return from the East in 83 B.C. 
Marius and Cinna were both dead, but their partisans were still 
active. — diminutione civium: some four or five thousand were 
killed in the proscriptions which followed Sulla's victory. — Dis- 
sensit M. Lepidus: Lepidus attempted in 78 B.C. to overthrow 
Sulla's constitution, but he was defeated by his colleague, Quintus 
Catulus, and driven from the city. 

91. 28-29. ipsius . . . ceterorum: contrasted by their separa- 
tion. 

91. 30. (Sect. 25.) tamen: in spite of their bloodshed. 

91. 31. quae: that they; 108. 

Page 92. 1. illi: the leaders in the dissensiones enumerated 
above. 

92. 3. conflagrare: intransitive. 

92. 4-6. Atque illae tamen omnes dissensiones: this repeti- 
tion (see p. 91, 1. 30) is suspicious and the words as far as diiudi- 
catae sint may be a marginal note which has found its way into the 
text. 

92. 11-12. uno . . . maximo: a strong superlative, 'without 
exception the greatest.' 

92. 13-14. quale bellum: = tale bellum, quale, such a war as. 

92. 16. quo in bello: = bellum in quo. — lex haec: ex- 
plained by the following ut clause. 



NOTES ON THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 313 

92. 18. constituta: laid down. 

92. 19. salva . . . salvi: the words are used in a slightly dif- 
ferent sense; see 162. 

92. 23. cum: while, with concessive force. 

92. 24. tantum: that is, only so many. 

92. 26. restitisset: should survive; for a fut. perf. indie, of 
the direct form. 

92. 32. (Sect. 26.) In animis . . . volo: 166. 

Page 93. 3. Nihil . . . mutum: Nothing dumb and lifeless, like 
a statue or similar memorial. 

93. 4-5. quod . . . possint: a relative clause of result. 
93. 6. litterarum: of literature. 

93. 7. diem: time, period; dies in this sense is regularly fem- 
inine: 

93. 10. duos civis: Pompey and himself. 

93. 11. non terrae sed caeli regionibus: 173. 

93. 14. (Sect. 27.) quae illorum: sc. est fortuna atque con- 
ditio. 

93. 17. vestrum: 'yours'; that is, your duty. Vestrum modi- 
fies providere. 

93. 18. recte: qualifies prosunt. — mini mea: emphatic by 
juxtaposition. — ne . . . obsint: a substantive clause, object of 
providere; 136. 

93. 19. Mentes: Designs; put first for emphasis, but to be 
translated after ne. 

93. 21-22. vestrum: cf. vestrum, line 17 above. — Quamquam: 
And yet. — mihi quidem ipsi . . . noceri potest: I personally cannot 
be harmed; 73. 

93. 23. bonis: referring, as usual, to the aristocratic party. 

93. 25. tacita: with concessive force. — quam qui: and those 
who . . . this. The antecedent of qui is the subject of indicabunt. 

93. 27. (Sect. 28.) is animus: such a disposition. 

Page 94. 2. vobis erit videndum: it will be your duty to con- 
sider. — qua condicione: 85. It may be translated: 'what you 
wish their condition to be/ 

94. 5-6. vitae fructum: the enjoyment of life. — cum praeser- 
tim: we should transpose the two words in English. — honore 
vestro: vestro represents a subjective genitive, the honors which 
you confer. 

94. 7. quo libeat: to ivhich I care; 107. 

94. 8. (Sect. 29.) Illud : explained by the following ut clause. 



314 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

94. 11-12. valeat: but may redound; adversative asyndeton; 
155. — in re publica: in public life, in politics. 
94. 17. aeque ac: just as. 
94. 18. Id: this, referring to ea (tecta) defendite. — diutius: 

very long. 



NOTES ON THE FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 

Page 96. 1. (Sect. 1.) patres (et) conscripti: this phrase is 
usually employed in the vocative case, rarely in other cases. For 
the explanation of the origin of this term for the senators see 53, a. 

96. 3. vestro: sc. periculo, below. 

96. 5. voluntas: kindly attitude. 

96. 7. condicio: nom. case. Better trans., however, as if it 
were abl. and consulatus as if nom. 

96. 10. libenter: carefully distinguish libenter, derived from 
libet, and lib ere, derived from liber. 

Page 97. 1. (Sect. 2.) ille: of such a sort. With this intro- 
duction we should expect the following rel. clause to be subjunctive 
expressing a characteristic, fuerit instead of fuit. He chooses to 
give greater emphasis by using the indicative. 

97. 2. in quo . . . continetur: alluding to the fact that the 
courts of law were held in the Forum. — campus : sc. Martius. The 
consuls were elected by the Comitia Curiata which, being in theory 
at least a military organization, could not meet in the Forum but 
must convene outside the city limits. This spot, though covered 
by a considerable portion of the later Rome, was outside the an- 
cient city. 

97. 3. auspiciis: the omens were consulted on all important 
occasions. Naturally this included each time an election was held. 
— consecratus: in its original sense any place became a templum 
which was set apart for a sacred purpose, even temporarily. Hence 
the curia, the rostra in the Forum, or the portion of the Campus 
Martius used for the elections might so be described. — summum 
auxilium: the Senate sometimes acted as a court of last resort in 
settling disputes between foreign tribes or nations. 

97. 4. commune perfugium: 'every man's house is his castle/ 

97. 5. sedes honoris: the ivory chair which it was the right 

of the consul and the other curule officials (so-called) to use. The 

consul, praetor, and curule aedile, of the usual magistrates, regularly 

exercised this privilege. Other officials, such as censor, dictator, etc., 



NOTES OX FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 315 

also might occupy it. The origin of the term is not known, but 
the chair is thought to have been originally either itself on wheels or 
carried in a chariot (cf. currus), and it certainly, in later days, was 
made with bent, curved legs and had neither arms nor back. As 
it could be closed and so removed more easily from place to place, 
it had a certain resemblance to our camp-stools. 

97. 7. multa tacui: some believe that there is in this a vague 
allusion to Caesar, Crassus, and other prominent men, who were 
accused of secretly conniving at the conspiracy. 

97. 7-9. meo quodam . . . sanavi: in an exceedingly vague 
manner Cicero seems to hint that he has privately taken measures 
for the protection of the frightened citizens, and that these measures 
call for the assumption of dangerous responsibility on his part but 
for nothing from them. 

97. 9-10. hunc exitum . . . esse: the year of his office is 
nearly finished; there should be, etc. Hunc exitum is immediately 
explained by the substantive clause of result, ut . . . eriperem; 
cf. 137- 

97. 13-14. virgines Vestales: these were maidens set apart 
to care for the shrine of Vesta, to keep the fire ever burning upon 
her altars. Violence offered to them was regarded as the worst 
possible offense and boded ill for the state. 

97. 17. bello et vastitate: hendiadys. 

97. 18. quaecunque . . . fortuna: hinting at the possibility 
of exile or death for himself as soon as he laid down his office. 

97. 19-20. si . . . putavit: a protasis of a condition of fact 
(simple particular) in past time. Curiously enough, it has as its 
apodosis (cur . . . laeter) a dubitative or potential subjunctive; 124. 

97. 20. fatale ad perniciem: observe the chiastic order of 
these words with the following ad salutem fatal em; 160. 

97. 22. prope: well-nigh; this seems to be added in order to 
defend the unusual meaning of fatalis, which commonly has a bad 
sense. See on quodam modo, p. 54, 1. 8. 

97. 26, (Sect. 3.) mini parcere : by Roman law the executive 
officer alone was responsible. Hence it was Cicero only who suf- 
fered for the vote which ultimately was passed condemning the con- 
spirators to death. 

97. 27. debeo: I may fairly, etc. 

97. 28. pro eo . . . ac: according to that which (as); equivalent 
simply to as. — gratiam: with referre. Cf. p. 58, 1. 17, and see on 
p. 50, 1. 13. 



316 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

97. 29. obtigerit: this stands, of course, for interfectus ero 
or interfectus sim; it illustrates euphemism, i.e., expressing some- 
thing unpleasant or disagreeable in milder language; 167. 

97. 31. immatura: he has reached the pinnacle of a Roman's 
ambition, the consulship, so death could not rob him of that. 
Strictly speaking, the term consularis became applicable to him 
only after the expiration of his office as consul, but he had only 
a few more weeks to serve. — sapienti: this term is practically 
equivalent to philosopher. These, especially the Stoics, professed 
to scorn death. Apparently Cicero, who adhered wholly to no 
one branch of philosophy, accepted this tenet of the Stoics. In 
view of what he says here of his death being possibly near at hand, 
it is interesting to compare the actual manner of his taking off at 
the hands of Antony's assassins twenty years later. See 32. — Nee 
tamen : despite all he has said, he is most anxious about his friends. 
The nee associated with non (movear) is a doubled negative which 
is equivalent to an affirmative. 

Page 98. 1. fratris: this was his only brother, Quintus, several 
years younger than himself, at this time praetor-elect. Between 
him and Marcus existed throughout their lives, with but one short 
period of estrangement, the closest affection. He had accepted a 
commission under Caesar in Gaul which was meant for Marcus. 
There he won fame for himself as a soldier, to which Caesar in the 
fifth book of his Commentaries on the Gallic War bears testimony. 
On this occasion he even sided with Caesar and favored his pro- 
posal for the treatment of the conspirators, probably because he 
feared the consequences for his brother if the motion of Silanus was 
adopted. 

98. 2-3. horum omnium lacrimis: this is no doubt an exag- 
geration, not to be accepted literally, despite the habit of the an- 
cients of exhibiting their emotions freely. We are told that the 
friends of Cicero were disposed to accept suggestions, especially 
that of postponement of a decision and redoubling the guards. 
Even Silanus himself retreated from his original stand and favored 
this, all out of anxiety for Cicero. 

98. 5. uxor: Terentia ; filia: Tullia. See 31. — parvolus filius: 
i.e., filiolus, Marcus. The diminutive ending is added to suggest 
affection, though as a matter of fact the boy was at this time only 
two years old; 31. 

98. 7. obsidem: naturally Cicero desired a great future for 
his son. The father's own career would have much influence upon 
his son's public life. Hence he serves as a pledge or guarantee of 



NOTES OX FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 317 

his father's performance of duty. It need hardly be said that 
Cicero's hopes for this boy were sadly disappointed ; 31. 

98. 9. gener: C. Calpurnius Piso, who, not yet being a sena- 
tor, could not enter the room itself, but was probably standing out- 
side before the gate of the temple. He died during the period of 
Cicero's exile, 57 B.C. 

98. 10. rebus: reasons. 

98. io-ii. in earn partem: trans, this freely; only to see to it 
(that), etc., followed by substantive clauses, ut . . . sint and (ut) 
pereamus, dependent upon this implied verbal meaning; 137. 

98. 14. una: general, i.e., every one in the state outside the 
conspirators and their associates. 

98. 18-19. (Sect. 4.) Ti. Gracchus: Tiberius and his younger 
brother Gaius, with an interval of about ten years between them, 
both suffered death for attempted reforms in the interests of the 
common people. Both had been led to violate technically the 
laws of the state, however. Cicero contrasts here the penalty 
brought upon these well-meaning patriots and the lenity of the treat- 
ment proposed by Caesar for these conspirators who had planned 
the most awful crimes. 

98. 21. agrarios: these formed the party championed by the 
younger Gracchus, which favored the partition of the public lands 
among the poorer citizens. 

98. 22. L. Saturninus: a man of a type wholly different from 
the Gracchi, and one who fully deserved the fate dealt out to him. 
Cf. p. 47, 1. 18. 

98. 22-23. Memmium: slain when a candidate for the con- 
sulship by a mob which his opponent Glaucia, supported by Satur- 
ninus, incited. 

98. 28. restiterunt: from resto, -are; equivalent to reman- 
serunt. 

98. 29-30. Allobroges, servitia: the Gauls were the tradi- 
tional foes of the Romans and suggested to their minds the utmost 
ferocity and cruelty; while within their own borders the same sort 
of awful savagery was to be feared from an uprising of the slaves. 
These two ideas were well-calculated to rouse the passions of the 
Romans against the conspirators. 

98. 33. relinquatur: a subst. clause of purpose in apposition 
with consilium; for ut nemo we should expect ne quis, but the 
presence of ne . . . quidem within the clause probably accounts 
for this. 

Page 99. 2. (Sect. 5.) iudiciis: these are given in the fol- 



318 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

lowing clauses, introduced by primum, deinde, turn, maxime, pos- 
tremc 

99. 6. praetura: abl. of separation. 

99. 7. custodiam : see note on p. 54, 1. 24. 

99. 8. supplicationem : this honor was reserved exclusively as 
a reward for military success; hence Cicero may justly have been 
proud of the exception in his case. 

99. 10. praemia: the historian Sallust tells us that the Senate 
had already voted as rewards for informers a sum of money equal 
to about four thousand five hundred dollars and his freedom if the 
informer were a slave; a sum equal to nine thousand dollars and 
pardon for his guilt if the informer were a freeman. These may be 
the rewards referred to here. 

99. 14. (Sect. 6.) institui: I determined. This seems better 
than I began. — referre ad vos: the usual phrase employed of a 
presiding officer bringing up a matter for action. As it involved, 
just as in the case of a rogatio, the asking of their opinion, it is prop- 
erly followed by the two indirect questions quid iudicetis and quid 
censeatis. 

99. 15. tamquam integrum: lit., as if untouched; i.e., as if it 
were not already decided. In Section 5 he has told them that they 
have already condemned the men and are consequently bound to 
pass a formal decree against them. 

99. 16. praedicam: the prae here means first. This seems to 
have reference to his appeal for immediate (ante noctem) decision. 
— consulis: pred. gen. depending on sunt; 64. 

99. 16-20. Ego . . . putavi: Cicero says that he had been for 
a long time aware that trouble was brewing in the state, but had 
never dreamed that it was so bad as this conspiracy showed. 

99. 17-18. nova, mala: trans, these as substantives deriving 
their exact meaning from the infinitives of which they are sever- 
ally the subjects; strange schemes (miscere) and evil plots (concitari). 

99. 21-22. ante noctem: a decree of the Senate to be valid 
must be passed before sunset, but probably the danger of an attempt 
at rescue of the prisoners under cover of the night is chiefly in 
Cicero's thought. 

99. 24. disseminatum est: the metaphor changes from the 
scattering of seed as shown in this word to a rising flood in manavit ; 
then he seems to have in mind a creeping monster in transcendit and 
occupavit. Cicero is clearly turning to good account the conspir- 
ators' attempt to inveigle the Allobroges into association with them- 
selves in their plots, and, in his exaggeration of the danger from it, 



NOTES OX FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 319 

Cicero is playing upon the hereditary dread of the Romans for the 
Gauls. See on Allobroges, p. 98, 1. 29. 

99. 30. (Sect. 7.) haec: as often, this word implies a gesture, 
taking in chiefly all the buildings of the Forum but indicating as 
well the city as a whole. — conati sunt: here and a few lines below 
the indicative is used where we might look for the subjunctive. 
Emphasis is laid upon the fact and the phrase is not merely regarded 
as the thought of the speaker, which would throw it into the sub- 
junctive on the principle of indirect discourse; 143. 

Page 100. 1. (morte) esse multandos: the fact that Cicero 
uses these words has led to the interesting inference that he must 
have spoken in the debate just after Caesar. For Sallust in giving 
the motion of Silanus does not use these words, but substitutes de 
eis summum supplicium esse sumendum. Now, Suetonius and 
Plutarch both testify that Silanus was so influenced by the speech 
of Caesar that he objected to the interpretation which Cicero had 
put upon his words, and explained that the summum supplicium of 
a Roman senator would be his imprisonment. It is hard to believe 
that Cicero would have spoken as he did had he first heard Silanus 
explain his own proposal in this fashion. 

100. 2-3. removet, amplectitur: asyndeton, which adds em- 
phasis; 155. In English, disregarding the asyndeton, we may use 
the conjunction but. 

100. 3. rerum: crisis. 

100. 3-4. pro: according to, as becomes. 

100. 4. in . . . versatur: acts with, etc. — Alter: i.e., Silanus, 
with alter below following for Caesar. 

100. 6. punctum: an accus. of duration of time, in spite of its 
meaning. 

100. 7. communi: i.e., every one except men so guilty as 
these may properly enjoy the air necessary to life. 

100. 11-12. necessitatem, quietem: pred. appositives after 
constitutam (esse), in place of which we find in the earlier part of 
the sentence a gen. with causa (supplici causa). — laborum ac mi- 
seriarum: objective genitives after quietem. 

100. 12. sapientes: see note on sapienti, p. 97, 1. 31. 

100. 14. et ea: i.e., this serves as an emphatic repetition of 
vincula by the substitution of the pronoun and the addition of the 
modifier sempiterna. 

100. 15. dispertiri: sc. eos, i.e., the coniuratos, as subject of 
this. 



320 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

100. 1 6. res: (settlement of) the matter. — velis: with the in- 
definite you for the subject; this regularly calls for the subjunctive. 

100. 16-17. iniquitatem . . . difficultatem : to force the muni- 
cipia in this matter would be manifestly unfair; and otherwise they 
would probably refuse to accept the burden of watching the men. 

100. 18. (Sect. 8.) suscipiam: i.e.,' to carry it out. 

100. 20. suae dignitatis: pred. gen. with esse; (consistent 
with), etc.; 64. — recusare: this has the construction of a noun in 
the accus. case serving as the subject of the infin. esse in indirect 
discourse after putent. 

100. 23. sancit: he proposes, i.e., by a law to that effect. — 
eorum: with poenam, not with quis. 

100. 23-24. per senatum: i.e., by a senatus consultum; per 
populum: i.e., by a plebis scitum. 

100. 27. quam: in trans, resolve this into et earn. — uno: sc. 
dolore from dolores, i.e., no further punishment would be possible, 
and many sorrows of life would have been ended. He is apparently 
arguing that death is the lighter punishment of the two proposed. 

100. 29. in vita: during their lifetime. 

100. 30. eius modi: i.e., never-ending. 

100. 30-31. illi antiqui . . . voluerunt: those men of old . . . 
assumed, i.e., if death is the lighter penalty it must be made formi- 
dable in some way, and this Cicero implies the ancients had done by 
inventing terrors in a world after death for those who had miscon- 
ducted themselves in this life. 

Page 101. 1. (Sect. 9.) Nunc: i.e., as between these two 
proposals. — mea: see 72. 

101. 3. in re publica: in political life. — popularis: this word 
is employed with three different shades of meaning in this one chap- 
ter. Be careful to distinguish and choose the meaning adapted to 
each context. The state was divided politically into two chief 
parties — the optimates, the aristocratic, and the popidares, the demo- 
cratic, party. Caesar, by inheritance an aristocrat, had associated 
himself for political ends with the populares; 52. 

101. 4. hoc auctore et cognitore : an abl. abs. expressing either 
cause or condition. Naturally Caesar would have to defend his 
own proposal, and, being a favorite with the popidares, might be ex- 
pected to sway them to his own way of thinking. 

101. 6. illam alteram: i.e., the sententiam Silani. — nescio an: 
this phrase which in itself expresses uncertainty, was usually em- 
ployed with the implication of an affirmative belief. Trans. I am 
inclined to think that, etc. — amplius: a substantive here. 



NOTES ON FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 321 

101. 7. rationes: regard or consideration. 

101. 9. maiorum: Caesar's family was one of the oldest of 
the patrician stock, but it had not held high office until the last 
century of the republic. 

101. 10. tamquam: this is placed before obsidem as if to 
apologize for the use of the word in an unusual way. Cf, p. 98, 11. 
6-7. 

101. io-ii. voluntatis: for meaning cf. voluntas, p. 96, 1. 5. 

101. 11. levitatem: the flattery is obvious, and the irony as 
well. Perhaps, however, Cicero, as has been suggested, is making 
clear to us that Caesar is really inconsistent. As an advocate of 
strictly legal action he should have demanded that these con- 
spirators have their trial before the Comitia. Instead of that, by 
proposing an alternative punishment he virtually admits that the 
Senate has the right to determine the fate of these men, which is 
also the contention of Cicero. This no real popularis could accept. 

101. 14-15. (Sect. 10.) ne . . . sententiam ferat: to avoid 
voting. Just who is meant by non neminem is not known. Sus- 
picion points, however, to the brother of the praetor Q. Metellus 
Celer, mentioned above, p. 54, 1. 30. This brother, Metellus Nepos, 
was the first to attack Cicero about this matter, assailing him on 
the very day upon which he laid down his office as consul. 

101. 15. et: not only. — nudius tertius: adverbial in force, 
only found in the nom. sing. For derivation see Vocab. 

101. 17. decrevit: voted for or proposed, when used of a single 
senator, never decreed. 

101. 18. hoc: this is explained by the clause of indirect ques- 
tion quid . . . iudicarit. The subject of the verb iudicarit is the 
antecedent of the rel. qui . . . (decrevit). 

101. 20. tota re et causa: the whole situation and the {legal) 
question at issue. The legal question was not by any means clear. 
It was doubtful whether the special decree authorizing the consuls 
to safe-guard the state superseded, for the time being, the general 
law which gave to citizens the right of appeal from a magistrate's 
decree which condemned to death or bodily punishment. 

101. 21. legem Semproniam: Sempronius was the gentile 
name of the Gracchi. This law was enacted through the efforts of 
the younger of the two famous tribunes, Gaius Sempronius Gracchus. 

101. 22-23. eum civem nullo modo esse posse: though this 
weak plea was not challenged at this time, when the people were 
angry and frightened, several years later Cicero's enemy Clodius 



322 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

easily convinced them of its absurdity and Cicero was forced to 
go into exile. 

101. 23-24. iussu populi: some editors prefer to read iniussu 
here though it has no manuscript authority. The people themselves 
did not order the death of Gracchus, but, as he had broken the laws, 
the consuls, to whom the Senate had by special decree given dic- 
tatorial powers, put him to death. If we retain our reading we must 
apparently assume that the people were asserting their rights through 
the act of the magistrates. Even Gracchus himself was not allowed 
to exercise the privilege of appeal which was granted by his own law. 

101. 25. prodigum: a substantive here. 

101. 27. etiam: still. 

101. 28. homo mitissimus: sc. {though a), etc. 

101. 30. se iactare, et . . . popularis esse possit: i.e., this 
supposed person might gain the political support of the friends of 
these men by securing their release from punishment. 

101. 31. in perniciem: to the ruin of, etc., with ruin following 
as a consequence. 

101. 32. publicationem bonorum: this was regularly done in 
the case of men who were condemned to death or exile. Caesar 
asked that this be not done in Lentulus's case, and as Cicero joined 
in the request his property was not confiscated. 

Page 102. 1. cruciatus: the accus. pi., direct object of con- 
sequatur. 

102. 3. (Sect. 11.) statueritis, dederitis: a rare instance of 
f ut. perf . tenses in both protasis and apodosis. Less careful English 
would use the present in the protasis and the future in the apodosis. 
The time in the two clauses is the same. Hence the same tense is 
employed in Latin. 

102. 4. comitem ad contionem: i.e., when explaining the de- 
cision afterward to a mass meeting of citizens, as he must naturally 
do, he would very properly expect the assistance of the proposer of 
the law which was adopted. As that proposer, Caesar, was a 
favorite with the people, even unwelcome action on the part of the 
Senate and magistrates might be made palatable to the plebeians. 
This term contio is a shortening of co-(for con-)ventio. It is used 
of the citizens gathered together to listen, not to vote; 40, a. 

102. 7. obtinebo: claim, maintain. — Quamquam: But; and 
yet; cf. p. 56, 11. 1, 24; p. 59, 1. 7. 

102. 8. in . . . immanitate: for trans, cf. p. 51, 1. 21. 

102. 10-12. Nam ita . . . ut moveor: Cicero is endeavoring 
to make his statement as solemn and forceful as possible. He puts 



NOTES ON FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 323 

it in the form of a comparison: For only on condition that I, etc. He 
will not ask for happiness for himself in the future if he is now at 
all revengeful upon these men or seeking anything else in his acts 
but the protection of his country. — liceat: an optative subjunc- 
tive; 104. 

102. 11. quod: in view of the fact that. 

102. 13. quadam: an altogether. 

102. 14. lucem: i.e., the most splendid city of the world. 

102. 15. arcem: Rome frequently was called upon to settle 
disputes of foreign nations. She also guarded her allies and her 
so-called " friends " from attack on any quarter. See note on 
auxilium, p. 97, 1. 3. 

102. 16-17. sepulta, insepultos: an obvious play upon this 
word and its meaning. To a Roman, lack of burial was the worst 
of fates, owing to the belief prevailing at the time that it was neces- 
sary to be buried if one were to attain future happiness. Hence 
this presented a horrible picture to the minds of his listeners as re- 
gards themselves. On the other hand, a buried country meant a 
ruined country. These opposite terms, then, serve the same end 
— to create a picture of desolation and horror; cf. 162. 

102. 17. mini ante oculos: i.e., ante meos oculos. 

102. 18. Cethegi et furor . . . bacchantis: of the madman 
Cethegus frenzied with joy as he slaughters you. What is the literal 
translation ? *& 

102. 19. (Sect. 12.) regnantem: Cicero, by using this term, 
skilfully creates feeling against Lentulus. Never did this word and 
others akin to it (rex, etc.) fail to arouse the bitter antipathy of 
the Romans. Cf. the fear that Julius Caesar (Suet., Jul., 79, 2) 
might become rex. — proposui: this may best be rendered by the 
present tense in English. 

102. 20. purpuratum: clothed in purple. This characteristic 
of the high officials of Eastern despots suggests the inference that 
Catiline and his fellow conspirators are planning some such mon- 
archy at Rome, and the use of this word by Cicero would do much to 
rouse the feelings of the Senate. 

102. 20-21. esse Gabinium: a change of construction from 
the participle to the infin. This becomes necessary because sum 
has no present participle. It is possible to do this since proposui 
here is employed as a verb of thinking or imagining. Venisse 
continues the infin. construction instead of returning to the par- 
ticiple. 

102. 22. familias: an older form of the gen. familiae. The 



324 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

nom. sing, would be mater familias, and the word mater alone 
would change in declension. So pater familias just below. 

102. 27. servo: the Romans stood in such fear of the large 
households of slaves they had that they had enacted the most 
severe laws. One law held all the slaves under the same roof re- 
sponsible if anyone made an attack upon the master or one of his 
family. The justification for this was that the slaves should have 
prevented the attack. 

Page 103. 2. domicilium: i.e., the city. 

103. 3. id egerunt ut . . . conlocarent: have sought to place. 
103. 7. fama: here, of course, in a bad sense. 

103. 8. (Sect. 13.) L. Caesar: this man had been consul 
the year preceding, 64 B.C. He was a distant relative of Julius 
Caesar, afterwards dictator. 

103. 10. virum: i.e., Lentulus, who had married Julia, the 
sister of L. Caesar. She had before this been the wife of M. An- 
tonius Creticus and by him was the mother of Marcus Antonius 
the triumvir. 

103. 11. avum: i.e., M. Fulvius Flaccus, whose daughter 
Fulvia was the mother of Lentulus. Cf. p. 47, 1. 15. He was 
closely associated with the younger Gracchus, and was slain after 
the battle on the Aventine, when he was found in hiding. 

103. 12. consulis: L. Opimius. 

103. 12-13. impuberem: a mere boy. 

103. 13. legatum: the argument seems to be that it was a 
strange act to kill a boy, and even more unheard of to kill an ambas- 
sador. But if a consul, as shown by this precedent, had the right 
to commit both these strange acts under the authority conferred 
upon him, surely Cicero had the right to put these prisoners to death. 
Certainly it could be claimed that this boy and his father were not 
guilty of such evil crimes as had been admittedly proven of Len- 
tulus and his associates. 

103. 14. Quorum: trans, as if it were horum, meaning Flaccus 
and his son. — factum: a noun here. 

103. 15. Largitionis voluntas: Cicero is alluding to the con- 
tests over the lex agraria of Tiberius Gracchus and the lex frumen- 
taria of Gaius Gracchus. 

103. 16. partium quaedam contentio: a bitter (quaedam) 
struggle between {political) parties. 

103. 18. Ille . . . hie: the grandfather . . . the grandson. 

103. 22. nos: probably best taken literally of the whole 
Senate, not of Cicero alone. — trucidandos, interficiendos, etc. : four 



NOTES ON FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 325 

gerundives expressing purpose, in agreement with the direct objects 
of attribuit; 152. — Cethego: perhaps it is better to take this and the 
following proper names as datives of indirect object with attribuit, 
not as datives of the agent with the gerundives. 

103. 24-26. vereamini . . . videamini: he gives his pretended 
opinion first with much irony (censeo), to gain greater emphasis by 
contrast for his real opinion, which begins with multo magis, etc. 
The subjunctive is used as if ut were expressed following censeo. 
Censeo is the word ordinarily employed by a senator in giving a 
formal opinion or in introducing a motion before a deliberative body. 
In this case it makes his sarcasm the more biting. Trans. I am of 
the opinion that you should fear, etc. 

103. 30-31. (Sect. 14.) dissimulare : pretend that I do not 
hear. 

103. 32. ut: 140. 

Page 104. 1. satis praesidi: we are informed by Cassius Dio 
that Cicero had set guards during the night on the Capitol and in 
the Forum, and had arranged for the praetors to give the people 
the oath for military service. — statueritis: observe carefully the 
tense. 

104. 3-4. cum . . . turn: correlatives, equivalent to et . . . 
et or non solum . . . sed etiam. 

104. 5. ad retinendum: this depends upon voluntate; we 
should expect retinendi. 

104. 9. templi ac loci: hendiadys; where was he speaking? 
See note on consecratus, p. 97, 1. 3. 

104. 10. conditam: 147. Give date of Rome's founding. 

104. 10-11. sentirent: idiomatic clause of characteristic fol- 
lowing sola; see 107. 

104. 11. unum atque idem: for eandem sententiam, a cog- 
nate accus.; 59, b. 

104. 14-15. (Sect. 15.) in . . . numero: as often, trans, by as. 

104. 16. Ceteri: i.e., all except the conspirators and their fol- 
lowing. 

104. 17-18. ad . . . consentiunt: trans, freely: unite to {pre- 
serve) the, etc. 

104. 18. commemorem: almost invariably used of speech, 
not merely of thought or recollection. 

104. 19. summam: a noun here. 

104. 19-20. ut . . . certent: {only) to vie . . . in (de), etc. 
Cicero means that these knights (see 54) acknowledge the senators' 



326 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

leadership, and by so doing prove themselves at least equally 
patriotic. 

104. 21. dissensione huius ordinis: quarrel with this body; 
this quarrel had to do with the selection of the jurymen for the 
courts. The lex Aurelia iudiciaria, enacted in 70 B.C., settled the 
matter by compromise, with selections made from the senators, the 
knights, and a third class, the tribuni aerarii; 51. — huius ordinis: 
this gen. placed between the two nouns dissensione and con- 
cordiam (see next note), limits both of them though expressed but 
once. 

104. 21-22. societatem concordiamque : hendiadys. 

104. 24. perpetuam: it proved to be but a short-lived settle- 
ment. 

104. 28. tribunos aerarios: little is known definitely about 
these men, except that they became an ordo by this lex Aurelia 
(see note above on dissensione). They seem to have been tax- 
collectors before this, gathering the war-tax, paying the soldiers, 
etc. Their name suggests this connection with finances. — scribas: 
these men were secretaries, bookkeepers, clerks, etc., appointed and 
paid by the state. They were a permanent class serving under 
officials who were changed yearly. These officials must therefore 
necessarily depend greatly upon the superior knowledge in routine 
matters of these clerks, who thereby gained greater importance. 

104. 29. cum: not a prep, but a conjunction here, to be 
joined with frequentasset. — casu: this day, the Nones (5th) of 
December, was the regular date for determining the provinces to 
which these clerks would go in attendance upon provincial magis- 
trates. The quaestors in particular drew lots at this time, and with 
them went whole troops of scribae. This drawing of lots took place 
in the temple of Saturn, in the basement of which was the treasury. 
This temple adjoined the temple of Concord, where Cicero was 
speaking. — frequentasset: = congregasset. 

104. 31. (Sect. 16.) ingenuorum: be careful to distinguish 
between freemen, i.e., men born (root gen) free, and those who having 
been slaves have won their freedom, i.e., freedmen. 

104. 34-35. cum . . . turn: correlatives. See above, lines 3-4, 
on the same words. 

Page 105. 1. Operae pretium est: freely, It is worth while; 
what is the literal translation? 

105. 1-2. libertinorum: when a slave was freed he became, 
and was spoken of as, the libertus of his former master, but polit- 
ically he belonged to the class of libertini; 55, a. 



NOTES ON FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 327 

105. 2. studia: pi. of an abstract noun; trans, freely: pa- 
triotic examples. — virtute: fundamentally manliness, this word 
passes into a great variety of meanings; here merit. 

105. 3. fortunam huius civitatis: i.e., citizenship. Yet Cicero 
seems at least to imply more than this. They have the ius, but as 
members of the state they also share in its fortune, good or bad. — 
suam patriam: the freedmen were not wholly satisfied despite this 
statement. They could be enrolled only in the four city tribes, 
which did not please them. They were always striving to gain the 
right to 6nter any of the thirty-five tribes and so count for more in 
political matters. Nor had they full civil rights. 

105. 6. quid . . . commemoro: cf. quid . . . commemorem, 
p. 104, 1. 18. In this case he has already mentioned the homines 
ordinesque ; in the other the equites appear first in the question it- 
self, which is put as a deliberative subjunctive; 100. 

105. 8. ea quae dulcissima est: trans., omitting the rel., the 
most preciovs {possession of all). 

105. 9. Servus est nemo: trans, as if nullus stood for nemo; 
the latter is really an appositive, but has the force of an emphatic 
adjective. 

105. 9-10. qui modo: for dum modo is; 132. Then follow 
several characteristic clauses depending directly upon Servus est 
nemo; 107. 

105. 13. voluntatis: trans, (at least) of good-will. Observe 
its emphatic position at the end of the sentence and far from its 
limited words, which are tantum . . . tantum, the omitted ante- 
cedents of quantum . . . quantum. Cicero means that there were 
many slaves owned by conspirators, who did not dare to show the 
loyalty they felt for the country. 

105. 14-15. (Sect. 17.) quod auditum est: a rel. clause to 
be translated by one word, a noun. 

105. 15. lenonem . . . concursare . . . sperare: these infin. 
clauses are in apposition with hoc and are the real subjects of com- 
movet. 

105. 16. tabernas: these shops were not usually separate 
buildings, but parts of large dwellings opening directly on the street 
and usually rented by the owner of the building to others. 

105. 17. est id, etc.: there is no formal conclusion to the con- 
dition si . . . commovet ; and we have an instance of anacoluthon 
(172); "he may cease to be alarmed" is the natural conclusion. 

105. 18. fortuna: an abl. of specification with miseri; so 
also voluntate with perditi. 



328 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

105. 19. qui . . . sellae . . . operis . . . quaestus . . . locum : 
trans, these nouns as if they were verbs: 'place where they sit and 
toil and make their daily gain. 

105. 22. salvum: assured {to them). 

105. 25. instrumentum: a reversal of the common fashion of 
substituting the abstract for the concrete; here we have the con- 
crete used for the abstract. Trans, trade. — opera: business. This 
succession of related ideas may be trans, every trade, all business, 
all profits are dependent upon, etc. 

105. 26. frequentia sustentatur, alitur otio : observe the order. 
What figure? — quorum: this has reference to the people engaged 
in the trade, etc., just mentioned. 

105. 27-28. incensis: sc. tabernis. The abl. abs. serves as a 
protasis of a condition contrary to fact in past time, with the apodosis 
contained in futurum fuit, which is equivalent to factum esset. 
Sallust {Cat, 48) solves an apparent inconsistency here by telling 
us that the common people, who at first had looked with favor upon 
Catiline's designs, later on changed their attitude to one of hostility. 

105. 30. (Sect. 18.) praesidia: trans, by sing., support. 
Page 106. 4. mente, voluntate, voce: observe the climax in 

these words; 163. 

106. 5-9. vobis: repeated seven times emphatically, at the 
beginning of each clause; a striking instance of anaphora; 158. 

106. 7. vitam: plural in English. — arcem ^t Capitolium: in 
order to rouse his hearers more fully he is mentioning the most holy 
spots in Rome, beginning with the Capitoline hill. This hill had 
two summits, upon one of which was the temple of Jupiter Capito- 
linus, the objective point of all triumphal marches through the city 
by conquering generals. Upon the other peak was the arx, the 
citadel or stronghold (cf. the castle of mediaeval towns and cities). 

106. 8. aras Penatium: the Penates, which are almost in- 
variably associated with the Lares, were the gods of the family first, 
but also of the state regarded as a larger family as well. Here we 
should supply publicorum. The particular reference, then, is to a 
temple in the Velian section of Rome. — ignem Vestae sempiternum : 
the perpetual fire, brought, according to tradition, from Troy, was 
ever cared for by the Vestal virgins in the temple of Vesta, in the 
southeastern part of the Forum just below the Palatine. 

106. 16/. in civili causa: i.e., as opposed to a foreign war. 
Page 107* 1. (Sect. 19.) unum atque idem: see on the same 

phrase, p. 104, 1. 11. 

107. 2-6. Cogitate quantis . . . delerit (for deleverit, perf. 



NOTES ON FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 329 

subjunctive): the sentence is badly confused in grammatical rela- 
tion, but the meaning is clear. The interrogatives quantis . . . quanta 
. . . quanta have thrown the verb into the subjunctive of indirect 
question, though these interrogatives, strictly, are limited not by 
delerit but by the participles fundatum, stabilitam, etc., which in 
their turn qualify imperium and libertatem, the objects of delerit. 
Trans, by turning the participles into finite verbs, was founded, was 
established, etc., and by introducing which before una nox. 

107. 5-6. una nox: the time meant is not clear. It is hard 
to see the appropriateness of assuming that he means either the 
night of the meeting at the house of Laeca or the night of the arrest 
of the Allobroges, both of which are offered in explanation. More 
probably Cicero is simply contrasting the suddenness of the con- 
templated destruction, i.e., within the limits of a single night, with 
the long-continued struggles of the courageous builders to establish 
and enlarge the state under the favor of the immortal gods. 

107. 18. (Sect. 20.) Nunc: indicating a transition here; not 
temporal simply. — ad sententiam : sc. rogandam ; as presiding officer 
he calls upon each of the senators in turn for his opinion and vote. 
See 53, d. 

107. 20. quam: trans, as if it were et earn. 

107. 21. earn: for manum; trans, them. 

107. 22. Quod si: But (even) if, etc. The presence of tamen 
in the second clause justifies this insertion. 

107. 23. ista: with a strong suggestion of contempt. 

107. 24-25. me factorum: the accus. of the person and the 
gen. of the cause regularly associated with the impersonals poenitet, 
miseret, piget, etc.; 71. 

107. 26. quam: sc. mihi; trans, in English with which, but 
in Latin it is a direct object used in connection with a dat. of per- 
son following a verb of threatening, persuading, impero, etc. 

107. 29. Ceteris: i.e., all the others besides Cicero who have 
been honored with a supplicatio. — gesta: sc. re publica from the 
following phrase. 

107. 31. (Sect. 21.) Scipio: all the men alluded to in this sec- 
tion are so celebrated that Cicero needs only to mention one of their 
names, omitting the praenomen. The one first mentioned is, of 
course, the conqueror of Hannibal at Zama in 202 B.C. By crossing 
into Africa and moving upon the capital city of Carthage itself 
he dislodged Hannibal from Italy, where he had defied for many 
years the efforts of the Romans to defeat and drive him out. — ille 



330 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

clarus : join ille directly with Scipio ; place clarus in the predicate 
after sit. 

Page 108. i. atque Italia decedere: the part following atque 
is emphasized, and thereby. The omission of ex before Italia is 
exceptional. 

108. 2. Africanus: i.e., Africanus Minor, who received the 
same cognomen as the earlier Scipio for destroying Carthage. He 
was no blood relative of the former, but was adopted into the Scipio 
family by the son of the elder Africanus. He was the own son of 
the general next mentioned, Aemilius Paulus, who was the con- 
queror of Macedonia and its king Perses. 

108. 7. Marius: a plebeian, a fellow townsman of Cicero, a 
relative of Caesar by marriage, a famous soldier who was seven 
times consul and died of disease in his last consulship during his 
civil war with Sulla. — bis: probably this has reference to the two 
famous battles, one with the Cimbri (Vercellae, 101 B.C.) and one 
with the Teutones (Aquae Sextiae, 102 B.C.), the German tribes 
who had overrun the greater part of Europe and were about to in- 
vade Italy. 

108. 8. obsidione: Italy was practically in a state of siege 
when an attack was threatened for so long a time. 

108. 12-13. res gestae atque virtutes: hendiadys. 

108. 13. quibus: as. 

108. 24-25. quo victores revertantur: Cicero asserts (de 
Officiis, I. 78) that Pompey himself said this about him: frustra se 
triumphum tertium deportaturam fuisse, nisi meo in rem publicam 
beneficio, ubi triumpharet esset habiturus. This eulogy of Pom- 
pey shows clearly how great his reputation was at Romt at this 
time, and is also a plain indication that Cicero means to identify 
himself with Pompey' s interests, as he showed so obviously in the 
oration for the Manilian law delivered three years before. Caesar's 
growing popularity and power are not yet comparatively formidable. 

108. 26. (Sect. 22.) quamquam: corrective. — uno loco: in 
one respect. 

108. 27. quod : omit in trans. 

108. 28. oppressi serviunt, recepti . . . putant: trans, either 
by two parallel finite verbs, e.g., are crushed and become slaves, or 
perhaps better render the participle clauses as protases with if. 

108. 31. cum repuleris: cf. the use of the indefinite subject, 
you, i.e., anyone, with velis, p. 100, 1. 16. 

108. 32. possis: a potential subjunctive, the equivalent of 
an apodosis of a future less vivid or possible condition, where the 



NOTES ON FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 331 

clause cum . . . repuleris furnishes the protasis; 105. — mihi: the 
dat. of agent; cf. 78. 

Page 109. 2. haerebit: be continued, live on. 

109. 3-4. coniunctionem : this harmony was short-lived. 
They set to quarrelling again, largely because Cato used the utmost 
severity upon jurymen who accepted bribes, and was exceedingly 
harsh toward publicani, tax-farmers, who petitioned for relief from 
contracts, in making which they had offered the state more than 
they could fulfill. This happened within two years thereafter. 

109. 9-23. (Sect. 23.) pro: in place of ; thus for the first six 
repetitions of the word. The sixth phrase sums up the contents of 
the first five; then follow two more introduced by pro in a different 
sense. — imperio, provincia, exercitu, etc. : all these refer to what he 
might have expected to secure for himself had he not in the first 
place exchanged proconsular provinces with Antonius, his colleague, 
in order to separate him from the conspirators, and then handed 
this other province over to one of the praetors. He knew full well 
that his place of influence was at Rome. 

109. 10. neglexi: sacrificed. He proposes to get all the glory 
possible out of doing what he knew it was really for his own inter- 
est to do. 

109. 14-16. pro . . . client elis ho spitiisque pro vincialibus: pro- 
vincials established connection with distinguished Romans, in order 
that they and their interests might be fairly represented before the 
Roman Senate in case of need. As Cicero hints, this relation often 
involved these Roman leaders in much trouble (non minore la- 
bore . . . tueor), but the possession of them nevertheless added to 
their importance and dignity among their fellows. Certainly Cicero 
had many of these connections, but, as he implies, his not accepting 
a province interfered somewhat with the number he might have 
had. The difference between clientes and hospites is that of de- 
pendents whom one helps and friends who are mutually of assistance 
to each other. It may well be that he is alluding particularly to the 
fact that the Sicilians became his clientes and he was compelled by 
his sense of duty to prosecute Verres. In this there was much labor, 
but still greater glory. 

109. 19-20. pro meis studiis: in return for, etc. 

109. 23-24. nihil . . . nisi: only, as often. 

109. 26. mentibus: for in mentibus; evidently regarded as 
an idiomatic expression. 

109. 28. superaverit: this need not be joined with spem 



332 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

for its object, but may be translated as if used intransitively, 
■prevails. — commendo : as this forms the apodosis of a future prot- 
asis, it must be assumed to contain a future idea. Strictly he 
should have concluded his statement in some such way as "I hope 
that you will protect," etc. 

109. 31. suo solius: suo is equivalent to the personal pronoun 
sui in the gen., with which solius is assumed to be in agreement. 
Trans, to himself alone. Cf. nostra omnium caede, p. 49, 11. 3-4; 
i.e., Cicero alone takes the risk, as he is the executive officer; the 
senators could not be called to account. 

Page 110. 2-3. de aris ac focis: it was quite natural for the 
Romans to associate these two words constantly, as the family 
hearth, situated in the atrium of the house, was also the altar to the 
Penates. 

110. 6. eum . . . qui . . . dubitet, et possit: characteristic 
clauses; one of such a hind that, etc.; 107. 

110. 8. per se ipsum praestare: seems to mean that he is 
quite capable of defending successfully before the people any de- 
cision the Senate may now make. In this he seems rather boastful, 
since, as we know, later he was quite unable to save himself from 
the consequences of his act. 



NOTES ON THE ORATION FOR ARCHIAS 

Page 114. 1. (Sect. 1.) iudices: the jurors before whom the 
trial was conducted, under the praetor as presiding judge; see 51. 
Their names were recorded in a register, or list (album). From these 
a certain number (perhaps seventy) were selected by lot for each 
trial. — quod: probably nominative, subject of sit. The more 
usual order is quod quam sit exiguum sentio. The clause is best 
translated as parenthetical, 'and I realize/ etc. 

114. 2-3. in qua . . . esse versatum: that is, "to which I 
admit that I have given no slight degree of attention." Note the 
literal meaning, especially of versatum. 

114. 4-5. ratio: (theoretical) knowledge, contrasted with nat- 
ural ability (ingenium) and the skill derived from actual practice 
(exercitatio). — optimarum artium: the liberal arts, also called artes 
liberales or ingenuae: poetry, philosophy, rhetoric, and grammar 
(in the ancient sense of the study of literature). These arts are so 
called because they are worthy of the attention of a free man and as 



NOTES ON THE ORATION FOR ARCHIAS 333 

opposed to the trades, which were also called artes, or, by way of 
contrast, artes sordidae. 

114. 6. profecta: arising from ; note the literal meaning. — a 
qua: the antecedent is ratio, but we should say 'from the pur- 
suit of which/ 

114. 7. aetatis: life. Nullum . . . tempus abhorruisse is 
equivalent to me nullo tempore abhorruisse. 

114. 8-10. earum rerum omnium: that is, ingenium, exer- 
citatio dicendi, ratio (dicendi). — vel: perhaps, if you please, qualify- 
ing in primis. — A. Licinius: here and on p. 115, 1. 18, Cicero calls 
his client by his Roman name, to emphasize his citizenship; later 
he uses his more familiar Greek name. — fructum: the fruit, to which 
Archias was entitled as the sower of the seed from which it sprang. 

114. 11. suo: 'his own,' here with the meaning of special, 
unique. — debet: has the right. 

114. 13-15. respicere . . . recordari: note the order; see 160. 

114. 17-19. mini principem exstitisse: 'has been my leader/ 
that is, 'my chief inspiration/ — rationem: here means plan, 'the 
systematic pursuit of these studies/ Cf. line 4 and note the root 
meaning of ratio with the development of the derived meanings. 

114. 21. a quo: the relative precedes its antecedent, huic 
ipsi. The sentence must be rearranged for translation: debemus 
f erre . . . , quantum ... in nobis, huic . . . ipsi. — id . . . quo : 
the means of; literally, 'that by which/ — possemus: 107. 

114. 22. ceteris . . . alios: the rest of mankind ... some. — 
profecto: adverb, assuredly. 

114. 25. (Sect. 2.) Ac ne quis: 106. In translating, the ne 
clause may be made independent: 'Let no one be surprised . . .; 
for . . .' 

114. 26. facultas: quality, gift. 

114. 27-28. ratio ac disciplina: cf. lines 4-5 above. — ne nos 
quidem . . . fuimus: we too have not. Nos is the so-called "edi- 
torial " plural, referring to Cicero himself. It is sometimes called 
a "plural of modesty," but in most cases its force is exactly the 
opposite. It is more properly called a " plural of majesty." — 
Etenim: For in fact. Strictly, there is an ellipsis between et and 
enim. 

114. 29-30. quoddam . . . quasi: 'a kind of . . . as it were/ 
Either word is used to qualify or apologize for an expression or 
sometimes both, as here. 

Page 115. 1. (Sect. 3.) ne . . . videatur: see note on ac ne 
quis, p. 114, 1. 25, above. 



334 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

115. 4-5. iudices: see 51. — tanto . . . frequentia: 83. The 

expression is pleonastic; see 171. 

115. 8-9. accommodatam . . . molestam: note the chiasmus, 
and see 160. — ut . . . patiamini: of allowing me; literally, ' to al- 
low me'; a substantive clause with final force in apposition with 
veniam; 136, b. The expression veniam, ut patiamini is pleonastic; 
cf. tanto . . . frequentia, line 4 above. 

115. 10-12. hoc concursu . . . hac humanitate , . . hoc . . . 
exercente: 83; cf. tanto . . . frequentia, line 4 above. — litteratissi- 
morum: a rare superlative, 'men deeply interested in literature/ — 
hoc praetore: Quintus Cicero, who was himself a writer of poetry. 
— exercente: 'presiding over. 

115. 13. et in: especially in the case of, 

115. 14-15. quae: who; but the antecedent is persona. — 
minime tractata est: is not at all accustomed to. — periculis: their 
dangers, referring to iudiciis. 

115. 17. (Sect. 4.) Quod: a relative, having for its ante- 
cedent the preceding ut . . . patiamini . . . uti . . . dicendi; it is 
the subject of tribui and concedi. 

115. 18-20. perficiam . . . ut . . . putetis: I shall surely lead 
you to think; 137. — segregendum: sc. esse. — asciscendum fuisse: 
for asciscendum erat, or fuit, of the direct discourse; see 128. 

115. 22. artibus: studies; cf. p. 114, 1. 5, above. 

115. 24-25. Antiochiae: the principal city of Syria, on the 
river Orontes. — loci nobili: that is, 'of a noble family.' — celebri 
. . . urbe : in apposition with Antiochiae ; see 88. It is not easy to 
see why Cicero qualifies the statement by quondam, since Antioch 
continued to be a great and flourishing city in imperial times. 

115. 27. contigit: sc. ei, referring to Archias. — Post: adv., 
Afterward. 

Page 116. 1-2. celebrabantur: that is, 'they were such an 
event.' 

116. 3. ipsius: of the man himself, contrasted with exspec- 
tatio. — adventus : the plural, as well as the imperfect tense of cele- 
brabantur, implies several visits. We ordinarily use the singular 
in English. 

116. 4. (Sect. 5.) Italia: here refers to Magna Graecia, 
southern Italy. The term Italia was only gradually extended to 
the entire peninsula. — artium: 68. 

116. 5. turn: at that time; that is, before the outbreak of the 
Social War in 90 B.C. 

116. 7. tranquillitatem : the period from the death of Gaius 



NOTES ON THE ORATION FOR ARCHIAS 335 

Gracchus in 121 B.C. to the outbreak of the Social War was one of 
comparative peace, being broken only by the invasion of the Cimbri 
and Teuton es and the revolution of Saturninus. 

116. 8. hunc et: et is correlative to the et before omnes, in 
line 9. — Tarentini . . . Neapolitan! : the peoples of important cities of 
southern Italy: Tarentum, Locri, Regium, and Neapolis (Naples). 
The Greek cities often gave citizenship to eminent men and pre- 
sented them with golden crowns and other tokens of honor (cete- 
risque praemiis). 

116. g. donarunt: presented. 

116. io. aliquid . . . iudicare: to form some opinion; that is, 
1 whose opinion was worth something/ — ingeniis: me?i of talent, 
the abstract for the concrete; 175. 

116. 11. Hac . . . celebritate: this great and wide-spread repu- 
tation. Tanta is not always to be translated 'so great'; here the 
meaning is ' this reputation, great as it was/ 

116. 12. absentibus: said with reference to Roman; or the 
meaning may be general, 'those who had never met him/ We 
might have expected absens. 

116. 13. Mario consule et Catulo: it was the fourth consul- 
ship of Marius, in 102 B.C. The formal designation of the year 
would have been: C. Mario IIII Q. Lutatio Catulo consulibus. — 
Nactus est: the verb implies that Archias arrived at an opportune 
time. — primum: at the outset. 

116. 14. alter . . . alter: Marius was a doer of great deeds, 
but was without literary tastes and training, while Catulus was a 
writer of history. 

116. 15-16. posset: a good example of a subjunctive of 
characteristic (107), since the clause describes the kind of men that 
Marius and Catulus were. — Luculli: see the Introd. to this oration. 
— cum: consider the various meanings of the word and choose the 
one adapted to the context. — praetextatus : see 8. Here praetex- 
tatus is used in the general sense of 'a young man'; Archias was 
never praetextatus in the strict sense of the word, since he was of 
foreign birth; and it is hardly probable that he had acquired so 
great renown at the age of seventeen or younger. 

116. 17. domum suam: remember the constr. with domum. 

116. 18-19. h° c: explained by the clause ut . . . senectuti. — 
ingeni . . . virtutis: was due to, was a tribute to (the qualities were 
the cause of it); cf. 64. The two pairs of words may be taken to- 
gether by hendiadys; see 156. 

116. 21. (Sect. 6.) temporibus illis: that is, while he was 



336 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

an inmate of the house of the Luculli. — illi: the famous, the well- 
known; for the personality of these distinguished men of the day 
see Vocab. 

116. 22. audiebatur: was listened to with interest. — vivebat 
cum: was intimate with. 

116. 24. Lucullos vero: part of the clause introduced by cum, 
which should be translated first. 

116. 25. devinctam consuetudine : a strong expression, im- 
plying that he was on terms of very close intimacy. 

116. 27. qui . . . studebant: that is, 'those who really had 
an interest in literature/ 

116. 28. si qui forte: we should say, 'all those who/ — 
simulabant : sc. aliquid percipere atque audire studere, referring to 
those who pretended to have an interest in literature. 

Page 118. 2. aequissimo . . . foedere: iure ac foedere may 
be combined by hendiadys (156), 'a treaty on the basis of equal 
rights/ The abl. is one of quality; 85. The relations of the 
civitates foederatae to Rome varied greatly; 56. Heraclea, which 
had been an ally of Rome for over two centuries, enjoyed special 
privileges. — ascribi: to be enrolled among its citizens. 

118. 3. cum: is correlative with turn (line 4) and has the force 
both of a conjunction and of an adverb, not only because. 

118. 6. (Sect. 7.) civitas: sc. Romana. — Silvani . . . Car- 
bonis: the lex Plautia-Papiria ; see the Introd. to this oration, p. 
112. — si qui: = eis qui. 

118. 7. ascripti fuissent: the law is quoted in indirect dis- 
course; hence the pluperfect subjunctives, representing future per- 
fect indicatives of the direct form. 

118. 8. ferebatur: indicative in a cum clause of time, not 
quoted as a part of the law, but an explanation of turn added by 
Cicero. See 117 and 143. 

118. 9. praetorem: a praetor; that is, any one of the six 
elected as usual for that year. 

118. 10. iam haberet: had already had; 90. 

118. 12. (Sect. 8.) nisi: except; nihil aliud nisi is equivalent 
to 'only/ — de civitate ac lege: that is, the legality of his citizenship. 

118. 13. nihil dico amplius: I have nothing more to say. 

118. 14. horum: that is, of the three legal requisites for ob- 
taining citizenship. — Gratti: this being the vocative form, what 
must the nominative be? — turn: namely, at the time mentioned 
above, lines 1 ff. 



NOTES ON THE ORATION FOR ARCHIAS 337 

118. 1 6. religione: be careful of the translation; see Vocab. 

118. 17. egisse: brought it about; ef. line 4 above. 

118. 19. mandatis: instructions from the magistrates of He- 
raclea. — publico: official; see the preceding note. 

118. 20. ascriptum Heracliensem: ' a duly enrolled citizen of 
Heraclea/ 

118. 21. Hie: At this 'point. — tabulas . . . publicas: the of- 
ficial list of citizens kept in the archives of the city of Heraclea. 

118. 22. Italico bello: the war between Rome and her Italian 
allies/ from 90-88 B.C., more commonly known as the Social War 
(from socius, ' an ally '), or the Marsic War, from one of the peoples 
arrayed against Rome. The burning of the Tabulariuin, or archives, 
of Heraclea is known only from this passage. — omnis: emphasized 
by its position. 

118. 23. Est: It certainly is; emphasized by its position. — 
ad: in reply to. 

118. 25. cum: while j although. 

118. 26-27. viri: Marcus Lucullus. — religionem: be careful 
in choosing a word; see Vocab. — municipi: Heraclea had formerly 
been a ci vitas foederata (see note on p. 118, 1. 2), but became a 
municipium in 90 B.C. — ius iurandum fidemque: sworn declara- 
tion, or declaration under oath; 156. 

118. 28. idem dicis: you yourself say, referring to some re- 
mark of Grattius's not otherwise mentioned. 

118. 30-32. (Sect. 9.) An: introducing a simple question; 
strictly it introduces the second part of a double question, but the 
first part is omitted and need not be supplied. — domicilium . . . 
habuit: the second requisite for securing citizenship. — is qui . . . 
collocavit: taking the place of an answer to the question an 
. . . habuit? — At . . . professus: for variety the opponent's ob- 
jection is quoted instead of being put in the form of a question. 

118. 33-34. Immo vero: On the contrary, rejecting the state- 
ment at . . . professus. — ex ilia . . . praetorum: that is, of the 
registration lists of that board of praetors which was in office at 
the time. Explained in the following sentence. 

Page 119. 1. neglegentius : somewhat carelessly. Observe the 
force of the comparative. 

119. 2. quam diu incolumis fuit: he was afterward tried and 
condemned for extortion; for the mood and tense see 112. 

119. 3. resignasset: annulled; literally, 'broke the seal* by 
which the legality of a document was attested. 

119. 6-7. venerit . . . dixerit: see 95. The reference is evi- 



338 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

dently to some trial involving citizenship, and shows the scru- 
pulous care of Metellus. 

119. 9-10. (Sect. 10.) quid est quod . . . dubitetis: why 
should you doubt, or what cause have you for doubting t For dubi- 
tetis see 107. 

119. 11. fuerit ascriptus: another form of sit ascriptus, per- 
fect subjunctive. The meaning is that he was enrolled before the 
passage of the lex Plautia-Papiria ; see note on p. 118, 1. 6. 

119. 12-13. arte: governed by praeditis. Ars is used more 
generally than the corresponding English word, of all kinds of 
trades and professions. — gratuito: freely; not necessarily implying 
that citizenship was sometimes bought. — impertiebant : note the 
indicative, which emphasizes the idea of time, at a time when; 
see 117. — Graecia: here means Magna Graecia, southern Italy. 

119. 15. scenicis artificiis: actors. Their profession was re- 
garded by the Romans as unbecoming a freeman. — largiri: note 
the force of the word. — summa ingeni: = summo ingenio; ingeni 
is partitive genitive. 

119. 16. noluisse: sc. dare, implied in largiri. — Quid: Again, 
and then; introducing another point and calling attention to it in 
advance. — ceteri: the rest; that is, of the foreigners w T ho obtained 
citizenship as a result of the lex Plautia-Papiria. 

119. 17-18. post civitatem datam: see 147. The time re- 
ferred to is 90 B.C., during the Social War (see note on p. 118, 1. 22). 
— legem Papiam: in 65 B.C.; see the Introd. to this oration.— 
aliquo modo . . . irrepserunt: implying that they had slight claims 
to the honor. The idea is that they managed by hook or by crook 
to have themselves enrolled, thereby paving the way for a claim for 
Roman citizenship. . 

119. 19. illis . . . scriptus: that is to say, the records of the 
other cities which had given him citizenship; see p. 116, 1. 8. Ar- 
chias rested his claim only on his enrolment at Heraclea. 

119. 21. (Sect. 11.) Census: census lists, in which the citi- 
zens of Rome were registered and classified by the censors. — scili- 
cet: of course, with sarcastic force. — est enim obscurum: ironical; 
168. 

119. 22. proximis censoribus: abl. of time, referring to the 
censorship of Lucius Gellius and Gnaeus Lentulus, in 70 B.C. 

119. 23. apud exercitum: in the war against Mithridates, as 
a companion of Lucullus, not as a soldier. — superioribus : sc. cen- 
soribus. The reference is to Lucius Marcius Philippus and Marcus 
Perpenna, censors in 86 B.C. 



NOTES ON THE ORATION FOR ARCHIAS 339 

119. 24. primis: sc. censoribus; i.e., the first after the en- 
actment of the lex Plautia-Papiria, the censorship of Lucius Julius 
Caesar and Publius Licinius Crassus, in 86 B.C. 

119. 27. iam turn: at the time, when the census was taken. 

119 29-30. esse versatum: with in hire the word means 
'was enjoying the rights/ or 'making use of the privileges/ Ob- 
serve its literal meaning. — testamentum . . . fecit, etc.: in other 
words, he did things which only a Roman citizen had the right to 
do, and was enjoying privileges confined to citizens. — adiit here- 
ditates : the Romans not infrequently left bequests to distinguished 
men to whom they were not related. Cicero himself received up- 
ward of a million dollars in legacies. 

119. 31. in beneficiis: the comites or contubernales of a 
commanding general or governor of a province had their expenses 
paid by the state, their names being reported by him to the treasury 
for that purpose. It was in this capacity that Archias accompanied 
Lucullus to Asia; see note on line 23 above. — aerarium: the state 
treasury, in the temple of Saturn, at the * southwestern end of the 
Forum. 

Page 120. 1. pro consule: to be taken together, the proconsul, 
or governor, of Asia. — Quaere argumenta: implying that as yet no 
arguments worthy of the name had been presented. — si qua potes: 
sc. reperire, if you can {find) any. 

120. 2. neque . . . neque: either ... or. The negatives 
strengthen that in numquam instead of rendering it affirmative. — 
revincetur: equivalent in meaning to convincetur. 

120. 3. (Sect. 12.) Quaeres, etc.: regarding his legal point 
as proven, Cicero now passes to a eulogy of Archias and of literary 
pursuits. 

120. 4. delectemur . . . nobis: for the number see note on 
nos, p. 114, 1. 27. — ubi: the means of; more literally, ' the means by 
which/ Ubi introduces a relative clause of purpose. 

120. 6-7. An: see note on an, p. 118, 1. 30, above. — suppetere 
. . . posse: the subject is quod . . . dicamus, a substantive clause 
of purpose; something to say. 

120. 8. doctrina: literary pursuits. 

120. 9. contentionem : strain, as of a bow; cf. relaxemus. 

120. 10. Ego vero: emphatic, For my oxen part, I. — esse 
deditum: with middle (reflexive) force, have devoted myself. 

120. 11. pudeat: 97. — si qui: see note on p. 116, 1. 28. — 
se abdiderunt: buried themselves. — litteris: locative abl. instead of 
the more usual abl. with in; 87. 



340 



CICERO'S ORATIONS 



120. 13. quid: equivalent in meaning to cur; adverbial ac- 
cusative; 60. — pudeat: 100. 

120. 14. vivo: for the tense cf. 89. — tempore: be careful of 
the meaning; see Vocab. 

120. 16. aut denique: or even,, 

120. 17-18. (Sect. 13.) reprehendat . . . suscenseat: could 
blame me, etc.; cf. pudeat, line 13. — quantum . . . tantum: tem- 
porum (line 21) is to be taken with the first quantum and understood 
with the others and with tantum. We should use the singular, but 
the plural is used in Latin to indicate the various instances. The 
general idea is ' if I take as much time for my literary studies as 
other men give to their business affairs or to pleasure/ — ceteris 
... alii: see p. 114, 1. 22. 

120. 19. ludorum: explanatory genitive. 

120. 20. ipsam requiem: mere rest. 

120. 21-22. tempestivis conviviis: this term was applied to 
dinners which began before the usual hour (which was about three 
in the afternoon); literally, ' early banquets/ Such banquets were 
commonly luxurious and were protracted to a late hour, besides 
shortening the business day. — alveolo : The Romans were very fond 
of throwing dice and of other games of chance. — pilae: a favorite 
form of exercise, of which there were many varieties, practiced by 
adults as well as by children. 

120. 23. recolenda: note the force of re-. 

120. 25-26. oratio ac facultas: hendiadys (156), as is indicated 
by the singular relative quae. — quantacumque . . . est: such as it 
is; 'however great (or however small) it may be.' 

120. 27. quae: translate by a demonstrative and a conjunc- 
tion; the antecedent is oratio et facultas. — ilia: object of hauriam. 

120. 29. (Sect. 14.) multis litteris : that is, by wide reading. 
Page 121. 1. laudem atque honestatem: hendiadys, glory due 

to virtue; note the following ea, and compare oratio ac facultas, 
p. 120, 1. 25. 

121. 3. parvi: of little moment; 67. 

121. 4. tot . . . dimicationes : referring to the events con- 
nected with the conspiracy of Catiline. 

121. 5. hos . . . impetus: the attacks of the popular party 
after the expiration of his consulship; see 21-23. 

121. 7. exemplorum: to be taken with pleni, plenae, and 
plena, not merely with the last of these. 

121. 8. nisi . . . accederet: that is to say, unless they were 
illumined by literature. 



NOTES OX THE ORATION FOR ARCHIAS 341 

121. 9. imagines: portraits. 

121. 10. expressas: clearly depicted, a term used of paintings 
and sculptures; governed by ad tuendum and ad imitandum. 

121. 12-13. animum et mentem: heart and mind. Mentem 
refers to the intellectual faculties, animum to the emotions. — ipsa 
cogitatione: by the very contemplation; that is, by reflecting upon 
their characters and imitating them. 

121. 15. (Sect. 15.) summi: great; cf. note on p. 116, 1. 11, 
above. 

121. 16. litteris: abl. of means; but we should say 'in litera- 
ture/ — istane: demonstrative pronoun of the second person, be- 
cause of the following tu efifers. 

121. 18-19. est certe quod respondeam: I can at least make 
some reply; more literally, 'I surely have something to reply '; 
107. 

121. 20-21. naturae ipsius habitu prope divino: by some al- 
most divine quality in their own nature. — exstitisse: about equal to 
fuisse in meaning. It may perhaps be translated ' have succeeded 
in being.' — gravis: gra vitas was the ideal of Roman character. 

121. 22. illud: this, referring to what follows. — saepius: em- 
phasized by its position. 

121. 23. naturam . . . natura: natural ability. — valuisse: to 
be taken with ad laudem atque virtutem, has resulted in, has led to; 
more literally, ' has availed for.' 

121. 24. Atque idem ego : and yet I; note the literal meaning. 
Idem is, of course, masculine, as the quantity shows. 

121. 25-26. ratio quaedam conf ormatioque : take together by 
hendiadys (156). Quaedam indicates that Cicero has found diffi- 
culty in expressing his thought exactly; see note on p. 114, 1. 29, 
above. It might be rendered: 'a kind of systematic moulding of 
the character by education/ doctrinae being a subjective genitive. 
— nescio quid : together forming an indefinite pronoun with a single 
accent. Observe the quantity of the in nescio. With illud, 
nescio quid has about the force of quiddam, 'what may be called a 
distinguished and unique excellence/ or 'that indefinable excellence 
and pre-eminence.' 

121. 28-29. (Sect. 16.) esse: shows that the indirect dis- 
course depending on contendo continues. In English it is more 
natural to turn to the direct form, 'to the number of these be- 
longed.' — nunc: this, referring to the younger Scipio, not as living, 
but as nearer in time than the elder Africanus; he died in 129 B.C. 
— ex hoc ... ex hoc: sc. esse numero. 



342 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

121. 31. illis temporibus: for those times (literally, 'in those 
times '), qualifying doctissimum ; that is, according to the different 
standard of Cato's day. 

Page 122. 1-3. ilium senem: that famous old man, so called 
both because he reached the age of eighty-five and to distinguish 
him from Cato Uticensis, 'the younger Cato,' his great-grandson. 
He is said to have taken up the study of Greek at the age of eighty. 
— si nihil . . . adiuvarentur : if they were not constantly helped; note 
the force of the imperfect, as compared with the pluperfect con- 
tulissent. Nihil, not at all (adverbial accusative; 60), is equivalent 
to an emphatic non. 

122. 4. si non: regularly used instead of nisi when tamen or 
a word of similar force follows; that is, when the protasis contains 
a concessive idea: but even if . . . yet. — hie tantus: this great; 
see note on p. 116, 1. 11, above. 

122. 6-7. humanissimam ac liberalissimam : the derivation 
of these words suggests their meaning, 'thoroughly worthy of a 
(true) man and of a freeborn citizen/ — ceterae: sc. animi remis- 
siones. 

122. 8. omnium: to be taken with temporum, aetatum, and 
locorum; with sunt the meaning is 'do not suit all seasons,' etc.; 64. 

122. 9. secundas res: prosperity. 

122. 10. adversis: sc. rebus; 83. 

122. 13-14. (Sect. 17.) Quod si: Even if; see note on quod 
si, p. 107, 1. 22. — haec . . . attingere : practice them; that is, actu- 
ally engage in literary pursuits. — sensu nostro gustare : have a taste 
for, find pleasure in. — deberemus : translate so as to bring out the 
force of an apodosis contrary to fact, 'it would behoove us'; and 
see 129. 

122. 15. videremus: imperfect subjunctive because it follows 
a secondary tense (95), but present in time, like possemus and 
deberemus. 

122. 16. tarn animo agresti: this position of tarn is more 
common before conjunctions, prepositions, and forms of the verb 
sum; cf. quam sit exiguum, p. 114, 1. 2. 

122. 17. Rosci: referring to Quintus Roscius, the most cele- 
brated actor of his time, who became proverbial for excellence in 
the dramatic art. — cum: how translated? Note the following 
tamen. 

122. 19. videbatur: as subject supply is, referring to Roscius; 
but in English the impersonal construction is more commonly used, 
'it seemed that he,' etc. — Ergo ille: Now, he; argumentative. 



NOTES ON THE ORATION FOR ARCHIAS 343 

122. 20. corporis motu: implying grace and activity, and 
contrasted with animonim motus atque celeritatem ingeniorum 
(note the chiastic order, and see 160). The plural in animonim and 
ingeniorum suggests that Cicero had in mind various men of the 
kind. 

122. 24-25. (Sect. 18.) hoc novo genere dicendi: see p. 
115, 1. 5. 

122. 26. cum : how translated ? Observe the context. 

122. 27-29. eis ipsis rebus, quae turn agerentur: that is to 
say, 'current events.' For the mood of agerentur see 142. — ex 
tempore: the power of extemporizing verse was not uncommon, 
although difficult and noteworthy. — revocatum: 'when encored'; 
sc. hunc vidi. — eandem rem . . . sententiis: that is to say, he 
would repeat the same thing in different language. 

122. 30. accurate cogitateque: with care (note the derivation) 
and thought, contrasted with his off-hand utterances. 

122. 31. veterum: of old, probably referring to the Greek 
writers, and undoubtedly an exaggeration; 173. 

Page 123. 1-3. diligam . . . admirer . . . putem: why sub- 
junctive? See 100. — sic . . . accepimus: sic looks forward to the 
following infinitive clauses and is best omitted in the translation. — 
ex . . . constare: depend upon; more literally, 'consist of/ 

123. 4. valere: derives his power from. The sentiment is ex- 
pressed in the proverb poeta nascitur, non fit. Natura is abl. of 
cause; note the literal meaning of valere. 

123. 5. quasi . . . quodam: the expression is doubly quali- 
fied; see note on p. 114, 1. 29. 

123. 6. Qua re: explained by the following quod clause. — 
suo hire: see note on suo, p. 114, 1. 11. — ille: see note on illi, 
p. 116, 1. 21. — Ennius: the 'Father of Latin poetry/ born at 
Rudiae in Calabria in 239 B.C. Cicero frequently quotes him. 

123. 8. videantur: subjunctive, representing the thought of 
Ennius; 'because it seems to him that/ etc.; 142, a. 

123. 9-10. (Sect. 19.) Sit: 104, a. — humanissimos homines : 
contrasted with barbaria. Since humanus is derived from homo, 
we have a kind of word-play (162) which, however, is hardly trans- 
latable into English. — poetae: 64. 

123. 11. Saxa . . . consistunt: Cicero probably had in mind 
the stories of Orpheus and Amphion. The latter by playing on his 
lyre caused the stones to take their places of their own accord in the 
walls of Thebes. Observe the alliteration in saxa et solitudines; 
161. 



344 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

123. 13. nos: emphatic, contrasted with saxa et solitudines 
and bestiae. 

123. 14-16. Homerum: seven cities claimed the honor of 
being his birthplace. These are given in various hexameter lines, 
one of which is: 

' Smyrna, Rhodos, Colophon, Salamis. Chios, Argos, Athenae.' 

— dicunt . . . vindicant . . . repetunt . . . confirmant: 163. — Sala- 
minii: the reference is to the city in Cyprus, not to the island near 
Athens. — itaque : ita + -que, and so, and on that account. — eius : of 
his, with delubrum, instead of a dative with dedicaverunt. 

123. 17. inter se: with one another, for the honor of being his 
native place. 

123. 19. alienum: a foreigner, which he must have been with 
relation to at least six of the seven cities. 

123. 20. vivum: contrasted with post mortem etiam. 

123. 21. noster: our fellow citizen, contrasted with alienum. — 
Praesertim cum: And that too when, but cum is circumstantial in 
force, as is shown by the following subjunctive; 117. 

123. 22. olim: long since. 

123. 23. gloriam laudemque: praise and glory; in English 
we commonly reserve the stronger word of such a pair for the end. 

123. 24. Cimbricas res: the Cimbric War, referring to the 
victory of Marius in 102 B.C. — adulescens: appositive, in his youth. 

123. 25. durior ad : too rough for (more literally ' with refer- 
ence to '); that is, too rude and unpolished to be interested in 
poetry. But his interest in the work of Archias is accounted for 
in the following sentence. 

123. 26-28. (Sect. 20.) qui non . . . patiatur: a relative 
clause of result, 'as not willingly to allow.' 

123. 29. Athenis: 87. — quereretur: impersonal. 

123. 30. acroama: a Greek word transliterated and adopted 
into the Latin language; cf. our prestige, cafe, and the like. — Eius: 
sc. vocem se audire, the beginning of the reply of Themistocles. 

Page 124. 2. item: also; that is, he valued Lucius Plotius as 
highly as he did Archias. — Plotium: L. Plotius Gallus, the first 
teacher of Latin rhetoric at Rome. — cuius . . . putabat: has 
causal force. Note that this alone does not demand the subjunc- 
tive; and see 122. 

124. 3. gesserat: = 'his deeds.' For the mood see 143. 
124. 5. (Sect. 21.) in multa varietate : that is, with changing 

fortunes and variety, in the manner of warfare. 






NOTES ON THE ORATION FOR ARCHIAS 345 

124. 6. ab hoc: i.e., by Archias. — expressum: delineated, 
described; cf. expressas, p. 121, 1. 10. Although Cicero intimates 
that Archias described the entire war, which lasted for twenty-six 
years, he seems to have confined himself wholly, or in great part, to 
the campaigns of Lucullus from 73 to 66 B.C., as Cicero himself in- 
dicates in what follows. — qui libri: and these books, or this poem, re- 
ferring to the various books making up the poem on the Mithridatic 
War. 

124. 8. Populus enim Romanus: emphatic; 'For it was the 
Roman people that/ etc. 

124. 9. opibus: resources, including fortified places, troops, 
money, and all the sinews of war. 

124. io-ii. natura et regione: equivalent to loci natura; 
156. — populi Romani . . . populi Romani: emphatic, like populus 
Romanus in line 8. — non maxima: 157. 

124. 13. eiusdem: = Luculli. 

124. 14. ore ac faucibus: the war is likened to a wild beast; 
166. The phrase might be translated 'open jaws/ or 'gaping jaws/ 

124. 15. nostra: as ours, as our exploit. Emphatic position, 
like that of populus Romanus above (line 8). 

124. 16-17. L. Lucullo dimicante: that is, although the 
leader of our forces was Lucius Lucullus. — cum . . . depressa . . . 
est: explanatory of pugna, p. 125, 1. 1. Interfectis ducibus is co- 
ordinate in sense with classis depressa est, 'when the fleet was 
sunk and its leaders slain/ 

Page 125. 2. quae quorum . . . ab eis: = et ab eis quorum 
• • . ea (those deeds). 

125. 4-5. (Sect. 22.) superiori: the elder Africanus, the 
conqueror of Hannibal. — itaque: and therefore, like itaque on p. 
123, 1. 16. 

125. 6. sepulcro Scipionum: the tomb (burial-place) of the 
Scipios, which is still to be seen on the Appian Way, within the 
Aurelian Wall but outside the porta Capena and the wall of Scipio' s 
time. In it was found the sarcophagus shown on p. 124. 

125. 7. putatur: evidently the bust, unlike the sarcophagi, 
had no inscription. Livy tells us that the tomb contained three 
busts and that they were supposed to be those of Publius Scipio, 
Lucius Scipio, and Quintus Ennius. The inscriptions on the sar- 
cophagi have come down to us, and are among our earliest records 
of the Latin language. 

125. 11. In caelum: we say, 'to the skies/ — huius: sc 



346 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

Catonis, referring to Cato Uticensis, who was living at the time 
and was probably present in the court-room. 

125. 12. proavus: the elder Cato; see p. 122, 1. 1. — tollitur: 
sc. by Ennius, in his Annals, an epic poem celebrating the history 
of Rome. 

125. 15-16. Maximi, Marcelli, Fulvii: referring to heroes 
celebrated by Ennius; the plural indicates a type, as we speak of 
our Washingtons and Franklins. The reference is to Q. Fabius 
Maximus, 'the Shield of Rome/ M. Claudius Marcellus, 'the 
Sword of Rome/ and M. Fulvius Nobilior, conqueror of the Aeto- 
lians. — non sine: 157. 

125. 18. ilium: the eminent man; cf. illi, p. 116, 1. 21. — haec 
fecerat: had done this; that is, had conferred such glory on the 
name of Rome. — Rudinum: with concessive force, 'though a man 
of Rudiae/ an insignificant town compared with Heraclea, in which 
Archias claimed citizenship. 

125. 19-20. Heracliensem: a citizen of Heraclea. — civita- 
tibus: 78. — hac: sc. civitate. 

125. 22. (Sect. 23.) Nam: as frequently, an ellipsis is im- 
plied: 'Let no one urge as an objection that Archias wrote in 
Greek, for/ or something similar. 

125. 24-25. Graeca: neuter plural used as a noun, Greek. — 
omnibus fere gentibus: because of the Greek colonies in all parts 
of the world and the conquests of Alexander the Great. To-day 
the spoken Greek language is far from being confined to Greece. 
— Latina: like Graeca, in line 24. We should use the singular in 
both instances. — exiguis sane: 'which are unquestionably small/ 
Latin was at first spoken only in Latium, while Greek, Etruscan, 
and other languages and dialects were spoken in other parts of Italy. 
It gradually spread over the entire peninsula and over the various 
provinces acquired by Rome; but Cicero's statement is true of the 
time to which it refers. 

125. 26. regionibus: here has very nearly the force of ter- 
minis, 'boundaries' (cf. the two senses of finis and fines). The 
statement is an exaggeration (173), but is in part justified by Pom- 
pey's victories against Sertorius in the far West and over Mithri- 
dates in the East. 

125. 27-28. quo . . . pervenerint: the relative, as is often 
the case, precedes its antecedent eodem, which should come before 
quo in the translation. For the mood see 142, a. — manuum . . . 
tela: our armed forces. 

125. 29. cum . . . turn: not only . . . but also. — populis: da- 



NOTES ON THE ORATION FOR ARCHIAS 347 

tive governed by ampla. Note the force of the plural. — haec: these 
things, referring to gloriam famamque. 

Page 126. i. eis: the individuals who make up the armies of 
the populi. — de vita: that is, 'at the risk of their lives/ 'with their 
lives as the prize of victory/ 

126. 2-3. hoc: this (thing), referring to gloriam famamque, 
but singular by attraction to the predicate noun incitamentum ; cf. 
haec, p. 125, 1. 29. — periculorum et laborum: objective genitives 
with incitamentum; what preposition should be used in translat- 
ing? 

' 126. 4. (Sect. 24.) ille: cf. ilium, p. 125, 1. 18. In connec- 
tion with magnus, ille may be translated by the definite article, 
a force which it gradually assumed. The definite articles in the 
Romance languages (e.g., French le, la) come from ille, ilia. 

126. 5. Atque . . . tamen: And yet; the thought is, 'al- 
though he had many writers about him, no one of them was a 
Homer/ In fact, the works of all these men have perished. We 
have an account of Alexander in Greek by Arrian and in Latin by 
Quintus Curtius, of the time of Nero, based in part on two of these 
scriptores, Aristobulus and Ptolemaeus Lagi. 

126. 6. Sigeo : at the entrance to the Hellespont. There were 
there a temple and a tomb of Achilles. 

126. 7. astitisset: stood; pluperfect because of the literal 
meaning of the word, 'had taken his stand/ 

126. 10. Homerum: a Homer, meaning a poet like Homer. 
Cf. Maximi, etc., p. 125, 1. 15. 

126. 11. praeconem: for the meaning cf . praeconium, p. 123, 
1. 28. — inveneris: a typical example of a characteristic clause with 
causal force, since you found; 122. 

126. 12. vere: sc. dixit. 

126. 13. ilia: see note on ille, p. 126, 1. 4. Here the definite 
article is a sufficient translation. 

126. 17-18. noster hie Magnus: this Magnus of ours, referring 
to Pompey and implying that he was Rome's Alexander the Great. 
Sulla addressed Pompey by the title Magnus at the close of his 
campaign in Africa in 81 B.C., when Pompey was only twenty-five 
years old; he adopted it as a surname and it became hereditary 
in his family. 

126. 20. nonne: postponed to emphasize ille noster Magnus. 
The sentence, of course, begins as a question. 

126. 21. Theophanem: his work on Pompey's campaigns has 
perished, but it is mentioned by various ancient writers, including 



348 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

Plutarch, who implies that he sacrificed the truth in order to glorify 
his hero. 

126. 25-26. nostri illi: i.e., milites nostri. — sed: in its con- 
nection may be translated 'although'; it contrasts fortes viri, 
"brave heroes/ with rustici ac milites, 'rude soldiers.' — quadam: 
'what we may call'; see note on p. 114, 1. 29. 

126. 27. quasi: here approaches the meaning which it later 
acquired of 'because' or 'as,' rather than 'as if.'— eiusdem laudis: 
namely, the praise given Pompey by Theophanes. 

126. 28. illud: the act, of conferring citizenship on Theoph- 
anes. 

126. 29. (Sect. 25.) legibus: 84. 

126. 30. ut . . . donaretur, perficere: cf. p. 115, 1. 18, above. 
A general not infrequently conferred citizenship upon foreigners. 
Caesar, according to Suetonius, thus honored an entire legion of 
Gauls. See also the reference to Sulla in line 31. 

126. 31. potuit: note the mood and see 129. — Sulla: subject 
of donaret. Cum should be translated first. — donaret: sc. civitate. 

126. 32. petentem: equivalent to si petisset. — quern: has 
for its antecedent not the nearer hunc but the subject Sulla. It 
is best translated by a personal pronoun. The relative also implies 
a conjunction, the force of which is suggested by the context, and 
yet, or and that too when. 

126. 33. libellum: any small bit of writing, not necessarily in 
book form. — de populo: of the people, modifying poeta. It is not 
very common for a prepositional phrase to qualify a noun, but there 
is no adjective to take its place. Popularis would not do in this 
connection, any more than 'popular' would in English. — subiecis- 
set: the prefix implies the meaning 'passed up' to Sulla, who was 
presiding at a sale (see line 35) and sat upon a raised tribunal. 

126. 34-35. quod epigramma: may be translated as if it were 
epigramma (in apposition with libellum) quod. Epigramma here 
has the meaning of 'a (short) poem.' — fecisset: 145. — alternis . . . 
longiusculis : i.e., with every other verse a little longer than the pre- 
ceding one, a characteristic of elegiac verse. Probably the lines 
were approximately metrical, but otherwise mere prose. The 
diminutive implies contempt. — ex eis rebus . . . quas vendebat: 
referring to the property of citizens, which had been confiscated 
during the proscriptions. 

Page 128. 2. Qui: the antecedent is the subject of expetisset, 
which may be translated first. Or qui may be translated 'since 



NOTES ON THE ORATION FOR ARCHIAS 349 

he' and followed by the question. — sedulitatem : officiousness , im- 
plying excessive or ill-timed attentions. 

128. 3. aliquo . . . tamen: some . . . at least; 'although 
not a great one' is implied. — huius: i.e., Archias. 

128. 6. (Sect. 26.) per se: that is, 'through his own merits.' 
— per Lucullos: i.e., Lucius and Marcus Lucullus, who were related 
to Metellus through their mother. 

128. 7. Qui praesertim: 122. 

128. 8-9. scribi: impersonal; it may be translated as if it 
were suas res describi. — pingue . . . atque peregrinum: that is, 
their pronunciation of Latin, since they were of foreign birth, was 
somewhat outlandish and provincial. On the case of quiddam, 
with which the adjectives agree, see 59, b. 

128. 11. hoc: referring to the sentence beginning with trahi- 
mur. 

128. 12. prae nobis ferendum: that is, 'must openly be ad- 
mitted/ 

128. 13. optimus quisque maxime: the meaning is that men's 
love of glory is proportionate to their merit. 

128. 14. Ipsi illi: even the, or the very. — libellis: here has the 
meaning of books, or treatises; see note on libellum, p. 126, 1. 33. 

128. 15-16. inscribunt: that is, 'write in the title/ or 'on 
the title-page/ — in eo ipso, in quo: they wish to acquire fame by 
the very works which they write on despising glory. In eo ipso 
may be translated 'in the very case/ — praedicationem nobilita- 
temque: praedicationem corresponds with praedicari and nobili- 
tatem with nominari (both from the root of nosco). What then 
is the meaning of nobilitatem? — despiciunt: here means 'express 
their contempt/ 

128. 17. praedicari: impersonal, like scribi in line 8. Trans- 
late in a similar manner. 

128. 18. (Sect. 27.) Decimus Brutus: consul in 138 B.C., 
surnamed Gallaecus from his victory in Spain; see note on Acci, 
line 19 below. — quidem: in fact. 

128. 19. Acci: Lucius Accius, the tragic poet. He dedicated 
a work to Brutus, from which several lines were inscribed upon the 
temple of Mars, which Brutus built from the spoils of his wars with 
the Lusitani and Gallaeci. 

128. 20. ille : to be taken with Fulvius, referring to the famous 
Marcus Fulvius Nobilior, consul in 189 B.C.; see above, p. 125, 1. 15. 

128. 21. Ennio comite: accompanied by Ennius (see note, 



350 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

p. 123, 1. 6). Ennius made the capture of Ambracia by Fulvius the 
subject of a Roman tragedy (fabula praetexta). 

128. 22-23. Musis: by building the temple of Hercules and 
the Muses near the Circus Flaminius at Rome, and adorning it with 
works of art. Note the alliteration in Martis manubias Musis. — 
in qua urbe . . . in ea: translate as if it were in ea urbe, in qua.— 
prope armati: that is, almost before they had finished their cam- 
paigns. Armati is contrasted with togati in line 24. 

128. 26-27. (Sect. 28.) id: namely, honor and protect 
poets, implied in non debent . . . abhorrere. — me indicabo: I 
will betray myself, 'make a confession about myself/ — quodam: 
qualifying amore, which is a strong expression; 'almost a passion 
for glory/ — nimis acri . . . honesto: translate by a relative clause. 

128. 29. quas res: = eas res, quas. — nos: see note on nos, 
p. 114, 1. 27, above. Note the change of number from that of in- 
dicabo and confitebor. — vobiscum simul: that is, with your help. 
The classes of men from which the jurors were drawn (see 51) had 
supported Cicero against Catiline. 

128. 31. attigit . . .. inchoavit: implying that he had begun 
a poem on the subject. Apparently it was never finished. 

Page 129. 2-3. virtus: worth, meaning 'a man of worth'; 

175. 

129. 4. hanc: sc. mercedem; hanc means 'this of which I 
have been speaking/ — laudis et gloriae: 64. For the translation 
see note on p. 123, 1. 23, above. — qua: remember that the relative 
at the beginning of a sentence is best translated by a demonstrative 
and a conjunction determined by the context. Here the idea is ad- 
versative, and the abl. abs. has conditional force; hence 'but if 
this/ Quidem merely emphasizes qua and may be rendered by 
giving 'this' an extra stress. 

129. 5-6. quid est quod . . . exerceamus : 'what reason have 
we for busying ourselves V 107. 

129. 7. (Sect. 29.) si . . . posterum: that is, had no con- 
cern for the future, but regarded only the present. 

129. 8-9. quibus regionibus . . . eisdem: = eisdem terminis 
(cf. p. 125, 1. 26) quibus. 

129. ii« de ipsa vita: see note on de vita, p. 126, 1. 1, above. 
— Nunc: But as it is; that is, since men do have regard for the 
future. 

129. 12. virtus: be careful in translating the word. Note its 
various meanings and consider the context. 

129. 16. (Sect. 30.) An vero: implying 'is not what I have 



NOTES ON THE ORATION FOR ARCHIAS 351 

just said true, or can it be that?' See note on an, p. 118, 1. 30, 
above. — parvi animi: 65. — videamur: 100. 

129. 17. atque: and therefore; public life involves dangers 
and hard work. — his vitae periculis laboribusque : 'this dangerous 
and toilsome life/ 

129. 18. extremum spatium: sc. vitae. 

129. 20-21. omnia: everything which we have accomplished. 
— An: a simple interrogative, continuing the previous question. — 
statuas et imagines: statues and portraits ; imagines is the more gen- 
eral word, meaning a likeness of any kind, although it often refers 
specifically to the wax masks exhibited in the atrium of a nobleman. 
Note also simulacrum, ' likeness' (line 21) and effigiem, 'represen- 
tation' (line 23). 

129. 24. expressam: see note on p. 121, 1. 10. 

129. 25. Ego vero: emphatic. — iam turn in gerendo: 'in the 
very act of doing them/ 

129. 26. spargere . . . ac disseminare: a kind of hendiadys, 
since the second word defines the first more exactly; see 156. 

129. 27. Haec vero: in the emphatic position, to be trans- 
lated after sive. Haec refers to memoriam sempiternam; vero is 
not emphatic as in line 25, but a simple connective, = autem. — a 
meo sensu . . . afutura est sive . • • pertinebit: that is to say, 
whether I shall be conscious of it or not. 

129. 28. sapientissimi homines: referring to great philoso- 
phers, such as Pythagoras, Plato, and Socrates, poets like Pindar 
and Sophocles, and orators like Demosthenes, who maintained that 
the soul was immortal. 

Page 130. 1-2. ad aliquam . . . pertinebit: 'will be enjoyed 
by some part of me'; namely, my soul. — nunc quidem: for the 
present, at least. — quadam: here makes the thought indefinite, a 
certain. 

130. 3-4. (Sect. 31.) pudore eo quern: 'of a virtue which/ 
that is, 'so great that'; 85. 

130. 5. vetustate: like dignitate, governed by amicorum and 
referring to the long continuance of their friendship. The idea of 
the three words may be combined in some such phrase as 'the last- 
ing friendship of eminent men.' 

130. 6-8. quod . . . videatis: a characteristic clause, quali- 
fying id (ingenium). — summorum hominum ingeniis: 'men of dis- 
tinction and talent.' See 175. — expetitum esse videatis: = ex- 
petitum sit, ut videtis. — causa eiusmodi: abl. of quality, like pudore 
eo and ingenio tanto, eiusmodi taking the place of a modifying 



352 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

adjective; cf. 85. We should say in English, 'whose case be- 
sides is of such a character/ — beneficio legis: a double phrase for 
lege, to correspond with auctoritate municipi, testimonio Luculli, 
and tabula Metelli. — municipi: Heraclea. 

130. io-ii. si qua . . . debet: put in the conditional form, 
but really causal in essence. — divina : since poets were regarded as 
a gift of the gods (cf. deorum aliquo dono . . . commendati nobis, 
p. 123, 1. 7, above), Archias, a man of such talent, ought to enjoy the 
favor and protection of both gods and men. 

130. 12. eum: what is the construction of this word? Read 
the sentence carefully through in Latin. 

130. 13-14. his recentibus . . . domesticis periculis: 'these 
dangers from within which recently threatened us/ referring to the 
conspiracy of Catiline. Domesticis periculis forms a single idea and 
is thus modified by the adjectives recentibus, nostris, arid vestris. 

130. 15-16. ex eo numero, qui: = ex numero eorum, qui. 

130. 17-18. ut videatur: 'that it may be evident (seem) that 
he has been/ etc. — levatus: sc. esse. 

130. 19. (Sect. 32.) Quae: translate the antecedent first 
with the verb confido ; or make esse probata a finite verb and trans- 
late confido as suggested below (note on line 20). — de causa: that 
is, about the legal aspect of the case. 

130. 20. confido . . . probata esse omnibus: 'has surely 
met with general approval/ Omnibus is dative of reference, but 
it is almost equivalent to a dative of agency. 

130. 21. quae: see note on quae, line 19. 

130. 22. communiter de ipso studio: 'and in general about 
the calling itself/ namely, that of the poet. 

130. 23-24. spero esse accepta: 'have found favor, I hope/ 
Cf. note on quae, line 19. — eo . . . exercet: that is, the presiding 
judge, Cicero's brother Quintus. — certo scio: sc. esse in bonam 
partem accepta; 'I am positive that they have/ 



NOTES ON THE ORATION FOR MILO 

Page 136. 1-2. (Sect. 1.) Etsi vereor: this introduction to 
the speech (pronuntiatio) is discussed by Quintilian in his treatise on 
Oratory. Cicero thinks it shameful for one who pleads the cause 
of a man of courage like Milo to show fear himself; yet he cannot 
but be disturbed by the unusual circumstances. — pro fortissimo viro : 



NOTES ON THE ORATION FOR MILO 353 

used generally, whence we have timere also used absolutely, with- 
out me. 

136. 4-5. animi magnitudinem : here means courage. — novi 
. . . forma: referring to the fact that the trial was not before one 
of the regular courts, and also to the presence of the armed guard. 

136. 6-7. consuetudinem: the usual aspect. 

136. 8. corona: ablative of means. It refers to the circle of 
spectators, now kept at a distance by the armed guard, instead of 
being close to the tribunal. 

136. 9. (Sect. 2.) non ilia . . . non: the two negatives neu- 
tralize each other, giving to the verb the force of 'cannot fail to.' 

136. 10. pro templis: pro is used here as in pro rostris and 
similar expressions. The troops were drawn up on the steps (the 
front part) of the temples facing on the Forum. 

136. 11-14. ut . . . possimus: 108. — ne non timere quidem: 
ne is to be taken with quidem and non with timere. — timere . . • 
timore: a kind of word-play (162). The very thing which prevents 
our fearing violence fills us with an indefinable fear (quodam timore). 

136. 15. opposita: the troops were asked for by Milo and his 
friends, yet because of Pompey's attitude towards the case they 
might seem to have been employed against Milo. — cederem tem- 
pori: / should yield to circumstances. In one of his Letters {Ad 
Fain., IV. 9. 2) Cicero says: cedere tempori, id est necessitati 
parere, semper sapientis est habitum, ' it has always been con- 
sidered the part of a wise man to yield to circumstances, that is to 
say, to submit to necessity/ 

136. 17-18. Cn. Pompei . . . consilium: = quod Cn. Pom- 
pei consilium est. The fact that it is Pompey who has taken these 
measures to preserve the peace reassures the orator; or, at least, so 
he pretends. — qui nee . . . putaret: would not consider it; that is, 
if anyone had asked for protection against Milo; 105, b. 

136. 19. iustitiae suae : consistent with his sense of justice ; 64. 
— quern reum . . . eundem: for eundem reum, quern. 

136. 20. tradidisset: 142, a. 

136. 21-22. sapientiae: sc. suae, and for the construction 
and meaning cf. iustitiae suae, line 19. — temeritatem . . . armare: 
that is, to give the excited mob the support of the soldiers, which 
would be the case if they were hostile to Milo. 

136. 24. (Sect. 3.) denuntiant: 174. 

136. 25. quieto (animo) . . . magno animo: 85. Magno here 
has the meaning of 'courageous/ as in magnanimus. 

136. 27-28. silentium: a quiet hearing; that is, an opportu- 



354 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

nity to be heard without interruption. Cicero speaks as if this were 
the speech which he actually delivered, but see the Introd. to this 
oration, p. 135. — quae ... est: so far as it consists; restrictive 
use of the relative. By implication the adherents of Clodius are 
represented as slaves and foreigners. — neque . . . non: = neque 
est quisquam eorum, qui non. 

136. 29. undique intuentis, unde: they had occupied all the 
places from which a view of the Forum and the court could be had. 

Page 137. 1-2. cum . . . turn: not only . . . but also. — de se 

. . . fortunis: we have two pairs of ideas, se et liberis, patria et 
fortunis. 

137. 3. decertari: used impersonally. 

137. 4. Unum: i.e., only one. Adversative asyndeton; see 
155. — eorum: namely, of those; 64. 

137. 5. omnibus: here, all kinds of. 

137. 6. exitiis publicis: i.e., acts ruinous to the common- 
wealth.- — hesterna etiam contione : etiam has a temporal force with 
hesterna, as in etiam turn and etiam nunc. The reference is to the 
meeting at which T. Munatius Plancus roused the mob against 
Milo. 

137. 7. voce praeirent: the regular expression for dictating a 
lesson to schoolboys, or a formula w T hich is to be repeated word for 
word, such as a prayer. — quid iudicaretis: that is, what verdict 
you were to give. 

137. 9. retineatis: namely, in Rome, instead of sending him 
into exile, which would be his fate if he were found guilty. 

137. 12. (Sect. 4.) animis: has the same meaning as magno 
animo, p. 136, 1. 25. Adeste animis may be translated take cour- 
age, or be of good courage. 

137. 15. locus: an opportunity . 

137. 16. amplissimorum ordinum: to be taken with delectis 
viris. The reference is to the orders, or classes, from which the 
jurors were selected; see 51. — delectis viris: because those eligible 
for service as jurors were selected by lot for the various trials. 

137. 17. studia: good-will. 

137. 18. significassent : for the mood see 145. — re: be care- 
ful in selecting an English equivalent for this word; it is contrasted 
with vultu and verbis. 

137. 19. earn potestatem omnem: full power; earn leads up 
to ut statuatis and need not be translated. 

137. 20-21. nos: Cicero identifies himself and his fortunes 
with those of his client. — vestrae auctoritati: that of the better 



NOTES ON THE ORATION FOR MILO 355 

class of citizens, represented by the viri delecti, whose adherent 
Cicero had always been. — dediti fuimus : here differs very slightly in 
meaning, if at all, from dediti sumus. — miseri: in wretchedness. — 
lugeamus: would have been subjunctive also in the direct form; see 

100. 

137. 22-23. ac P er • • - sapientiamque : an amplification of 
per vos. Fidem has reference to the oath taken by the jurors, while 
virtutem means courage to defy the opposition. — recreemur: sub- 
junctive for the same reason as lugeamus above (line 21). 

137. 24. (Sect. 5.) nobis duobus: referring to Cicero and his 
client Milo. Cicero had already suffered exile. 

137. 25. exercitum: the participle. 

137. 26. ad rem publicam: into politics or a public career. 

137. 27. suppliciorum : referring to his banishment; see the 
Introd. to this oration, p. 132. 

137. 28. Equidem: here has the force of quidem and looks 
forward to vero (p. 138, 1. 1). — tempestates et procellas: a common 
metaphor; 166. 

137. 29. dum taxat: at least; for the derivation and literal 
meaning see Vocab. — contionum: referring to popular assemblies in 
general. 

137. 30. bonis: as usual in Cicero, refers to the optimates, or 
nobles, and their adherents. 

Page 138. 1. senserat: had sided with; here with a political 
signification. — vero: contrasts in iudicio with ceteras . . . con- 
tionum. — consilio: a council; the jurors are regarded as an advisory 
council to the praetor. 

138. 2-3. cunctis ordinibus: the three orders from which the 
jurors were selected (see 51) were the only ones recognized as such. 
The rest of the population of Rome formed the vulgus, or plebs, the 
proletariat. — numquam existimavi: has almost the force of T 
never should have thought/ 

138. 4. non modo . . . sed etiam: in English we should in- 
vert the two clauses, rendering sed etiam by 'even' and non modo 
by 'not to speak of ' or 'to say nothing of/ — ad exstinguendam . . . 
inf ringendam : for the more usual genitive after spem habituram. 
Translate as if it were salutis exstinguendae, etc. The literal mean- 
ing is 'in the direction of ' or 'with reference to/ 

138. 6. (Sect. 6.) Quamquam: And yet, correcting what pre- 
cedes. — tribunatu: in 57 B.C., when he was active in bringing about 
Cicero's recall from banishment, an act which the orator char- 



356 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

acteristically regards as among the rebus pro salute rei publicae 
gestis. 

138. 7-8. rebus omnibus: all the other things; see the pre- 
ceding note. — ad huius criminis defensionem: for the rebuttal of 
this charge; remember the literal meanings of criminis and defensio. 
— abutemur : take advantage of. The word is used because the acts 
of Milo's tribunate have no direct bearing on his guilt or innocence 
of the present charge. — Nisi oculis, etc.: in this sentence Cicero gives 
the possible lines which his defense might take. Since there is no 
question as to the fact that Milo killed Clodius, his advocate might 
urge : (1) that the act was done in self-defense (insidias . . . f actus) ; 
(2) that Milo ought to be pardoned because of his previous services 
to his country; or (3) that Clodius' s death was to the advantage 
of the commonwealth (idcirco . . . adsignetis). Although Brutus 
wrote a speech in which he adopted the last of these three lines, 
Cicero chose the first, partly because that was Milo's own wish and 
partly because of his belief that not even a dangerous citizen ought 
to be put to death without due process of law. 

138. 10. crimen: here, deed. 

138. 11-12. postulaturi: sc. sumus. — si ... fuerit: si al- 
most has causal force, as si quidem frequently has. — salus vestra: 
your salvation, stronger than saluti vobis. — fuerit: note the tense 
and its force; it may be rendered shall become. 

138. 14. hac luce: the light of day, or daylight. Literally, 
'this light' all about us, with a gesture; cf. haec, p. 99, 1. 30, above. 
— turn denique: = 'then and not till then.' 

138. 15-16. si amisimus: like si fuerit, line 12 above. 

138. 18. (Sect. 7.) venio: 114. This part of Cicero's 'pul- 
cherrima oratio' is discussed by Quintilian {Inst. Orat., IV. 2. 24 
ff.). He says that it would have been useless to prove that Clodius 
had plotted against Milo — (1) if a man guilty of murder could not be 
acquitted under any circumstances; or (2) if Milo was already re- 
garded as guilty because of the action of the Senate; or (3) if Pompey 
had taken sides against him. — earn orationem: we should say, to 
that part of my speech. 

138. 19. vestrae quaestionis: the question directly before the 
jurors, that of the guilt or innocence of Milo. 

138. 21. ab improbis: opposed to boni: see note on p. 137, 
1. 30. 

138. 22. rem . . . quae veniat in iudicium: for quae res ve- 
niat in iudicium, 'the object of the judicial investigation,' 'the point 
at issue/ 



NOTES ON THE ORATION FOR MILO 357 

138. 24-25. Negant intueri . . . fateatur: that is, they de- 
mand a life for a life, although in Milo's case it meant his civic life, 
since he had the option, if found guilty, of going into exile. Cicero 
replies by showing that under some circumstances homicide is justi- 
fiable. 

138. 26. Nempe: Why, to be sure; from nam-pe, cf. quippe 
(quid-pe). — primum iudicium: predicate, as the first capital trial, 
that of Horatius. The reference is to the well-known combat of 
the Horatii and the Curiatii. After slaying the three Curiatii the 
surviving Horatius killed his sister because she showed grief for one 
of his opponents, to whom she had been betrothed. Horatius was 
condemned to death by the duumviri perduellionis, but appealed 
to the people. He was then formally tried and acquitted. Iudicium 
de capite refers to this trial. 

138. 27-28. nondum libera civitate: with concessive force: 
'although the event occurred during the regal period/ or ' before 
the time of the republic/ Cicero implies that greater justice is to 
be expected in a free state. — comitiis: the comitia curiata, the only 
one in existence at that time. 

138. 29. cum: what force has the word here ? 

138. 30. (Sect. 8.) de nomine occiso: about the killing of a 
man; 147. 

138. 31. quaeratur . , . solere . . . defendi: impersonal. Do 
not translate literally, but use some appropriate paraphrase. 

Page 139. 1. recte et iure: the former word has reference to 
the moral, the latter to the legal, standpoint. — Nisi vero : introduc- 
ing an ironical condition; 168. 

139. 2. P. Africanum: Publius Scipio Africanus the younger, 
brother-in-law of Tiberius Gracchus. Carbo was suspected of mur- 
dering him in 129 B.C. and was at any rate the indirect cause of his 
assassination, since it was Scipio's answer to Carbo's question which 
incensed the populace against him. 

139. 3. seditiose: that is, with intent to rouse the people to 
rebellion. 

139. 4. respondent: see 122. 

139. 5. iure caesum esse: according to Velleius Paterculus 
(II. 4. 4), Scipio said: si is occupandae rei publicae animum habuis- 
set, iure caesum, which is not quite the same thing. — Neque . . . 
non: (they) must have been; the two negatives neutralize each other. 
— Ahala ille Servilius: C. Servilius Ahala. The order of the names 
is inverted, and ille is added because the instance is a familiar one, 



358 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

often cited as an example of justifiable homicide. Because Spurius 
Maelius supplied the plebeians with grain at his own expense during 
a period of famine, he was suspected of aiming at making himself 
king. He was consequently put to death by Ahala, the master-of- 
horse of the dictator Cincinnatus, in 440 B.C. Ahala was, however, 
accused of murder and escaped death only by going into voluntary 
exile. 

139. 6. P. Nasica . . . L. Opimius: P. Cornelius Scipio 
Nasica, in his capacity of consul and pontifex maximus, was in- 
strumental in the death of Tiberius Gracchus, and L. Opimius in 
that of Gaius Gracchus. Neither escaped punishment; Nasica was 
sent to Asia by the Senate under color of an appointment as envoy 
and died at Pergamum, while Opimius was later exiled. These ex- 
amples of Cicero's are therefore not good ones, except as they il- 
lustrate the sentiments of the optimates of his own time. — C. 
Marius: in his sixth consulship, 100 B.C., he was forced to oppose 
the illegal acts of C. Servilius Glaucia, one of the praetors, and L. 
Appuleius Saturninus, tribune of the commons, both of whom were 
slain. 

139. 7. me consule senatus : referring to the execution of 
Lentulus and the other leaders in Catiline's conspiracy. 

139. 8. hoc: referring to eum . . . liberatum, lines 10^*. 

139. 9. fictis f abulis : in mythology . The theme was a favorite 
one both with the writers of tragedy and in the schools of rhetoric. 
Hence the term doctissimi homines, which was applied both to 
poets and to teachers of rhetoric. 

139. 10-12. eum . . . liberatum: Orestes, son of Agamem- 
non, avenged his father's death at the hands of Clytemnestra and 
Aegistheus by slaying them both. In consequence of his act he 
was pursued by the Furies. He fled to Athens, where he was tried 
before the court of the Areopagus. The votes of the jurors were 
evenly divided (variatis) between condemnation and acquittal, but 
Athena, the presiding judge, gave the casting vote in his favor. 

139. 13-14. (Sect. 9.) Quod si: introducing the last and 
strongest argument. — duodecim tabulae : turning from history and 
mythology, Cicero next cites the Twelve Tables, the ancient code of 
laws prepared by the Decemvirs (451-430 B.C.). — quoquo modo: 
under any circumstances, contrasted with si se telo defenderet. 
Some verbal idea must be supplied with quoquo modo for the syn- 
tax, but it is not necessary for the sense. 

139. 15-16. voluerunt: provided, not an uncommon force of 
volo. — interfectus sit: 145. 



NOTES ON THE ORATION FOR MILO 359 

139. 16. puniendum: sc. esse. The verb is used impersonally. 

139. 19. Atqui: Cicero now passes to actual instances of jus- 
tifiable homicide. — tempus: occasion. — hire . . . necandi: when ice 
are justified in killing. 

139. 20. quae multa sunt: and there are many such; the ante- 
cedent of quae is tempora, implied in tempus. — illud: explained by 
cum . . . defenditur. 

139. 21-22. defenditur: for the meaning cf. defensio, p. 138, 
1. 7. — Pudicitiam: this was a stock illustration in the schools of 
rhetoric, mentioned again by Cicero in his de Inventione, II. 124. 
— eriperet: standing for an imperfect indicative of attempted ac- 
tion; 91, 142. — militi: 74. — tribunus militaris: the official form of 
the title was tribunus rnilitum. 

139. 23. propinquus: used with concessive force. We are 
elsewhere told that the tribune's name was C. Lusius and that he 
was a nephew of Marius. — ab eo: i.e., a milite. 

139. 26. ille summus vir: Marius. 

139. 27. (Sect. 10.) vero: emphatic. 

139. 28. comitatus: in these troublous times prominent men 
were accompanied by an armed band of followers whenever they 
appeared in public. — volunt: mean, another common signification 
of volo. 

139. 29. nullo pacto: has the same meaning as nullo modo. 

139. 30. nata lex: that is, a natural law, or law of nature, as 
opposed to a written statute made by man. It is explained by the 
clause ut . . . salutis. 

139. 32. expressimus: put in writing; cf. expressas, p. 121, 
1. 10, above. — ad quam: this is not the usual construction with 
docti and imbuti sumus, but for the sake of brevity and uniformity 
it is used with all four verbs. Be careful to get the exact meaning 
of all the words and then translate into good English. 

Page 140. 1-4. ut . . . salutis: see note on p. 139, 1. 30. — 
incidisset . . . esset: a general statement, but made past by the 
influence of the perfects indicative of the main clause; see 95. — 
esset: may be translated 'should be employed.' 

140. 5. (Sect. 11.) inter arma: to be taken both with silent 
and se exspectari. 

140. 6. ei: 78. 

140. 7. Etsi: And yet. The thought is, 'but, after all, we 
need not appeal to a law of nature, since the written law admits 
the right of self-defense.' 



360 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

140. 8. ipsa lex: the Lex Cornelia on assassins and poisoners 
provided that anyone who went about armed (cum telo) for the 
purpose of murder or theft was liable to prosecution for murder. 

140. 10-12. causa, non telum: in other words, what is inves- 
tigated is the purpose of carrying the weapon, not the mere carry- 
ing of a weapon in itself. — quaereretur . . . iudicaretur : past 
tenses are used, although the main verb (vetat) is present, because 
Cicero has in mind the intention of the makers of the law at the 
time when it was passed; 95. 

140. 13. hoc: this point, namely insidiatorem iure interfici 
posse. — maneat in causa: that is, 'be a special item in our defense/ 

140. 14. probaturus sim: be careful in translating. 

140. 17. (Sect. 12.) Sequitur illud: that is, 'the next point 
to be considered is.' 

140. 18. caedem: the affray. — occisus est: stated as a fact; 
cf. p. 142, 1. 5, where the words are quoted. 

140. 19. contra rem publicam: a general formula by which 
the Senate characterized an event or action as prejudicial to the 
welfare of the community; the opposite of e re publica. 

140. 20. Ulam: the murder of Clodius (caedem; note the 
gender). — vero: here with the force of immo vero, on the contrary. 

140. 21. studiis: for the meaning cf. quibus assensionibus 
. . . nee tacitis nee occultis, line 22. — ilia causa: i.e., Milonis causa, 
which is used below, line 25. 

140. 23. nee tacitis nee occultis: sc. assensionibus. Because 
of quam we should translate nee tacitis and nee occultis by adjectives 
of the opposite meanings without a negative, loud and open; 157. — 
Quando : introduces a question after the exclamations with quotiens 
and quibus. — enim: gives the reason for using universi in the pre- 
ceding sentence. 

140. 24. summum: at rrtost, adverbial accusative; 60. 

140. 25-26. Declarant: sc. id, referring to the preceding sen- 
tence. — huius ambusti tribuni: T. Munatius Plancus. Huius is 
used because the event was so recent. The assembly at which he 
and his colleague. T. Pomponius Rufus, tried to arouse the people 
against Milo was broken up by the burning of the Senate-house, 
but he remained upon the Rostra until he was driven off by the 
flames. Hence the terms ambusti and intermortuae. 

140. 27. contiones: the plural refers to the meeting mentioned 
in the preceding note and the others which followed it, which are 
also called intermortuae because of the effect of the first one on 
Plancus. — potentiam: here, of course, used in a bad sense, tyranny. 



NOTES ON THE ORATION FOR MILO 361 

140. 28. criminabatur : sc. ille, referring to Plancus. — cum 
diceret: the cum clause is best rendered into English by a present 
participle; 117. 

140. 29. potentia: predicate nominative. 

140. 30. aut . . . aut: offering a choice, like vel . . . vel. 
Page 141. 1. merita: referring to his services in putting down 

Catiline's conspiracy, 

141. 2. hos: this pronoun is used because he is now engaged 
in them. — officiosos: conscientious, inspired by a sense of duty 
(officium). 

141. 3-4. appelletur . . . sane : the meaning is 'you are quite 
welcome to call it so'; 97. The subject is potentia. — dum modo 
. . . utamur: 132. 

141. 6. (Sect. 13.) Hanc . . . quaestionem: = de hac re 
quaestionem, 'a court to try this case/ Cf. quaestiones de caede, 
etc., below. 

141. 8. vel . . . vel: see note on aut . . . aut, p. 140, 1. 30. 
— de caede : with reference to the Lex Cornelia de sicariis et vene- 
ficis; see note on p. 140, 1. 8. — de vi: referring to a Lex Plautia on 
acts of violence or riots, under which Milo might also have been 
accused. 

141. 10-12. Cuius: the antecedent is eius below. The ante- 
cedent clause should be translated first. — illo incesto stupro: re- 
ferring to the profanation of the worship of Bona Dea; see the 
Introd. to this oration, p. 131. The Senate voted for an investiga- 
tion by a special court (quaestio de pollutis sacris), but was forced to 
have the case tried before a jury selected by lot from the three 
orders; see 51. — esset erepta: 142. 

141. 13-14. incendium curiae: see Introd. to this oration, p. 
134. — oppugnationem : since no consuls had been elected for the 
year 52 B.C., M. Aemilius Lepidus was appointed interrex, to ar- 
range for the new elections. It was not the custom for the first in- 
terrex to hold the elections, but one of those who succeeded him at 
stated intervals; but the partisans of Scipio and Hypsaeus, in the 
endeavor to hasten matters, tried to induce Lepidus to hold them. 
They actually laid siege to his house during the five days of his term 
of office and finally broke into it and did a great deal of damage. 

141. 17. non contra rem publicam: that is, quae non contra 
rem publicam est. Cicero's answer to his own question is unsatis- 
factory, since what he says would apply to any act of violence and 
not merely to the special case of Milo. 

141. 18. (Sect. 14.) ilia defensio: namely, that of necessity. 



362 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

— Nisi vero . . . non: the thought is that these measures, although 
to the advantage of the state, yet had harmful effects. 

141. 20-21. arma Saturnini: see note on C. Marius, p. 139, 
1. 6, above. — e re publica : the opposite of contra rem publicam. 

141. 23. ego ipse: although I was a friend of Milo. — de- 
crevi: here voted. 

141. 25. sed: instead of continuing with eum qui vim parasset 
contra rem publicam fecisse, which was not in the decree of the 
Senate, Cicero ends his sentence with an anacoluthon; 172. 

141. 26. crimen: that is, the question which of the two was 
guilty of vis et insidiae. — rem notavi: censured the act (of violence) 
itself, reserving a decision of the question which of the two was the 
guilty party. 

141. 27. tribunum: namely, T. Munatius Plancus. In trans- 
lating make tribunum (tribunus) the subject of your sentence. 

141. 29. Decernebat: sc. senatus; 91. — veteribus legibus: 
that is, those de sicariis and de vi mentioned above; 84. 

141. 30. extra ordinem: in other words, it was to be taken up 
at once, instead of awaiting its turn. — Divisa sententia est: the 
meaning is that the two parts of the motion, the recommendation of 
an immediate trial according to the existing laws (extra ordinem 
veteribus legibus) and the characterization of the act as contra rem 
publicam, were taken up separately. 

141. 31. nescio quo: someone or other; what follows shows 
that Cicero knew the man's name (it was Q. Fufius Calenus) but 
purposely did not mention it. 

Page 142. 1. reliqua auctoritas: that is, the second part of 
the motion was vetoed by the tribune Munatius and his colleague 
Sallustius, and therefore did not become a decree. A motion, how- 
ever, which was duly passed but rendered ineffective by a veto had 
the sanction of the Senate (auctoritas senatus), which carried some 
weight. — empta intercessione : there is no actual proof of bribery, 
but it was not uncommon and the charge is a frequent one. 

142. 3. (Sect. 15.) At enim: But, it may be urged, introduc- 
ing an objection. There is in thought an ellipsis between at and 
enim, ' but (all this is of no weight) for/ or something of the kind. — 
rogatione: bill, so called because it was proposed to the people in 
the form of a question: velitis iubeatisque, Quirites, hoc fieri vos 
rogo, f I ask you, citizens of Rome, whether you wish and bid this to 
be done/ 

142. 4. de causa: that is, concerning the legal aspect of the 
case. — tulit: sc. rogationem. 



NOTES ON THE ORATION FOR MILO 363 

142. 5. facta esset . . . occisus esset: subjunctive as an in- 
direct quotation from Pompey's bill; 142, a. 

142. 6. Nempe: To be sure. Here the word has no ironical 
force, as it often has. — porro: has here about the same force as 
autem. 

142. 7. paret: in judicial language = apparet. 

142. 8-9. iuris def ensionem : the plea of justification; for the 
case of iuris see 64. Note the chiastic order (160) and its effect in 
bringing facti and iuris together, thus emphasizing the contrast be- 
tween them. — Quod nisi: like quod si, but if . . . not. 

142. 10. cum videret . . . fateri: in English we should re- 
serve this until after neque . . . iussisset has been translated. 

142. 11-12. tarn . . . quam: as well . . . as. — salutarem 
. . . litteram . . . tristem: the former refers to the letter A, ab- 
solvo, 'I acquit'; the latter to C, condemno, 'I find guilty.' Each 
juror was given a tablet, on one side of which was the letter A 
written in the wax, on the other C. After taking oath to render a 
just judgment the juror erased one of the two letters and, covering 
the other with his hand, placed his tablet in a vase (sitella). Hanc 
is used with salutarem and illam with tristem, because the former 
was nearer the thoughts and heart of the speaker. — vero: on the 
contrary, said with reference to Fompeius . . . iudicasse videtur, 
lines 13-14. 

142. 15. oporteret: note the tense, future with reference to 
statuisse, not to videtur. 

142. 16. def ensionem: an opportunity for defense. 

142. 18. (Sect. 16.) ipse: Pompey, contrasted with mihi at 
the beginning of the preceding sentence. — quod: the antecedent is 
id understood, subject of tribuendum (esse). The first interroga- 
tive of the double question (utrum or some similar word) is omitted, 
but must, of course, appear in the translation. — sua sponte: the 
selection of a special court (quaestio) was Pompey' s own desire and 
was contrary to the wish of the Senate. 

142. 19. tempori: the (political) situation. 

142. 20-21. nobilissimus vir, etc.: Cicero arouses the expecta- 
tions of his hearers by enumerating all the man's characteristics 
before mentioning his name. — senatus propugnator: so called be- 
cause he tried to restore to the Senate the right of jury duty, which 
Gaius Gracchus had restricted to the equites, or knights. 

142. 22-23. M. Catonis: Cato Uticensis, one of the jurors in 
the trial of Milo. — tribunus plebis : placed before the name for em- 
phasis. As a tribune of the commons his person should have been 



364 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

sacred and inviolate. — M. Drusus: tribune of the commons in 91 
B.C. He attempted legislation which was designed to unite the 
factions in the state, and in order to content the Italians he pro- 
posed to give them all citizenship. The jealousy of the rival parties 
brought his plans to naught and he was slain by an unknown as- 
sassin. — Nihil . . . populus consultus: that is to say, no new law 
was proposed for legal proceedings with regard to his murder. On 
the case of nihil see 60. It is equivalent in meaning to an emphatic 
non. 

142. 26. P. Africano: see above, p. 139, 1. 2. He had espoused 
the cause of the Latins when Gaius Gracchus and his fellow com- 
missioners (tresviri agris dividundis) wished to distribute their land. 
On the morning when he was to have made a speech in behalf of the 
Italians he was found dead in his bed. 

142. 28-30. quern, etc.: the order is, ne necessariam quidem 
mortem exspeqtatam esse eius, quern . . • Necessariam mortem 
is 'a natural death/ 

142. 32. (Sect. 17.) alio facinore . . . alio: in other words, 
it is as much of a crime to kill a humble citizen as a great man; 
hence there is no need for special legislation in the case of the latter. 

Page 143. 1. Intersit: 103. 

143. 2. mors quidem: contrasted with vitae and emphasized 
by quidem. 

143. 3. teneatur: should be liable; 97. 

143. 4. humilem: of humble station, sc. patrem. 

143. 5. in monumentis: amid the memorials. The plural is a 
rhetorical one, referring to the Appian Way, built by Appius Clau- 
dius Caecus. The road led southward from Rome to Capua and 
was made when Appius was censor, in 312 b. c. It was later extended 
to Brundisium. 

143. 6. sit interfectus: 142, a. Represented as a quotation 
from the speakers in the popular gatherings (istis), who laid stress 
on this point. 

143. 7-8. muniverat: the regular term for building a road and 
appropriate to the elaborate construction of the great Roman high- 
ways. — qua: = ut ea. 

143. 9. latrocinarentur: Cicero adds to his refutation of the 
point made by his opponents a skilful reference to Clodius's lawless 
acts. * 

143. 10. (Sect. 18.) Itaque: And so; ironical. 

143. 11. M. Papirium: Pompey was holding as a hostage the 
young Tigranes, son of the king of Armenia, and had entrusted 



NOTES ON THE ORATION FOR MILO 365 

him to the keeping of a senator called Flavius. Clodius got posses- 
sion of the young prince by a trick and attempted to set him free. 
As Tigranes was being brought by a band of Clodius's followers 
along the Appian Way to Rome, after an unsuccessful attempt to 
escape by sea, he was met by a party of Pompey' s friends under 
Flavius. In the fight which ensued several were killed, including 
Papirius. 

143. 12-13. nobilis . . . equitem: the words are significant; 
a man of noble rank had killed a mere Roman knight, and that too 
amid the memorials to the greatness of his family. 

143. 14. quantas tragoedias: that is, 'what grief and lamen- 
tation ! ' 

143. 15-16. Quae . . . eadem: i.e., eadem via ( = Appia 
via), quae. — silebatur . . . crebro usurpatur: was not mentioned 
. . . is on every one's lips. 

143. 17. parricidae: here, merely a murderer; see Vocab. 
for the derivation of the word. 

143. 18. ilia: that is, 'those events of long ago/ such as the 
death of Drusus and Africanus. 

143. 19. templo Castoris: referring to the temple of Castor 
and Pollux in the Roman Forum, commonly known as the temple of 
Castor. Meetings of the Senate were sometimes held there, as they 
were in the other temples, and it was during one of these that a 
slave of Clodius attempted to assassinate Pompey, in 58 B.C., when 
Clodius was tribune of the commons. 

143. 20. ei: a dative of reference, nearly equivalent to a pos- 
sessive genitive modifying manibus. 

143. 21. caruit foro, etc.: avoided the Forum. Pompey took 
refuge in his own house, where he remained in a state of siege during 
the rest of the tribunate of Clodius. Cicero states this with rhetor- 
ical fulness and effectiveness. 

143. 22. publico: publicity; the neuter adj. is used as a 
substantive. — hire legum iudiciorumque : subjective genitives, 'the 
rights given (or assured) by the law and the courts/ 

143. 25. (Sect. 19.) ullum: its force extends to all three 
nouns: 'if ever the cause, the man, and the circumstances . . / — 
dignum: that is, of a relatio and a nova quaestio. 

143. 26. summa: predicate nominative and neuter plural, 
agreeing with haec ; ' in the highest degree/ ' in the fullest measure/ 

143. 27. in foro: since the temple of Castor was situated 
there. — in vestibulo . . . senatus: 'in the Senate's very entrance/ 

143. 29. porro: furthermore. 



366 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

143. 30. unus ille: since Pompey was the only man of great 
prominence in Rome at the time. Caesar was in Gaul, Cato had 
been sent to Cyprus, and Cicero was in banishment; Pompey alone 
remained to resist the designs of Clodius. 

143. 31. concidissent : con-, as often, has intensive force. 
The statement is an obvious exaggeration, made to natter Pompey. 

143. 32. Nisi vero: harking back to atqui si res, etc., line 25. 
The supposition is, of course, made ironically; 168. 

143. 33. exitus . . . non . . . consilia: the Digest, or col- 
lection of Roman lavvs (XLVIII. 8. 14), says in maleficiis voluntas 
spectatur, non exitus, ' in the case of crimes, the design is considered, 
not the result/ 

143. 34. vindicentur: present subjunctive, instead of the im- 
perfect, because the statement is a general one. — Minus . . . 
nihilominus: a word-play for rhetorical effect; 162. 

Page 144. 3. (Sect. 20.) rei publicae fortuna: implying that 
his preservation is for his country's good. 

144. 5. qui . . . conferre audeamus: in venturing to compare ; 
for the mood see 122. 

144. 8. Luget . . . maeret : note the emphatic position of the 
verbs and try to bring out the emphasis in your translation. In 
this sentence we have 'all Rome and all Italy ' expressed by their 
various parts (senatus . . . equester ordo . . . tota civitas . . . 
municipia . . .). 

144. 9. squalent: that is, 'they are in mourning garb/ 

144. 10. afflictantur : the verbs form a climax (163); afflic- 
tantur indicates the greatest external indications of grief, beating the 
breast and wringing the hands. 

144. 12. (Sect. 21.) Non fuit . . . non fuit: answering the 
question suggested at the beginning of Section 16, Publione Clodio 
tribuendum putarit an tempori. The repetition of non fuit adds 
emphasis; see 159. 

144. 14. divina quadam: truly prophetic; quidam is some- 
times emphatic, as it is here. 

144. 15. ilium: i.e., Clodium. The sentence is really subor- 
dinate in thought to what follows: 'since Clodius was his enemy and 
Milo his friend/ 

144. 17. reconciliatae gratiae: Pompey had been hostile to 
Clodius since the latter's tribunate in 58 B.C., but had recently be- 
come reconciled with him. Since Pompey was desirous of being 
made dictator, he feared that his reconciliation might seem insincere 
and inspired by motives of self-interest. 



NOTES OX THE ORATION FOR MILO 367 

144. 19. ipse: Pompey. The idea is that, however stern 
might be the measures which Pompey proposed, he was sure that 
the jurors would render a just verdict. 

144. 20. delegit: as jurors. — florentfssimis ordinibus : see 51. 
— ipsa lumina: that is to say, the very best representatives of the 
iudices, who were as a whole drawn from the best classes of citizens. 

144. 21. secrevit: while Cicero says that this charge is false, 
it yet indicates a belief in Pompey* s hostility to Milo. 

144. 23. id: with reference to secrevit . . . amicos meos. 
Cicero implies that he could not select 'good' men (see note on 
boni, p. 137, 1. 30) and leave out the orator's friends. 

144. 26. consuetudines : referring to various instances of in- 
timacy; hence the somewhat unusual plural of an abstract noun. — 
victus : note the quantity of the final syllable. What does it show ? 

144. 27. possumus: the ' edit oriaF plural; see note on nos, p. 
114, 1. 27, above. For the case of quid see 60. — eo : explained by the 
following clause, quod . . . bonis. — res publicae: i.e., his political 
life, politics. 

144. 29. idque: i.e., optimos viros legere. 

144. 30. non potuit . . . non: he could not fail to. — studiosos: 
be careful of the meaning; note the derivation of the word. For 
the case of mei see 68. 

Page 145. 1. (Sect. 22.) L. Domiti: referring to L. Domitius 
Ahenobarbus, consul in 54 B.C., brother-in-law of Cato Uticensis, a 
strong adherent of the aristocratic party and an opponent of Caesar. 
— praeesse : as quaesitor, a special judge appointed for the occasion, 
since the case did not come before the regular courts. 

145. 2. quaesivit: had an eye to, had in mind. 

145. 3. Tulit: proposed, as a part of his bill; the object is the 
clause ut . . . esset. — consularem: sc. praeesse. 

145. 4. credo: ironical, as it often is. 

145. 7. populares insanias: = popularium insanias, the mad 
acts of demagogues ; 175. In 66 B.C. Domitius had been active in 
defeating a measure to allow freedmen to be enrolled in all the tribes, 
instead of in the four city tribes only, as had heretofore been the 
rule. lam ab adulescentia is perhaps an exaggeration. 

145. 9-10. (Sect. 23.) Quam ob rem: introducing a sum- 
mary of the introductory part of the oration. — aliquando: at last. 
• — causam crimenque: may be taken together: 156. 

145. 12. nos vellemus: we could ivish. Nos refers to Milo 
and his defenders; vellemus (105, b) implies 'if the decree of the 



368 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

Senate could have been exactly as we wished it.' — lator ipse : namely, 
Pompey. 

145. 13. iuris: that is, as to the legal aspect of the case. 

145. 14. lecti: sc. sunt. 

145. 17. uter utri: we should say 'which of the two . . . the 
other.' It is a repetition in another form of the question implied in 
Section 6 (p. 138, 11. 8-9). 

145., 20. (Sect. 24.) P. Clodius, cum: here begins the nar- 
ratio, or statement of the case; see 35, c. It is highly praised by 
Quintilian in his work on oratory (Institutio Oratoria, IV. 2. 57). — 
cum statuisset . . . rem publicam: that is, when he had deter- 
mined to be a candidate for the praetorship, his election to which 
Cicero thought would be a public calamity. 

145. 21. tracta comitia: the consular and praetorian elections 
for 53 B.C. did not take place until July of that year. 

145. 22. superiore anno: 54 B.C., when the elections for 53 
B.C. should properly have been held. 

145. 23. qui . . . spectaret: in English we should put this 
before the when (cum) clause. Or the sentence might be divided 
into two, one consisting of the cum clause. For the force of qui see 
122. — honoris gradum: that is, the distinction which the office con- 
ferred. 

145. 24. L. Paulum: L. Aemilius Paulus was a member of the 
aristocratic party and as such opposed to Clodius. He was after- 
ward consul, in 50 B.C. — collegam: appositive, as a colleague. 

145. 25. integrum: unbroken, not cut short; that is, by the 
postponement and lateness of the elections. 

145. 26. suum annum : namely, the first year in which he was 
eligible for the praetorship, depending partly on his age and partly 
on the time which had elapsed since he held the aedileship. As 
Clodius had been aedile in 56 B.C. and two years must elapse between 
the aedileship and praetorship, he was eligible for election to the 
latter office in 53 B.C. But, to avoid having Paulus for a colleague, 
he waived the honor of being elected at the earliest possible time, 
which ordinarily was highly estimated. 

145. 27. ut fit: as (often) happens. — religione: from a relig- 
ious scruple, such as might arise from unfavorable auspices. 

145. 28. quod: for the more usual id quod, referring to the 
clause ut haberet , . . integrum. 

145. 29-30. plenum annum et integrum: instead of the six 
months or less which he would have if elected in July of 53 B.C. 

Page 146. 1. (Sect. 25.) Occurrebat: adversative asyndeton 



NOTES ON THE ORATION FOR MILO 369 

(155): But it occurred to him. — mancam ac debilem: lame and crip- 
pled. Mancam refers to the hands, while debilem is a general term. 

146. 2. consule Milone: with conditional force. — porro: here 
has about the force of autem, 'moreover/ 

146. 3. fieri: that is to say, was on the way to being elected; 
note the tense. 

146. 4. eius: = Milonis. — competitores : Hypsaeus and Scip- 
io. See Introd. to this oration, p. 133. — sed ita: but in such a 
way, qualifying contulit se with a mental ellipsis. He not only took 
up the cause of Milo's competitors, but assumed the entire manage- 
ment of their campaign. 

146. 6. Convocabat tribus: for electioneering purposes. 

146. 7. se interponebat : that is, he acted as the go-between 
from the candidates to the tribes, to convey their election promises 
and bribes. — Collinam novam . . . conscribebat : he enrolled a new 
Colline tribe. The Colline appears to have been the most notori- 
ously corrupt of the four city tribes, so that the expression is equiva- 
lent to 'he enrolled a new band of rascals/ There is an allusion to 
the fashion of canvassing by means of political clubs (collegia, 
sodalicia), whose members were drawn from among the people and 
divided into decuriae, in order to carry on an organized campaign 
for the candidate whom they supported. 

146. 8-9. Quanto . . . convalescebat: a metaphor from the 
sick-room (166). Note the similarity in sound of miscebat and 
convalescebat: 'the more potions he brewed, the stronger Milo 
grew.' 

146. 11-12. certissimum consulem: sc. fore. 

146. 13. suffrages . . . esse declaratum: that is, at the vari- 
ous elections which had been begun but were interrupted by vetoes, 
the announcement of bad omens, or violence. 

146. 15. (Sect. 26.) agrestis et barbaros: referring to the 
character of the slaves, not to their nationality or occupation. — 
quibus: the ablative of instrument is used, rather than that of 
agency, because the slaves are regarded as mere chattels. 

146. 16. Etruriam: Clodius had estates in Etruria near the 
Via Aurelia (Cicero, Philippics, 12. 23), but nothing further is 
known of the acts of violence here referred to. 

146. 17. deduxerat: as a band for street broils; see Introd. 
to the oration, p. 133. — minime obscura: 157. 

146. 19. vitam posse: asyndeton; 155. 

146. 20. M. Favonio: a senator and an active opponent of 
Clodius. 



370 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

146. 22. ilium: i.e., Milonem. 

146. 23. vocem: be careful of the meaning; see Vocab. if 
necessary. — hunc M. Catonem: hunc is used because Cato was pres- 
ent; see note on p. 142, 1. 22, above. 

146. 26. (Sect. 27.) sollemne: be careful of the meaning; 
note the derivation. The three adjectives (sollemne, legitimum, 
'required by law/ and necessarium) indicate in detail the imperative 
nature of Milo's departure from Rome at that time. 

146. 27-28. XIII Kalendas Februarias: 176. — Lanuvium: an 
ancient town of Latium, about twenty miles southeast of Rome and 
about a mile to the right of the Via Appia. It contained several 
shrines and temples, including a celebrated one of Juno Sospita; 
see p. 155. — ad flaminem prodendum: that is, to appoint aflamen, 
or priest, of Juno Sospita; literally, 'to proclaim/ or 'announce* (the 
election). This was Milo's duty as chief magistrate (dictator) of 
his native town. 

146. 29-30. ipse: Clodius. — fundum: estate, including land 
(ager) and the buildings upon it (villae). It was near the modern 
town of Albano. — re: that is, 'from what happened.' 

146. 31. ita: in such haste, explained by the following ut 
clause. 

Page 147. 1. obire: to select. 

147. 3. (Sect. 28.) Milo autem: Quintilian praises the skill 
with which Cicero indicates Milo's deliberateness and lack of any 
ulterior purpose. — eo die: January 18. 

147. 4. domum venit: Quintilian comments on the studied 
simplicity of Cicero's account. — calceos et vestimenta: in the Sen- 
ate Milo had worn the shoe characteristic of the senatorial order, 
with four thongs passing around the ankle and calf of the leg, and 
decorated with the lunula, or ivory crescent; also the toga prae- 
texta. These he changed for travelling garb. 

147. 5. ut fit: as usually happens; cf. Terence, Heautonti- 
moreumenos, 239 : nosti mores mulierum ; dum moliuntur, dum co- 
nantur, annus est, 'you know women's ways; preparing and getting 
ready take them a year.' 

147. 6. id temporis, cum : at a time when ; for the construction 
of id see 60. 

147. 7. venturus erat: was intending to come ; see 128 and 129, 
and cf. potuisset. 

147. 8. expeditus: ready for action. The conditions under 
which the two men were travelling are skilfully contrasted. 

147. 9. raeda: a four-wheeled carriage, used when travelling 



NOTES ON THE ORATION FOR MILO 371 

with one's family and with baggage. The word, like many of those 
having to do with horses and their equipment, is of Gallic origin. — 
Graecis comitibus: distinguished Romans were often attended by 
Grecian philosophers, poets, and grammarians, by whose conversa- 
tion they were entertained and instructed. 

147. io-ii. uxore: her name was Fulvia. — numquam fere: 
sc. accidit, ' happened/ or something similar. — hie insidiator: this 
(alleged) assassin, referring to Milo. — qui apparasset: the sub- 
junctive gives the force, 'who is charged with having . . .'; 142, a. 

147. 12. paenulatus: wearing a heavy cloak (paenula), which 
impeded his arms; contrasted with expeditus, line 8. Such cloaks 
were w T orn on journeys and in the city in wet weather. 

147. 13. impedito: used in an active sense, unwieldy. — deli- 
cato: contrasted with the agrestis et barbaros servos of Clodius, 
p. 146, 1. 15. 

147. 15-16. (Sect. 29.) Fit obviam: sc. Milo. Returning to 
the obviam fit ei Clodius of line 8. — eius: i.e., Clodi. — hora fere un- 
decima: Quintilian tells us (XXXVI. 3. 49) that Cicero purposely 
makes the hour later than it actually was, qualifying his statement 
with fere . . . aut non multo secus, to meet the charge that Milo 
turned aside at Bovillae and waited for Clodius to come out of his 
estate. The commentator Asconius gives the time of the fight as 
circa horam nonam. — Statim : as if the attack had been prearranged. 
Asconius says that the trouble began with a quarrel between the 
slaves of Clodius and Milo. 

147. 17-18. hunc: = Milonem. — de loco superiore: that is, 
from the higher ground beside the road. — adversi: from in front of 
the carriage, in order to stop it. — hie: Milo. 

147. 19. reiecta: in order to leave his arms free. 

147. 20-21. recurrere ad raedam: the infinitive depends on 
incipiunt, line 22. 

147. 22. putarent: 121, a. 

147. 23-24. post erant: that is, they were following the car- 
riage. — qui : sc. ei, subject of occisi sunt and really of f ecerunt also, 
although on account of the length of the sentence the subject of the 
latter verb is repeated in the form servi Milonis. — animo fideli . . . 
et praesenti : the meaning is, 'who were faithful to their master and 
retained their presence of mind/ and the sentence can hardly be 
translated more literally. 

147. 25. pugnari: impersonal; be careful of the translation. 

147. 26-27. prohiberentur . . . audirent . . . putarent: in the 
same construction as viderent, but without connecting conjunctions; 



372 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

155. — servi Milonis: the antecedent of qui is repeated. See note on 
qui, line 23 above. 

147. 29-30. imperante . . . sciente . . . praesente: a descend- 
ing climax; 163. 

147. 31. voluisset: 127; the condition is implied in in tali re. 

147. 33. (Sect. 30.) vi victa vis: 161. 

Page 148. 1-2. Nihil dico quid: nihil (60) has the effect of an 
emphatic negative: 'I make no mention at all of what/ For the 
figure see 169. — nihil . . . nihil . . . nihil: 158. — vos . . . boni: sc. 
consecuti estis and consecuti sunt. Remember the meaning of 
boni. — id : that is, what the state, Cicero's hearers, and all good men 
have gained by the death of Clodius. 

148. 3. prosit: 97. — hoc fato: 83. There is a thought of 
astrology, ' under such a star/ 

148. 4. potuerit: for the tense (cf. servaret) see 95. — quin ser- 
varet: 109. 

148. 5. id: the saving of the state and the killing of Clodius 
which it demanded. — quod defendam: to urge in defense; a relative 
. clause of purpose. 

148. 6-7. hoc: referring to the following clause, ut . . . pul- 
sarent. — gentibus et feris . . . beluis natura: note the change to a 
chiastic order (160) in the last member. 

148. 8-9. possent: 145. — corpore . . . vita: 163. — f acinus: 
note the meaning, bearing in mind the derivation of the word and 
the presence of the adjective improbum. 

148. 10. quin . . . iudicetis: cf. quin . . . servaret, line 4 
above, and translate in the same manner. — omnibus: 78. 

148. 13. (Sect. 31.) putasset: sc. is, referring to Milo. — 
fuit: would have been; for the mood see 128. 

148. 14. non semel: that is, more than once. 

148. 15. iugulari a vobis: a common metaphor, in spite of the 
fact that the condemned man could escape death by voluntary exile. 

148. 16-17. illi- really dative of the indirect object with 
tradidisset, but also with the force of a dative of the agent with 
iugulandum. — tradidisset: for the mood see 142, a. — hoc . . . ita 
sentit: feels this to be true. Hoc refers to the preceding sentence, 
optabilius fuit . . . tradidisset. — illud: = occisusne sit. 

148. 18. iure an iniuria: sc. occisus sit. — quod: a relative, 
having for its antecedent iure an iniuria occisus sit. In such cases 
id quod is more usual. 

148. 22. ut quaereretur: cf. 136. With a passive verb such 
clauses become the subject of the verb. 



NOTES ON THE ORATION FOR MILO 373 

148. 23. notavit: censured; cf. above. 

148. 25. quid: = aliquid. 

148. 26-27. hie . . . huic; illi . . . ille: hie refers to Milo, 
as Cicero's client; ille to their opponent Clodius. With hie and ille 
sc. insidias fecit. — impune: adverb with sit, that he may not be un- 
punished. 

148. 28. (Sect. 32.) Quonam igitur, etc.: having stated the 
question at issue, namely, which of the two was the aggressor, in his 
narratio, Cicero now begins his confirmatio (see 35, c), attempting 
to prove that it was Clodius. He first maintains that Clodius had a 
stronger motive for the deed than Milo would have had. 

148. 29-30. ilia . . . belua: that brute, referring, of course, to 
Clodius. — causam: motive. 

148. 31. propositam: held before his eyes, to be taken only with 
spem, not with all three nouns. 

Page 149. 1-2. illud Cassianum: that famous question of Cas- 
sius', referring to the celebrated jurist, L. Cassius Longinus, who in 
presiding at trials for murder always instructed the jurors to con- 
sider the question 'who would profit by the act?' (cui bono fuerit?). 
— Cui bono fuerit: sc. quod factum est. — in his personis: in the 
case of these men (Clodius and Milo). — etsi: that is to say, the rule 
cannot be applied absolutely, but a man's character must be taken 
into account. 

149. 3. fraudem: with its original meaning of wrongdoing, 
crime. — parvo: sc. emolumento. — Atqui: But after all. The thought 
is that although the question of advantage is not always decisive, 
since boni nullo emolumento impelluntur in fraudem, improbi saepe 
parvo, yet it is worth while to point out that Clodius would have 
gained great advantages from Milo's taking off. 

149. 4-6. assequebatur: was going to gain; almost equivalent 
to assequeretur, while Milone interfecto is equivalent to si inter- 
fectus esset, a future condition transferred to past time. — ut praetor 
esset . . . sed ut . . . esset: substantive clauses in apposition 
with haec; 136, a. — non eo consule quo: not with the kind of man 
for consul under whom. — quo . . . posset; 107. — eis consulibus, 
quibus . . . adiuvantibus . . . coniventibus : with the hind of con- 
suls, through whose aid, or at least with whose connivance. 

149. 8. eludere: have free play; note the derivation. — cogi- 
tatis furoribus : we should reverse noun and adjective and say 'mad 
schemes.' — cuius: the antecedent is Clodius. — illi: Milo's com- 
petitors for the consulship, whose election is assumed in eis con- 
sulibus. 



374 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

149. 9. ut ipse ratiocinabatur: according to his own (Clodius's) 
reasoning. — cuperent, etc.: future conditions transferred to past 
time (142), representing ,the thoughts of Clodius alluded to in ipse 
. . . ratiocinabatur. 

149. 10. tantum beneficium: in securing their election to the 
consulship. 

149. 12. corroboratam iam vetustate : namely, the time which 
had elapsed since the tribunate of Clodius. 

149. 13. (Sect. 33.) An vero: a question of surprise, 'is it 
possible that?' 

149. 14-15. neque . . . versantur: 'instead of dwelling in 
the midst of the common talk of the town'; opposed to peregrinan- 
tur. — quas . . . leges: so that you do not know what laws; the in- 
direct question is dependent on peregrinantur aures . . . neque 
versantur, which has the force 'have you not heard?' or 'do you not 
know?' 

149. 16. urbis: objective genitive, firebrands to destroy our 
city. So also rei publicae. According to Asconius, one proposition 
which Clodius had in mind was that of enrolling freedmen, who had 
been limited to the four city tribes, in all the tribes without dis- 
tinction. 

149. 17-18. inusturus: brand upon us. — Sexte Clodi: a man of 
low. position, apparently son of a freedman of the Clodian gens, a 
secretary of Publius Clodius. — librarium: sc. scrinium, a book-box, 
a case containing rolls of manuscript with the laws which Clodius 
intended to issue in his praetorian edict. 

149. 19. eripuisse: rescued; as if Clodius's house had been 
stormed. 

149. 20. Palladium: 165. The Palladium was a sacred image 
of Pallas, said to have fallen from heaven, on the preservation of 
which the safety of Troy was supposed to depend. To this the roll 
containing the laws planned by Clodius is likened. The Palladium 
was supposed to have been brought to Rome by Aeneas, and Cicero 
probably has in mind its rescue by L. Caecilius Metellus when the 
temple of Vesta was burned, in which the image was kept. 

149. 21. videlicet: marks praeclarum as ironical. 

149. 22. aliquem: someone else. 

149. 23. deferre posses: that is, they were to be turned over 
to some tribune, if such a one could be found, who would be a mere 
tool of Clodius. — aspexit: Sextus Clodius is represented by Cicero 
as looking at him with a threatening air for opposing the laws. The 



NOTES OX THE ORATION FOR MILO 375 

transition is so abrupt that it has been supposed by some that there 
is a gap in the text, and various attempts to fill it have been made. 

149. 24-25. cum . . . mirabatur: probably the reference is 
to the years 58 and 57 B.C., when Sextus Clodius aided Publius in 
his plans. For the mood see 117. — quippe: of course; with ironical 
force, like videlicet above. — lumen curiae: with sarcastic double 
meaning, alluding to the part taken by Sextus Clodius in the burn- 
ing of the Senate-house. As Sextus was not a senator, he must be 
called lumen curiae in the other sense (also sarcastic) with refer- 
ence to his services as a clerk. Cicero in his de Legibus (3. 20) says 
that some magistrates were ignorant of their duties and wholly de- 
pendent upon their subordinates (apparitores). 

149. 26-27. cuius inimicissimum : explained by the follow- 
ing sentence; the antecedent of cuius is me. Inimicissimum, 'his 
worst enemy/ is, of course, Clodius. 

149. 28-29. humanitatis meae: consistent with my humanity; 
64. — Tu . . . tu: note the emphasis (159) and try to bring it out 
in the translation. The funeral of Clodius was probably regarded 
by his friends as a tribute of the people to his memory, but Cicero 
alludes to it as if it were a punishment. — publicum: sc. locum. 

149. 30-31. imaginibus . . . laudatione: that is, of the honors 
of a regular funeral, which in the case of a prominent man included a 
procession (pompa), in which the masks of his ancestors (imagines) 
were worn by actors hired for the occasion; due rites (exsequiae); 
and a eulogy (laudatio), pronounced by a near relative. The hasty 
burning of Clodius' s body in the Senate-house deprived him of these 
tokens of honor, and, since Clodius was Cicero's enemy, the orator 
.says that he can feel no anger against Sextus Clodius. — infelicis- 
simis lignis: according to Asconius, the materials for the funeral 
pyre were benches, tables, and other fiirniture. Infelicissimis, while 
agreeing with lignis, is best translated as an adverb. — semustilatum: 
half -burned. This is a common expression in connection with a 
hasty funeral, probably suggested by the thought that the body was 
cremated without the proper rites. There is no evidence that it 
was not wholly consumed. — canibus: rhetorical exaggeration; 173. 
The bodies of criminals were thus treated. 

149. 32. tamen: belongs logically with irasci . . . non debeo 
and gives a concessive or adversative force to laudare non possum. 

Page 150. 3-4. (Sect. 34.) occidi Milonem: subject of in- 
terfuerit. 

150. 5. interfici Clodium: cf. occidi Milonem, line 3. 

150. 6. non dicam: we should say, 'why he should desire his 



376 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

death, much less commit the crime of killing him/ or Ho say nothing 
of committing/ etc. — Obstabat : the assumed reason of the opposition, 
followed by Cicero's answer to it. 

150. 7. fiebat: sc. consul. For the force of the tense see 91. 

150. 8-9. nee me . . . quam Clodio: that is, the opposition 
of Clodius was as helpful to him as Cicero's support. — Valebat: 
note the force of the tense, which is felt rather than expressed in 
translation; had weight in leading them to support Milo's candidacy. 
— iudices : not, of course, as jurors in the trial, but as eminent citi- 
zens. 

150. 11. turn: at the time of the canvas for the consulship. 

150. 14. solutam: unhampered, by the balance of a consul 
like Milo, as is implied in the following sentence. 

150. 16-17. auderet . . . constringere : the consul outranked 
the praetor and had maior potestas. He could therefore limit the 
praetor's activity in various ways. — Eum Milonem unum esse: 
i.e., Milo was the only one who answered the requirements; he was 
eum consulem qui . . . constringere. 

150. 18. quis dubitaret: who would have hesitated? 102. 

150. 19. se metu, periculo rem publicam: 160. — nunc: as it 
'is, under the present circumstances, explained by Clodio remoto. 

150. 20. usitatis iam rebus: the thought is that since the re- 
moval of Clodius has deprived Milo of the opportunity of serving his 
country by resisting that demagogue, he must rely upon the ordi- 
nary methods of electioneering. Cicero amplifies this idea in the 
next sentence. 

150. 21. dignitatem suam: his reputation, on which he relied 
for his election to the consulship. 

150. 24. ne . . . metueretis: observe that the entire clause 
is the object of adepti estis; see 136. — exercitationem: that is, 
the means of displaying. Note the parallelism of the nouns to the 
substantive clause ne metueretis and the chiastic order of the whole 
sentence. 

150. 27. mortuo denique: sc. Clodio; only after his death. — • 
temptari: endangered. 

150. 30. (Sect. 35.) At valuit odium, etc.: another assumed 
charge; cf. line 6 above. 

150. 31-32. doloris sui: of his personal hostility to Clodius. — 
haec: these motives, just mentioned. — non dico: cf. non dicam, line 6 
above, and translate accordingly. 

150. 33. nulla: non-existent. — Quid: Why? For the case see 
60. 



NOTES ON THE ORATION FOR MILO 377 

150. 34-35. odisset: since odi is praeteritive, the pluperfect 
has the same force as the imperfect of an ordinary verb. — segetem 
suae gloriae: as explained in lines 24 Jf. above. — praeter: except for. — 
civile odium: that is, hatred based upon patriotic feelings of regard 
for the welfare of the state, as opposed to personal (domesticum) 
hatred. 

Page 151. 1. Ille erat ut odisset: that is, 'Clodius was bound 
to hate/ 

151. 2. furoris: sc. sui, implied in the following suorum. 
For the meaning cf. cogitatis furoribus, p. 149, 1. 8. 

151. 3-4. reus Milonis: that is, under accusation by Milo. — 
lege Plotia: on violence (de vi), such as had been committed by 
Clodius during his tribunate in 57 B.C. 

151. 5. hoc: referring to the accusation brought against him 
by Milo. 

151. 6. iniusto . . . iustum: playing upon the different mean- 
ings of iustum, 'how well founded or natural in a man devoid of a 
sense of right'; see 162. 

151. 8-9. (Sect. 36.) ut iam: that now; i.e., after the first 
accusation had been answered. — natura . . . consuetudoque : argu- 
ments drawn from the characters of the two men, as shown by their 
characters previous to the murder. The sentence is cast in an 
ironical form; 168. 

151. io-ii. Clodius . . . Milo: sc. fecit. An assumed charge 
of the opponents of Milo. 

151. 12. urbe cessi: referring to his exile, brought about by 
Clodius, in 58 B.C. 

151. 14. Diem: that is, for the trial. — credo: ironical, I s up- 
pose. As a matter of fact, Clodius had done none of the things 
mentioned, which would have been demanded by a regular process 
at law. 

151. 15. perduellionis : from duellum, the old form of bellum. 
Strictly ' treason/ it is here applied to Cicero's execution of the 
Catilinarian conspirators. 

151. 17. Servorum: adversative asyndeton; 155. 

151. 18. armis: dative with obici. 

151. 19. nolui: really Cicero left Rome because he saw that 
resistance was hopeless. 

151. 22. (Sect. 37.) cum mihi adesset: causal, for taking my 
part. The knights had sent a deputation, including the senators 
Quintus Hortensius and Gaius Curio, to the consul Aulus Gabinius, 
to try to induce him to take Cicero's part. Gabinius denied the en- 



378 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

voys admission to the Senate-house and they were mobbed in the 
Forum by the partisans of Clodius. 

151. 25. quam . . . acceperat: i.e., 'which was handed down 
to him'; Cicero does not imply that Clodius had any connection 
with the conspiracy of Catiline, but merely that as a sicarius and a 
dangerous character generally he was a worthy successor to Catiline. 

151. 26-27. huic . . . haec . . . haec: = sica. — Pompeio: see 
note to p. 143, 11. 18 ff. — istam Appiam: sc. viam, your Appian Way, 
so designated because of its frequent mention by the accusers. 

151. 28-29. nece Papiri: see note to p. 143, 1. 11. — longo in- 
tervallo: namely, five years later, in 55 B.C., when Cicero supported 
Milo's candidacy for the consulship. 

151. 30. ad Regiam: near the Regia, referring to the official 
residence of the pontif ex maximus in the Forum, formerly the palace 
of Numa, according to tradition. The occasion alluded to is not 
known. Asconius thought that it was the contest on the Sacred 
Way the year before between the partisans of Hypsaeus and those 
ofMilo. 

151. 31. (Sect. 38.) Quid simile: sc. fuit. — haec semper 
fuit, ne: consisted in trying to prevent. 

Page 152. 4. fuerunt: for the mood see 128. — Potuitne: 
Could he not have? -ne has the force of nonne, as it frequently does 
in a rhetorical question. Note that rhetorical questions are not al- 
ways in the subjunctive, and cf. 100. — domum ac deos penatis: on 
the day before the Ides of November (November 12), as Cicero tells 
us in one of his Letters {Ad Att., IV. 3. 3), Clodius attacked Milo's 
house and attempted to set fire to it. 

152. 5. Potuitne: sc. hire se ulcisci, and so below. 

152. 6. P. Sestio: a tribune of the commons in 57 B.C., who 
with Milo had interested himself in bringing about Cicero's recall 
from banishment. See Cicero, Pro Sestio, 37. 

152. 7. Q. Fabricio: another tribune who was instrumental 
in bringing about Cicero's recall; see Pro Sestio, 35. 

152. 9. L. Caecili: praetor in 57 B.C.; nothing is known of 
the attack on his house, and Asconius knew nothing about it. 

152. 10. illo die: August 4, 57 B.C., the day on which the bill 
was passed by which Cicero was recalled. 

152. 11. totius Italiae concursus: in another of his orations 
(Cum Senatui Gratias Egit, 24) Cicero refers to omnes ex omnibus 
agris atque oppidis cives, who met him on his return to Italy. 

152. 12. agnovisset: 127. 

152. 13. earn laudem: = eius (facti) laudem, the glory for it. 



NOTES ON THE ORATION FOR MILO 379 

152. 16. (Sect. 39.) consul: the consul was P. Lentulus 
Spinther, a member of the aristocratic party and a warm friend of 
Cicero's. He had proposed the orator's recall immediately upon 
taking office on January 1, 57 B.C. — illius: his, referring to Clodius. 

152. 18-19. publici consensus: 'the unanimous desire of the 
people.' — sept em . . . octo: one of the eight praetors and two of 
the ten tribunes opposed Cicero's recall. 

152. 20. auctor: adviser. 

152. 21. cuius: of course goes back to Pompeius as its ante- 
cedent. 

152. 22. ornatissimam : that is, ' expressed in the most com- 
plimentary terms.' 

152. 23-24. est cohortatus: Cicero tells us in his Oration for 
S est ius (107) that Lentulus, after speaking in favor of Cicero's recall, 
brought forward Pompey, who begged the people to grant the re- 
quest. — decretum . . . fecisset: Pompey at the time was one of the 
duumviri, or chief magistrates, of Capua, which was made a Roman 
colony in 59 B.C. and became the home of many of Pompey's veteran 
soldiers. — eius fidem : a rare example of eius instead of the reflexive 
pronoun. It is used because the participle imploranti is equivalent 
to cum . . . implorarent. 

152. 26. odia: referring to the hatred of all the citizens (om- 
nium civium). Hence the plural of the abstract noun. 

152. 27. quern qui: and if anyone had killed him. Qui is, of 
course, a relative. The antecedent of quern is Clodium, that of qui 
is eius, below. 

152. 28. de praemiis: that is to say, there would be no ques- 
tion as to his escape from punishment, but only as to what reward 
he deserved to receive. — cogitaretur: the imperfect is used instead 
of the pluperfect, for vividness. 

152. 29-30. (Sect. 40.) in iudicium bis: only one of these 
cases is known, namely, when Milo accused Clodius of making an 
attack on his house towards the end of the year 57. Owing to the 
efforts of Clodius' s friends, no decision was reached. — ad vim . . . 
convocavit: challenged to battle. — Privato: {again) a private citizen, 
after the close of his tribunate on December 10th, 57. 

152. 31. reo: referring to Milo, while accusante is abl. abs. 
with Clodio. Clodius brought suit against Milo for employing 
gladiators to effect Cicero's recall. This Clodius did, not with any 
hope of convicting Milo, but merely to harass him and his supporters, 
in particular Pompey. 

Page 153. 1. non modo . . . sed etiam: we should express 



380 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

the contrast differently in English: 'what a good reason he had, to 
say nothing of an opportunity/ or something similar. 

153. 2. M. Antonius: Mark Antony. The reference is to the 
time when he was a candidate for the quaestor ship in 53 B.C., and 
was supported by Cicero. He later became the orator's deadly 
enemy and finally brought about his death in 43 B.C. 

153. 3-4. gravissimam . . . rei publicae partem: the most 
difficult role in public life, namely, the preservation of the people. 

153. 5. laqueos . . . irretitam: metaphors from hunting; 166. 

153. 7-8. fuit: would have been; see 93. — in scalarum tenebris : 
under the stairs of a bookshop, as Cicero tells us in Philippics 2. 
21; that is, the staircase leading to a second story. In the same 
way a runaway slave in one of Horace's Epistles (II. 2. 15) hid under 
the stairs. — magnum: used as a noun, a great opportunity. 

153. 9. invidia . . . gloria: 83. 

153. 10. (Sect. 41.) Comitiis: sc. consularibus ; abl. of 
time when. 

153. 11-12. cum: its force extends to the end of the sentence 
and describes the circumstances of Clodius's conduct at the elec- 
tions. — saepta: the voting-booths in the Campus Martius, also called 
ovile from the resemblance of the enclosure to a sheepfold. — des- 
tringendos . . . iaciendosque curavisset: had caused to be drawn, 
etc.; 152. 

153. 13-14. vos . . . faceretis: the asyndeton heightens the 
impression of rapid action. Vota faceretis, were hoping and praying. 
- — uti virtute sua: that is, 'to give free rein to his courageous im- 
pulse' to kill Clodius. 

153. 15-17. noluit . . . voluit: sc. occidere or some word of 
similar meaning. Note the combination of anaphora and chiasmus 
in the sentence. — loco . . . tempore: as is evident from the con- 
trasting iniquo loco and alieno tempore, the meaning is 'a favorable 
place' and 'an opportune time.' 

153. 18. periculo capitis: at the risk of his life. 

153. 19-20. (Sect. 42.) honoris amplissimi: namely, the 
consulship; objective genitive with contentio. — subesset: note the 
force of the compound, was present besides or as a help. 

153. 21-22. timida . . . sollicita: causative in meaning. — 
ambitio: personified: 164. 

153. 25. fictam, levem: modifying fabulam, but in a sense 
belonging also to rumorem, invented, and insignificant (in itself). 

153. 26. molle . . . tenerum: sensitive . . . easily affected; to 
the former flexibile corresponds, to the latter fragile. 



NOTES ON THE ORATION FOR MILO 381 

153. 29. in recte factis: as in the case of Aristides, for whose 
banishment an Attic citizen voted because he was tired of hearing 
him continually referred to as 'the Just/ 

153. 30. (Sect. 43.) campi: that is, of the Campus Martius, 
put for the consular elections which were held there. 

Page 154. 1. sibi proponens: having it before his eyes. 

154. 2-4. augusta . . . auspicia: rhetorical for comitia cen- 
turiata, quae auspicato fiunt, 'the assembly of the centuries, held un- 
der solemn auspices/ The taking of the auspices preceded the elec- 
tions and gave them a religious character; it is this character which 
the orator here emphasizes. — veniebat: equivalent in meaning to 
venturus erat, was he going to come? that is, was he likely to come f 91. 
— hoc : such an action; namely, ut cruentis manibus . . . veniret. — 
in hoc: in him; namely, Milo. — quam idem . . . non dubitandum : 
but how surely true ('how undoubted') in the case of Clodius. 

154. 5-6. regnaturum: be a king; that is, have absolute sway. 
The Romans detested the name of king, a fact which lends the words 
additional force. — Quod caput est: that is, 'to crown all.' 

154. 7. haec: namely, spes impunitatis. 

154. 8. etiam nunc: even now, although the act of killing 
Clodius was either praeclarum or necessarium. — reus . . . facti: 
we say, charged with an act; reus est is equivalent to a verb of ac- 
cusing; 70. Praeclari and necessarii are appositive adjectives; 
translate them by a relative clause. 

154. 10-11. contempserat: note the tense. He had so often 
defied them that he had come to despise them. — per naturam: by 
the laws of nature, hence fas, right, from the divine rather than from 
the human standpoint. 

154. 13. (Sect. 44.) Q. Petili: as a member of the jury; so 
also M. Cato. 

154. 14. divina quaedam sors: a truly providential chance (of 
the lot). 

154. 16. vivo Clodio: while Clodius still lived. 

154. 17. post diem tertium . . . quam: three days after; 
post quam is the conjunction, with post modified by diem tertium 
(= triduo post quam). 

154. 18-19. dubitarit . . . dubitare: the same word is re- 
peated with a change of meaning; a kind of word-play. 

154. 20-22. (Sect. 45.) dies non fefellit: was he certain of 
the day, on which Milo would be killed ? In other words, how could 
Clodius know that after three days he would find an opportunity 
to kill Milo ? — equidem: emphasizing the first-personal idea implied 



382 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

in the verb-form; I told you myself. — modo: but now, just now. — : 
stata sacrificia: that is, the duly appointed rites which Milo, as 
dictator of Lanuvium, had to perform on stated days. 

154. 24. antevertit: sc. proficisci, anticipated his departure, set 
out before him. — Quo: = eo die, quo. 

154. 25. ipsius mercennario: his own hireling among the 
tribunes, referring, as Asconius thought, to Quintus Pompeius, or 
perhaps to Gaius Sallustius. 

154. 27. nisi . . . approperaret : unless he were hurrying; 
that is, were in haste. The imperfect is used of a continued state 
of mind in the past. 

154. 29. causa . . . causa: sc. erat. 

Page 155. 1-2. ut ... sic: although . . . yet. — in via: on 
the road. — Clodium: sc. in via fore. 

155. 3. (Sect. 46.) Primum: the "secondly" is omitted. — 
qui: howf 

155. 4. quod . . . idem: a question which; literally, ' which 
same thing/ — in: in the case of. 

155. 5. Ut: concessive, granting that. — T. Patinam: otherwise 
unknown; probably a dweller in Lanuvium. 

155. 6. illo ipso die: namely, on the day of Clodius's death, 
which was the day after Milo left Rome. 

155. 9-10. unde: = ex quo, from whom. — Quaesierit sane: 
Well, suppose he did ash; for the mood see 103. Corruperit is in 
the same construction. — quid vobis largiar: what {i.e., how much) I 
grant you. Largiar is a strong word for concedam, implying a great 
concession freely given. 

155. 11. Legite testimonia: instead of replying to the last 
supposition with a main clause, Cicero does so by introducing the 
contrary testimony of the witnesses in a new sentence. 

155. 13. cuius . . . testimonio: by this man's testimony 
Clodius had attempted to prove that he was at Interamna on the 
night (iam pridem) when he was accused of violating the mysteries 
of Bona Dea. See Introd. to this oration, p. 131. 

Page 156. 2. Albano: sc. praedio, his estate in the Alban Hills. 
— mansurum fuisse: note the form and its significance; 144. 

156. 4. comes item: = another companion. 

156. 7-8. (Sect. 47.) liberatur . . . profectus esse: is cleared 
(of the charge) of having set out, etc. 

156. 9. quippe si: naturally enough, if ; quippe emphasizes the 
idea implied in certe. — ille: Clodius. The pronoun would be am- 
biguous in English, although ille and ei are clear enough in the Latin. 



NOTES ON THE ORATION FOR MILO 383 

— futurus . . . non erat: would not meet him, since Clodius intended 
to spend the night at his Alban villa. 

156. io. meum . . . agam negotium: in other words, I will 
defend myself; literally, 'attend to my own business/ After deinde 
one would expect ego quoque liberor (cf. Primum certe liberatur 
Milo), but the form of the sentence changes. See respiravi, libe- 
ratus sum (line 16). 

156. 11-12. fuisse qui . . . diceret: referring to Quintus 
Pompeius or Gaius Sallustius; see note on p. 154, 1. 25. 

156. 13. maioris alicuius: 'someone higher up/ 

156. 14. Iacent: sc. ei, referring to abiecti homines et perditi; 
they are overthrown; literally, 'lie (prostrate)/ 

156. 15. qui: the antecedent is testibus. 

156. 16. Respiravi: / breathed again. 

Page 157. 1. quod: namely, Clodius's sudden return to Rome. 

157. 3. (Sect. 48.) occurrit: is objected, or with illud, the 
objection id made. 

157. 4. ne . . . quidem: not . . . either, or also . . . not. 

157. 5-6. Albano: see note on p. 156, 1. 2. — Si . . . non fuis- 
set: the apodosis is understood, 'true enough (or something similar) 
if he had not been intending to sally forth/ Si quidem often implies 
the speaker's expectation that the condition will be fulfilled. 

157. 8. quid . . . nuntiaret: 101. 

157. 10. una . . . simul: the former refers to place and the 
latter to time. — obsignavi: wills and similar documents were 
written on tablets, which were then closed and tied together with a 
cord (linum, see p. 83, 1. 27, above), on which the seals of the wit- 
nesses were impressed and their names signed beside them. At a 
later time seven witnesses were required. 

157. 11. palam fecerat: that is, named the heirs, as well as 
writing their names in his will. Sometimes only the former was 
done. — me scripserat: at a later time a law provided that no lega- 
tee could be a witness to a will. 

157. 12. hora tertia: about nine o'clock in the morning. 
The naming of a given hour commonly implies the beginning of 
that hour. The Roman day was divided from sunrise to sunset into 
twelve hours which, of course, differed in length according to the 
season of the year. — animam emantem: breathing his last. 

157. 14. (Sect. 49.) sit factum: for the mood see quaesierit, 
p. 155, I. 9, above. 

157. 15. se coniceret: should he rush out; 102. 

157. 16. quod heres erat: subject of afferebat. 



384 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

157. 17. properato opus: need of haste, Properato is the par- 
ticiple used as a noun, in the ablative case, governed by opus. — si 
quid esset: sc. opus properato. 

157. 21. cum insidiator: causal cum; ironical. 

157. 24. pleno . . . loco: Asconius, and Cicero in one of his 
Letters, mention the neighborhood of the tomb of Basilus on the 
Appian Way as a place notorious for highway robbers. — occidisset: 
98. — (Sect. 50.) ei neganti: has the force of a protasis, with sev- 
eral apodoses in the pluperfect subjunctive. 

157. 26-27. Sustinuisset crimen: have borne the blame. — ille 
. . . locus: ille gives the idea that the place was notorious. Oc- 
culator and receptor are used as adjectives. 

157. 30-31. tota . . . Etruria: cf. p. 146, 11. 15/. 

Page 158. 1. (Sect. 51.) certe: surely; the use of the word 
indicates that Cicero was not quite certain of the truth of the state- 
ment. 

158. 2. ad se in Albanum: to his home in the Alban hills. 
The Latin idiom is different. — Quod ut: Now, granting that; ut is 
concessive and quod is used as in quod si; see 60. 

158. 5-6. Cur . . . venturus esset: Cicero's argument is 
that the place for the alleged ambuscade was ill-chosen. Milo 
ought to have lain in wait for Clodius before he reached his villa 
(ante . . . resideret) or after he had left it, rather than where Clo- 
dius would have every advantage. Venturus esset represents the 
assumed thought of Milo; 142, a. 

158. 7. (Sect. 52.) Video: introducing a recapitulation of 
the arguments up to this point. — constare: is clear; the account 
balances. 

158. 8-10. etiam utile: an actual advantage; literally, Wen 
useful/ so far from being a detriment. — illi . . . hunc: hie refers 
throughout to Milo, as usual, and ille to Clodius. — concupierat: 
for the tense cf. contempserat, p. 154, 1. 10. 

158. 13. nihil umquam: sc. tale, nothing of the kind. But in 
one of his Letters to Atticus (IV. 3. 5) Cicero admits that Milo did 
make such a threat. 

158. 15-16. etiam potius alienum: on the contrary, actually 
ill-timed. — prae se tulisse: openly declared. What is the literal 
meaning ? 

158. 21. fuisse metuendum: because of the dangers of the 
locality and the number of enemies which Clodius had made. 

158. 22-23. (Sect. 53.) quod caput est: which is the main 
point; cf. p. 154, 1. 6. — locus . . . ille ipse: the actual place of the 



NOTES ON THE ORATION FOR MILO 385 

combat, in contrast with the possible places which have been con- 
sidered in w T hat precedes. — tandem: emphasizing the question, but 
hardly to be translated. In a direct question it w r as the force of 
'pray.' 

158. 25. fundum, quo in fundo: a common repetition in 
Caesar and Cicero. 

158. 26. insanas . . . substructiones : crazy building opera- 
tions, referring especially to foundations for buildings or terraces 
for gardens, and other ornamental work; cf. p. 172, 11. Iff., below. 
These were necessary for his buildings because of the situation of 
the villa on a slope of the Alban hills. — facile: easily, in the sense of 
'surely.' — hominum : mille with the genitive is not very common, 
although that is the usual construction with the plural milia. 

158. 27. edito: with concessive force. 

158. 30. eo qui: i.e., Clodius. — loci: objective genitive, 
confidence in the situation itself. 

158. 31. ipsa: w^e should be likely to say 'for itself/ 

Page 159. 3. (Sect. 54.) cum alter veheretur : we should ex- 
pect alter equo (veheretur to follow), but the sentence takes a dif- 
ferent turn; see 172. 

159. 4. horum: explained by the three following nouns. — 
impeditissimum : with active force, hampering; cf. p, 147, 1. 13. 

159. 6. uxore: why not ab uxore? 

159. 7. paene constrictus: that is, his hands were all but 
tied by her presence. 

159. 8. subito: on a sudden, instead of spending the night 
there. 

159. 9. tarde: after starting out subito, he went slowly in 
order to meet Milo's company in a place favorable to his designs. 

159. 10-11. Alsiensi: sc. villa. Alsium was an Etruscan town 
on the seacoast. 

159. 12. Morae et tergiversationes : see note on tarde, line 9. — 
hie: Milo. 

159. 13. veniret: 113. 

159. 15. (Sect. 55.) Semper ille: sc. ibat, or some verb of 
similar meaning, and also with in raeda and in equo. 

159. 17-18. Graeculi: sc. erant; the diminutive has a con- 
temptuous force, Greeklings. The following nugarum suggests that 
they were jesters and men of that class. — castra Etrusca: referring 
to Clodius' s estates in Etruria, as the headquarters of his plundering 
expeditions; cf. p. 146,1. 16, above. — properabat: 119. — nugarum: 
triflers, abstract for concrete; 175. 



386 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

159. 19. pueros symphoniacos: music-slaves, players upon va- 
rious instruments, and singers. 

159. 21. duceret: 107. 

159. 22. nisi . . . lectum esse: 'except of such a kind that 
you would say that each man had selected his fellow/ as was often 
done for desperate enterprises. 

159. 25. paratus: sc. inciderat. — mulier: applied contemptu- 
ously to Clodius, as compared with Milo. 

159. 27. (Sect. 56.) contra ilium: i.e., Clodius. 

Page 160. 2-3. propositam . . . addictam: terms of the auc- 
tion-room; see 166. The boldness of the metaphor is qualified by 
paene, 'one might almost say/ 

160. 5. Martem communem: the impartiality of Mars; liter- 
ally, 'impartial Mars/ 

160. 7. ab: at the hands of; perculit is equivalent to fecit ut 
percelleretur. 

160. 8. qui cum a tergo, etc.: see p. 147, 11. 20/. 

160. 10. vitam: object of desperantes, which is here used 
transitively. — haesit: 'he was involved in'; that is, he suffered. 

160. 11-12. ab eo . • . expetiverunt: exacted of him, inflicted 
on him. 

160. 13. (Sect. 57.) manu misit: sc. Milo. — Metuebat 
scilicet: Of course he feared; 168. 

160. 14. dolorem perferre: slaves were examined by torture 
in cases of incestus (sacrilege) and other special instances; see p. 
161, 11. 11 Jf., below. The accusation was made that Milo had freed 
his slaves so that they might not be forced to give testimony against 
him. 

160. 16. Quid opus est tortore: since the defense admitted 
that Milo's slaves had killed Clodius; tortore is abl. governed by 
opus. 

160. 17. Occideritne: sc. Milo Clodium. — Nihil: sc. est. 

160. 18. eculeo: a wooden horse on the sharp back of which 
the slave was mounted with heavy weights tied to his arms and legs. 

160. 22-23. nescis . . . reprehendere : it would be more to 
the point, Cicero says, to criticise Milo for not rewarding his slaves 
sufficiently for their efforts in his behalf, rather than because he set 
them free. — (Sect. 58.) qui omnia: sc. dicit. 

160. 29. propter quos: through whose efforts. That is, 'to 
whom he owes his life/ — id: se vivere. 

160. 30. tanti: 67. — quam quod: as is the fact that; quod 
. . . satiavit is the subject of est understood; 135. 



NOTES ON THE ORATION FOR MILO 387 

Page 161. 2-3. dedendi fuerunt: 128. 

161. 4-5. defensores: observe the literal meaning of the 
word, which is its meaning here. Cf. defensio, p. 138, 1. 7, above. — 
quod . . . moleste ferat: ironical understatement, = ' which can 
give him more consolation.' — si quid . . . accidat: a common 
euphemism for death; 167. 

161. 7. (Sect. 59.) urgent: weigh against; more literally, 
'are a burden to/ 

161. 8. atrio Libertatis: this building, the location of which 
is not exactly known, was not far from Trajan's forum. It con- 
tained the offices and archives of the censors and it was there that 
Asinius Pollio housed the first public library, which he founded in 
39 B.C. from the spoils of his campaigns in Illyricum. It was per- 
haps chosen for the present purpose as suggesting the hope of lib- 
erty in case the testimony of the slaves should be satisfactory. — 
Quibusnam de servis? sc. quaestiones habentur. 

161. 9. P. Clodi: sc. servis. — postulavit: rhetorical exaggera- 
tion, since the slaves were offered for the purpose, according to 
Asconius. — Appius : the plaintiff in the case; he was the elder brother 
of Clodius. 

161. 10. ab Appio: from the house of Appius. 

161. 11. Proxime . . . Clodius: because the torture of slaves 
as witnesses was allowed (except occasionally) only in cases of 
sacrilege (incestus). Deos is governed by proxime, which some- 
times takes an accusative. 

161. 12. ad ipsos penetrarat: sc. deos; that is, when he 
violated the mysteries of Bona Dea. 

161. 14. tamen: marking the return to seriousness after the 
irony of the preceding sentence. 

161. 15. quin: because . . . not; literally, 'but that.' 

161. 16. morte ipsa: that is, his civic death; see note on p. 
148,1.15. • 

161. 19. (Sect. 60.) Rufio: the name is selected as an ex- 
ample (verbi causa), but not without regard to its appropriateness 
to slaves, who were represented on the stage with red wigs. Rufius 
is derived from rufus, 'red/ and might be translated 'Reddy/ — 
sis: for si vis, 'please' or 'pray/ — mentiaris: 136, b. 

161. 20. Certa crux: at the hands of his master after the trial. 
The meaning is that the slave must testify as his master desires. 
If he does not, punishment is certain (and a common punishment 
was crucifixion); if he does, he may perhaps gain his freedom 
(sperata libertas). 



388 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

161. 22. tamen: that is, although they are seized subito, 
immediately after the deed, and hence withdrawn from the influence 
of their master. 

161. 23. areas: wooden cells, like ' boxes/ 

161. 24. Hi: subject of fuissent; the postponement of cum 
is not unusual. 

161. 25. accusatore: repeated immediately after accusatorem 
for emphasis. 

161. 26. integrius . • . incorhiptius: 168. 

161. 27. (Sect. 61.) Quod si: the protasis extends to re- 
cordamini (p. 162, 1. 1) with a parenthetical clause, cum • . . luceat. 

161. 28. signis: defined by Quintilian (V. 9. 9) as follows: 
signum per quod alia res inteljegitur, ut per sanguinem caedes; 
hence indications, outward signs. 

161. 30. conscientia: here means ' consciousness of guilt 9 or 
'guilty conscience/ 

Page 162. 2. quae fuerit: object of recordamini. Cicero now 
turns to the conduct of the accused after the act, on which the 
Roman law laid considerable stress (the technical term was con- 
secutio). 

162. 4. Neque . . . populo solum, etc.: a fine example of a 
climax; 163. 

162. 5-6. publicis . . . armis: referring to Pompey's guards 
(p. 136, 11. 9 ff.). Even these had not forced Milo to take refuge in 
flight. — eius: referring to Pompey. 

162. 10. audienti, etc.: the participles have the force of causal 
clauses. 

162. 12-13. m utramque partem: in both directions, explained 
by the following sentence. — ut . . . timeant: to keep those from 
fearing, who, etc. — a clause of purpose. 

162. 16. (Sect. 62.) videbant: causal asyndeton; sc. enim; 

155. 

162. 18. recenti . . . nuntio: when the news had just come ; 83. 

162. 20. imperitorum: contrasted with inimicorum, it means 
c unwise friends.' 

162. 22. (Sect. 63.) illud: explained by the following ut 
clause. — animo . . . percito: that is, 'in the heat of passion'; by 
a sudden angry impulse. — fecisset: 144. What mood and tense 
in the direct form ? 

162. 23-24. tanti . . . putasse: considered it worth so much; 
67. In other words, the satisfaction of killing Clodius made it 
worth his while to submit to the punishment of exile. 



NOTES OX THE ORATION FOR MILO 389 

162. 25. explesset: representing a future perfect indicative 
in the thought of Milo. 

162. 26. dubitaturum : sc. esse, depending on arbitrabantur, 
line 23. Although dubitaturum is best translated into English by 
'hesitate/ it is followed by quin with the subjunctive; 139, a. 

162. 27-28. quin . . . cederet: to give way. 

162. 31. portenta: those horrors (monstrous deeds), referring 
to the acts of Catiline and his fellow conspirators, briefly summarized 
in the following sentence. Catilinam and portenta are direct ob- 
jects of loquebantur, which is here used transitively. — Erumpet: sc. 
ex urbe. 

162. 32. Miseros . . . civis: 63. 

162. 34. res praeclarissimas : such as Milo's services to his 
country. 

162. 35. (Sect 64.) ilia: these charges. 

Page 163. 1. vera exstitissent : would have turned oat to be true; 
differing very slightly in meaning from vera fuissent. 

163. 4. mediocrium . . . conscientia: through the conscious- 
ness of slight guilt; equivalent to si sibi conscius esset mediocrium 
delictorum. 

163. 5. ut: how, exclamatory. 

163. 6. quae: with adversative force, whereas; 134. 

163. 7-8. maximo . . . vir: 160. The general sense is, f if 
a man was guilty, no amount of courage would enable him to dis- 
regard them; and, even if he was innocent, it would require the 
greatest courage to do so/ — Scutorum: an enumeration of the 
rumors referred to in the preceding sentence. 

163. 9. frenorum etiam: emphasized as showing his purpose 
of eauipping horsemen for his bodyguard, and not merely foot- 
soldiers. 

163. 10. vicum: here, street. 

163. 12. Ocriculanam: sc. villam, a country house at Ocri- 
culum in Umbria, forty-four miles from Rome. With Tiberi, 
devecta is somewhat misleading, but it probably means 'carried off/ 
Some have thought that the reference is to a villa near Rome, 
called Ocriculana for some unknown reason. — Tiberi: ablative of 
the way by which. 

163. 14. incendia: plural, because the city was to be set fire 
to in various places. — haec: these tales (or accusations), summing up 
what has preceded. 

163. 16. quaesita: that is, until a thorough search had been 
made. 



390 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

163. 20. (Sect. 65.) Quin etiam . . . audiendus: Why, he 
even had to listen to . . . (saying that), or when he said that. 

163. 21-22. popa: a priest's assistant at the sacrifices, whose 
office it was to knock down the victim with a mallet or axe-head, 
whereupon its throat was cut by the victimarius. — de Circo Maximo : 
the location of the stand or shop of Licinius. It is said that the 
popae kept eating-houses, in which they made use of parts of the 
sacrificial animals. The Circus Maximus was a favorite locality 
for all such resorts. — servos Milonis: sc. dicens, and see note on 
Quin etiam . . . audiendus, line 20. — apud se: that is, in his shop; 
see note on de Circo Maximo. 

163. 24-25. ne: to prevent him from; sl clause of purpose. — 
in hortos: in with the ace. because of the idea of motion in nun- 
tiatur, news was brought. — arcessor: as one of a council of friends, to 
consider the matter. — de: that is, 'as a result of/ 

163. 26-27. Non poteram . . . non: I could not fail to be. — 
illius: objective genitive, 'suspicion against.' 

163. 28. popae: a priest's assistant, not Hhe priest's assistant' 
in question. The statement is a general one, like conf essionem ser- 
vorum audiri (line 28). 

163. 30. pro . . . probari: accepted as. 

Page 164. 2. (Sect. 66.) Oppugnata domus: An attack upon 
the house; 147. Caesar, as pontifex maximus, lived in the Regia in 
the Forum. 

164. 3. per multas . . . horas: to be taken with oppugnata. 
The night, like the day (see p. 157, 1. 12), was divided into twelve 
hours, from sunset to sunrise. 

164. 4. celeri loco: abl. abs. with concessive force; the im- 
plication is that no such attack was made. Caesar was in Gaul 
at the time. 

164. 5. audiebatur: was heard of, by Pompey. Audiebatur 
forms a word-play with audierat. 

164. 7. tota . . . suscepta: = in eo qui totam rem publicam 
suscepisset. Now that he was responsible for the whole state, as 
its dictator, Pompey could not be too careful. 

164. 9. qui . . . diceret: to say. — cumtelo: cf. p. 51, 1. 31. — 
Nudavit: sc. ille, = Milo. The omission of the pronoun when the 
subject is changed is not very common. 

164. 10. sanctissimo templo: emphatic. Milo was compelled 
to do what was unlawful and sacrilegious, because his life and char- 
acter (vita talis et civis et viri) did not insure belief in his statements. 



NOTES OX THE ORATION FOR MILO 391 

Valerius Maximus says (II. 1. 7): in aliquo sacrato loco nudare se 
nefas esse credebatur. 

164. ii. fidem non faciebat: that is, did not make his mere 
denial enough. 

164. 12. (Sect. 67.) insidiose ficta: invented for his destruc- 
tion. 

164. 13. Cum tamen: But while. — metuitur: impersonal (sc. 
a nobis), we fear. — Miloni: note the case and translate accordingly. 

164. 14. Clodianum crimen: that is, 'the charge of having 
killed Clodius.' 

164. 15-16. ea voce . . . possis: that is, 'loud enough for 
you to hear/ Exaudire implies hearing under difficulties ('make 
out'), and Pompey was some distance off, before the aerarium, or 
treasury. 

164. 19. conquisitores : recruiting officers, specially appointed 
in time of danger, to levy troops. 

164. 20. Capitolinae : on the Capitol; cf . Clodianum, line 14. 

164. 24-25. viri vires: 161; the alliteration and the similar- 
ity in sound can be reproduced to some extent in English by 'man's 
might.' — si quidem: if . . . really, implying the truth of the sup- 
position; cf. p. 157, 1. 5. 

164. 30. (Sect. 68.) locus: an opportunity. When Pompey 
returned to Rome after levying troops Milo was the only one to 
whom he would not grant an interview (venientem ad se Milonem 
unum omnium non admiserat, Asconius). 

Page 165. 1. neminem hominemhomini: no man . . . to an- 
other {man). Neminem is a noun in apposition with hominem 
(itself derived from a by-form of homo), but has the force of an ad- 
jective, nullum. Note the similarity in sound, and cf. viri vires, p. 
164, 1. 24. 

165. 4. peste: referring, of course, to Clodius. The word is 
often applied to persons. 

165. 5. ad salutem meam: that is, to efforts to have Cicero 
recalled from exile. 

165. 6. fuisset: the tense implies that the statement is no 
longer true; cf. 93. 

165. 7. in periculo capitis: the reference is to the accusations 
mentioned on p. 152, 1. 29. 

165. 8. habere semper: 'has and always will have.' — 
sperasse: sc. se. 

165. 9. probaret: sc. Milo tibi; the imperfects are general, 



392 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

while the pluperfects refer to a specific instance, but the speaker 
does not clearly distinguish the two. 

165. 12. esset conquietura: have a prospect of rest; literally, 
'were about to rest/ — ne: would you have the pluperfect sub- 
junctive in a purpose clause? What, then, must be the meaning 
of ne? — iste: used of Milo, instead of the more usual hie, which 
would be impossible in this connection. 

165. 13. is qui . . . consuevit: such being his character and 
habit; what is the literal translation? 

165. 14. Magne: a surname of Pompey; see note on p. 126, 
1. 17, above. In addressing him by this surname Cicero implies 
that Pompey should show himself worthy of it. 

165. 15-16. (Sect. 69.) varia . . . ratio: note the inter- 
locked order for varia vitae commutabilisque ratio. — infidelitates, 
etc.: the plural of the abstracts refers to various cases of infidelity 
and the like. The singular is more naturally used in English. 

165. 17. ad tempus aptae: time-serving; note the literal 
meaning. 

165. 19. Erit, erit: repetition for emphasis; erit has about the 
force of veniet. 

165. 20. salutaribus . . . rebus: 83. Salutaribus is an un- 
usual word for the common salvis or incolumibus. 

165. 21-22. motu . . . temporum: some disturbance of the 
general welfare (tempus meaning 'favorable time '), a euphemism for 
civil war; 167. — qui quam crebro: a combination not found in Eng- 
lish; translate the relative by a demonstrative and a conjunction, 
and . . . this. — experti, from experience; literally, ' having experi- 
enced (it).' 

165. 23-24. unius . . . fortissimi: a strong form of superla- 
tive, the very bravest of all men. 

165. 25. desideres: the verb to cum (line 20). Subjunctive be- 
cause the time referred to is characterized; 118. 

165. 27. (Sect. 70.) rei . . . publicae: about equal to 
4 polities' or ' statesmanship/ inclusive of the preceding iuris publici, 
* public law,' and moris maiorum, ' precedent.' 

165. 28-30. ut videret . . . caperet: see 49. — versiculo: line; 
note that the word does not refer only to poetry. — armati : they were 
given the power of levying armies and waging war, and the supreme 
judicial authority, functions which did not normally belong to the 
consuls. — nullis . . . datis: with concessive force. The formula 
did not mention the right to use armed force, yet by it the consuls 
were satis armati. 



NOTES ON THE ORATION FOR MILO 393 

165. 31. hunc . . . hunc: that he, referring to Pompeium 
(line 26); repeated because of the length of the sentence, but also 
for rhetorical effect. — iudicium: ' legal process/ the courts. 

165. 32. eius: Milo. Qui . . . tolleret is what was alleged 
by his enemies; hence the subjunctive. 

Page 166. 1. iudicatum est: the subject is the following 
falso ... in Milonem. — satis: repeated for emphasis and rhetor- 
ical effect. 

166. 2-3. qui . . . tulit: in that he passed a law; the ante- 
cedent of qui is Pompeio. Observe that the relative clause has a 
causal force, although it is not followed by the subjunctive. See 
note on putabat, p. 124, 1. 2, above. — ut ego sentio: qualifying 
oporteret (note the emphasis of ego), while ut omnes confitentur 
qualifies liceret. Note also the difference of meaning between 
oporteret and liceret. Omnes is an exaggeration. 

166. 5. (Sect. 71.) Quod: The fact that, introducing a sub- 
stantive clause. — illo . . . illis: accompanied with gestures. The 
reference in illo loco is to the treasury, which was at some distance 
from the court. 

166. 7. quid . . . minus: sc. esset. 

166. 8. ut . . . condemnetis: object of cogere. 

166. 9. suo hire: that is, the powers conferred upon him by 
the formula, videret consul ne quid res publica detrimenti capiat, 
as well as the precedent established by those who had held the same 
power before his time (more maiorum). 

166. 10. contra: in spite of. The reference is to the exhor- 
tation of T. Munatius Plancus that the people should attend the 
trial and prevent the acquittal of Milo by the jurors. 

166. 12. (Sect. 72.) Clodianum crimen : carrying the thought 
back to p. 164, 1. 14, above. 

166. 14. nesciam quid: nesciam here introduces an indirect 
question and should not be confounded with nescio quod. 

166. 15. qua: i.e., morte Clodi. 

166. 16. mentiri gloriose: 170. 

166. 17. Occidi, occidi: see note on p. 165, 1. 19. — Sp. Maelium: 
see note on p. 139, 1. 5. 

166. 18. iacturis: the plural indicates several, or repeated, 
sacrifices. 

166. 20. collegae: Tiberius Gracchus freed himself of the op- 
position of M. Octavius, one of the college of tribunes, by the 
revolutionary act of deposing him from office. 

166. 24. saepe censuit: see note on p. 141, 1. 10. Saepe is 



394 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

used because the case was discussed at different times in the Sen- 
ate, although only one decree was passed. 

166. 25. (Sect. 73.) civem: Cicero himself, at the time of 
Catiline's conspiracy. 

166. 27-29. servorum armis: see p. 151, 11. 12 and 17. — 
exterminavit : see p. 79, 1. 29. — regna dedit, ademit: in his capacity 
as tribune and aided by Caesar's favor. The title of king was given 
to the Galatian Brogitarus, an unworthy son-in-law of Deiotarus 
(Cicero, Pro Sestio, 56), while Ptolemaeus of Cyprus was deprived 
of his throne and treasures (Pro Sestio, 57 ff.). — quibuscum partitus 
est: an exaggeration, but referring to the unconstitutional acts of 
Clodius's tribuneship, such as giving the provinces of Macedonia 
and Syria to Lucius Piso and Aulus Gabinius with an extended im- 
perium (Cicero, Pro 'Sestio, 56). — plurimis caedibus: in the contest 
between Pompey and Gabinius. — singulari . . . civem : Pompey*. 

Page 167. 1-2. aedem Nympharum: the location of this 
temple, which contained the records of the censors, is unknown. 
It was perhaps identical with the temple of Juturna. — memoriam 
publicam . . .: that is, the official records of the census. Their 
loss made frauds possible in preparing new copies. 

167. 3. (Sect. 74.) cui . . . nulla lex erat: that is, who rec- 
ognized no law. 

167. 4. termini: the observance of boundaries was an especial 
obligation, the breach of which is frequently condemned. — calumnia 
litium: = calumniosis litibus, that is, by malicious prosecutions, 
blackmail. 

167. 5. vindiciis ac sacramentis : typical of legal processes, to 
which Clodius did not resort even unjustly, preferring to use vio- 
lence. Vindicia were formal claims to property. Sacramenta re- 
fers to an ancient custom of depositing a sum of money with the 
court, which was forfeited by the loser in the suit. 

167. 7-8. P. Varium: otherwise unknown. 

167. 11. Ianiculo: that is, by the very banks of the Tiber. — 
Alpibus: an obvious exaggeration; 173. 

167. 13. splendido: distinguished; a term sometimes applied 
to Roman knights who possessed a senatorial fortune; also a general 
designation of the equites. 

167. 14. Prilio: a small lake in Etruria near the via Aurelia, 
the modern Lago di Castiglione. 

167. 15. arma: to prevent the owner from interfering with 
the work. 

167. 17. in alieno: on another's property; sc. loco, or some 



NOTES ON THE ORATION FOR MILO 395 

similar word. — (Sect. 75.) huic T. Furfanio: without construc- 
tion as it stands, but repeated after the parenthetical clause; 172. — 
cui viro: exclamatory. Viro is contrasted with muliercula, a poor 
woman, a meaning given by the diminutive, and with adulescente. 
In their case such an outrage was not surprising. 

167. 21. ausum esse: 172. The construction passes into the 
indirect discourse, although it began in the direct form, through 
the influence of quid ego dicam. 

167. 22. mortuum: a dead body; in order to have Furfanius 
charged with murder. 

167. 23. qua invidia: = ut invidia eius rei (subjective geni- 
tive), the odium caused by such an act. Invidia conflagrari is a com- 
mon expression in Latin, but not easy to render literally. The idea 
is that by such an act a blaze of indignation would necessarily be 
aroused (note the periphrastic) against a worthy citizen (tali viro). 

167. 24. Appium fratrem: the elder brother of Clodius, Ap- 
pius Claudius Pulcher, who had preceded Cicero as governor of the 
province of Cilicia. — mini: referring to Cicero. The orator forgets 
that he is representing Milo as the speaker. 

167. 26. sororis : apparently his second sister, wife of Quintus 
Metellus Celer, consul in 60 B.C. She lived on the Palatine hill 
near Clodius. 

167. 29. (Sect. 76.) Quamquam: But after all. 

167. 30. in rem publicam . . . suos: the words are arranged 
in contrasting pairs. 

Page 168. 1-2. usu: by experience. — obduruerat et percal- 
luerat: like the hand of a working man. 

168. 3. aderant et impendebant: that is, if Clodius became 
praetor (Imperium si nactus esset, line 4). 

168. 4. Imperium: as praetor; note the emphatic position. 

168. 5. ornitto: to say nothing of. Instead of an apodosis to 
the condition si nactus esset, we have anacoluthon (172) in the form 
of the figures of praeteritio (169) and correctio (correction; Pecunias 
dico?). — socios: our allies, referring to the Roman provinces, as 
contrasted with exteras nationes. 

168. 6. faceretis: 98. 

168. 7. pecunias: used of personal property, in distinction 
from possessiones and tecta. 

168. 8. me dius fidius: sc. ita . . . iuvet, and see note on 
p. 52, 1. 26, above. 

168. 11. tenentur: that is, 'are matters of proof.' 



396 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

168. 15. (Sect. 77.) T. Annius: = Milo.— Adeste : sc. ani- 
mis, attend, give heed. 

168. 18. per me ut: note the emphatic position of per me, 
still further emphasized by unum. 

168. 19. pudor, pudicitia: often associated because of their 
similar sound and the alliteration; pudor is the more general term. 
— esset vero timendum: ironical for minime esset timendum. 

168. 20. Nunc: As it is, although Milo could not lay claim to 
so great a service to his country. 

168. 21-22. unum . . . plurimum: see note on per me ut, 
line 18. 

168. 25. vetera ilia . . . gaudia: that is, the joy in the great 
victories of bygone days. 

168. 29-30. (Sect. 78.) multa ... in re publica bona: 
'many pleasant things in public life.' 

168. 31. ita: explained by the clause vivo . . . visuros 
fuisse, and not to be translated. — vivo P. Clodio: = si P. Clodius 
vixisset. 

168. 33. verissimam: well grounded. 

168. 34. hoc . . . summo viro: indicating Pompey with a 
gesture. 

Page 169. 2. hoc: referring to hunc annum . . . salutarem 
civitati fore. 

169. 3. Ea: subject of potuissent. Begin the sentence with 
quod (interrogative) ius. 

169. 4. dominante: ruling like a tyrant, or a master (do- 
minus) over slaves. 

169. 6-7. inimicitiarum mearum: caused by my personal 
hostility; subjective genitive. — libentius: rather from passion, in- 
fluenced by my own desires; cf. libet. 

169. 8. quam verius : note that in such comparisons the Latin 
uses the comparative in both members of the comparison, English 
only in the former. — praecipuum: contrasted with communis and 
communi (odio), while the latter suggests that the word to be sup- 
plied with praecipuum esse is id, referring to odium meum. — debe- 
bat: had a right to be, might well be. 

169. 9-10. in . . . versaretur: was connected with, was in- 
volved in. That is, it hardly went beyond that of the community in 
general. 

169. 12. sceleris . . . exiti: with the force of abstracts, wick- 
edness . . . destructiveness. 



NOTES ON THE ORATION FOR MILO 397 

169. 13. (Sect. 79.) Quin: Pray; literally, 'Why not?'— 
sic: that is, to this point. 

169. 15-16. quae volunt . . . quae videmus: that is, we can 
see in our thoughts what we wish for, as clearly as we see with our 
eyes; ut means as. — igitur: then, recalling the beginning of the 
sentence after the parenthetical remark. 

169. 17. huius condicionis meae: this proposition of mine, ex- 
plained by the clauses si . . . revixerit (line 18) and si potuisset 
(line 23). 

169. 18. ita, si: (only) on condition that. ' The sentence is left 
incomplete and interrupted by Quid vultu extimuistis? Its missing 
conclusion is suggested by that of the sentence beginning si ipse Cn. 
Pompeius (line 21). 

169. 19. extimuistis: that is, shown your fear. Note also the 
intensive force of ex- in composition. 

169. 20. inani: we also say 'the bare thought/ 

169. 21-22. ea . . . ea: such . . . it; note the quantities 
and the case which they indicate. We should expect a plural in 
place of the second ea, but the idea of fortune predominates. 

169. 25. propter amicitiam: this was very recent (see note on 
p. 144, 1. 17, above), and Cicero's allusion to it is rather malicious. 

169. 29. qui: with regard to whom, if he . . . — lege eadem: 
the same law; namely, qua quaestio lata est. 

169. 30. Huius: Of such a man, i.e., Clodius. — interfector: 
since it is admitted that Milo killed Clodius, interfector here implies 
a slayer by design and malice aforethought, a murderer. 

Page 170. 1. (Sect. SO.) Graeci homines: The Greeks. 

170. 2. tyrannos: Cicero has already referred to Clodius as a 
tyrant: note tyrannum, p. 151, 1. 5; regnaturum, p. 154, 1. 5; 
dominante, p. 169, 1. 4. He therefore now defends Milo as a tyran- 
nicide. — Quae ego vidi, etc.: the sentence is interrupted by a series 
of exclamations and renewed at Vos tanti (line 6). 

170. 3. res divinas: for example, to Harmodius and Aristo- 
geiton, the slayers of the tyrant Pisistratus. 

170. 4-5. cantus . . . carmina: the former word refers to 
hymns and songs of a religious character, the latter to poems of all 
kinds, especially the scolia, or songs sung by a company in rotation. 
— Prope . . . consecrantur: that is, they are all but deified. 

170. 6. Vos: emphatic by way of contrast with Graeci ho- 
mines. 

170. 8, Confiteretur: 98. 

170. 9. magno animo et libenter: with confiteretur. 



398 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

170. 12-13. (Sect. 81.) id non negat ... id fateri: that he 
killed Clodius in self-defense . . . that he killed him for the good 
of his country. — ignoscatur: sc. sibi; 73. — dubitaret: 102. 

170. 14. laudis: 64, a. 

170. 15. sui se: note the emphatic order. — vestri: sc. capitis. 

170. 17-18. vobis non probaretur: that is, did not meet with 
your approval. — quamquam: and yet. Since the verb has a sub- 
ject in salus, what must be the case of qui? — sua: referring to the 
logical subject of the sentence, implied in cuiquam. 

170. 19. sedtamen: the supposition is made only for the sake 
of argument. 

170. 20. cecidisset: should chance to be; for the meaning cf. 
casus, chance. The use of cado in this sense without an adverb or 
adjective is not very common. 

170. 24. (Sect. 82.) omnes: those mentioned on p. 171, 
11. 6-7. 

170. 25-27. nostra . . . nostram: predicate adjectives. 

170. 28-29. cum . . . ausus essem: for having dared. 

170. 30-31. arbitrarer: imperf. sub j. representing the thought 
of Cicero at the time of his consulship, perhaps in the form of the 
fut. indie; 142, a. — Quae mulier: What woman, to say nothing of 
a man; cf. is vir vere, p. 171, 1. 3. 

Page 171. 1-2. Proposita . . . poena: the abl. abs. has ad- 
versative force, In spite of the fact that, Although. 

171. 3. Populi grati: 64. 

171. 4. viri fortis: in the same construction as Populi grati. 

171. 6. (Sect. 83.) uteretur: might have made; 105, b. — 
qua: sc. usus est, and translate by as. 

171. 8-9. esset, laetaretur . . . niteretur: future protasis and 
apodoses transferred to past time, representing the thoughts of T. 
Annius (Milo). 

171. 10. huius benefici: namely, in killing Clodius. 

171. 13. nullam . . . divinum: the adjectives modify both 
numen and vim, but agree in gender with the nearer of the two. — ■ 
esse: exists. — quern: referring to the same (imaginary) person as 
qui. 

171. 14. ille: with a gesture, yon. 

171. 15. vicissitudines . . . ordines: that is, the changes 
which take place in the world of nature and its orderly arrangement; 
rerum is about equivalent to rerum natura, 'nature/ 

171. 16. id quod: the reference is to maiorum sapientia . . . 



NOTES ON THE ORATION FOR MILO 399 

qui . . . coluerunt . . . prodiderunt, 'the wisdom of our fore- 
fathers in reverencing/ , 

171. 19-21. (Sect. 84.) Est, est profecto: the answer to the 
doubt implied in qui nullam vim esse ducit, line 13. Est, est have the 
same meaning as esse in that sentence. For the repetition see 159. 
— neque . . . inest, . . . non inest: for et non inest (155). The 
two sentences are made co-ordinate, instead of the' second being 
subordinated to the first. Non inest may be translated 'without its 
existing' or 'if it does not exist/ — vigeat et sentiat: has life and 
feeling. 

171. 22. non putant: sc. esse vim divinam. 

171. 23. proinde quasi: exactly as if, 

171. 24. haec ipsa: that is, the things which we are at this 
very moment doing and saying. 

171. 25. qualis aut ubi sit: in other w T ords, its nature or its 
location; the clause is the object of sentire. 

171. 27. felicitates atque opes: plural of the abstract nouns, 
referring to numerous instances of good fortune and prosperity. 
We should use the singular. 

171. 28. cui . . . iniecit: when it first inspired it (= him); 
the antecedent of cui is perniciem, referring, of course, to Clodius. 

171. 29-30. vincereturque : and hence (-que) should be van- 
quished; vinceretur is not really co-ordinate in sense with auderet, 
but subordinate; cf. neque inest, etc., line 19 above. — quern sivicisset 
. . . habiturus esset: cannot be translated literally; say 'a victory 
over whom would have given him/ or use some similar paraphrase. 
For the mood see 142, a. 

171. 32. (Sect. 85.) mediocri: with cura, while ne . . . 
quidem emphasizes mediocri. 

Page 172. 3. commosse se: to have roused themselves. — in 
illo: in his (Clodius' s) case. 

172. 4. Albani, etc.: the killing of Clodius took place not far 
from the Alban Mount (Monte Cavo) and the site of Alba Longa. 

172. 5. arae: Alba Longa was destroyed by Tullus Hostilius 
and the population was moved to Rome and settled on the Caelian 
hill. The temples were spared because of the close relation of the 
Roman to the Alban worship. Obrutae refers to the damage 
done by Clodius. — sacrorum . . . aequales: 'partners and con- 
temporaries of the sacred rites of the Roman people/ That is, 
'common to the Romans and the Latins/ although the Alban rites 
were, of course, the older. 

172. 7-8. substructionum . . . molibus: see p. 158, 1. 26. 



400 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

172. 9. viguerunt: 'showed their power'; similarly valuit. 

172. io-ii. Latiaris Iuppiter: the tutelary divinity of the 
Latin League. Tarquinius Superbus built a temple in his honor 
on the summit of the Alban Mount, where the annual festival of the 
League, the Feriae Latinae, was celebrated. — lacus: the Alban 
Lake and the Lake of Nemi. — finis : sacred precincts. 

172. 12. aliquando: at last. 

172. 13. vobis . . . vobis: emphatic both by position and 
repetition: 'it was to you, to you, I say, that/ etc. 

172. 15. (Sect. 86.) hoc etiam: this too, explained by the 
following ut clause. 

172. 16. Bonae deae: see Introd. to this oration, p. 131. 

172. 19-20. primum illud vulnus: this corresponds with the 
account of the affair given by Asconius, but not with Cicero's own 
account; see p. 147, 1. 15. — quo . . . obiret: in consequence of 
which he died; 107. — iudicio illo nefario: see note on p. 155, 1. 13, 
above. — videretur: he was seen, or it was seen that he was. 

172. 22-23. Nee vero non: 157. — eius satellitibus : especially 
Sextus Clodius; see p. 149, 1. 18, above. — imaginibus: accompani- 
ments of a regular funeral; see note on p. 149, 1. 30, above. The 
music (cantus), the lamentations of the hired mourners (lamenta), 
and the funeral games (ludi) are additional features. 

172. 25. sine funere: here funus seems to be used for the 
lectus funebris, or bier, on which the dead man was carried to the 
pyre and burned. 

172. 26. celebritate: public attention. 

172. 28-29. f ormas : referring to the imagines and their wear- 
ers, who were dressed to resemble the ancestors of the deceased. — 
parricidae: see note on p. 143, 1. 17, above. 

172. 29. ullo in loco: that is, 'in any other place' than the 
curia. 

172. 30. mortem . . . vita: metaphorical for 'that he . . . 
in death ... in life.' Mors is sometimes used colloquially in the 
sense of 'dead body.' 

Page 173. 3. (Sect. 87.) pateretur: 122. 

173. 5-7. redemerat: referring to his acquittal on the charge 
of sacrilege; the word redemerat is employed of ransoming oneself 
from pirates or brigands. — vexarat senatum: by the acts referred 
to on p. 166, 11. 25 ff. — omnium . . . gesta: in connection with 
Catiline's conspiracy. — resciderat: by bringing about the banish- 
ment of their proposer, Cicero. 

173. 8. bona diripuerat: after Cicero went into banishment 



NOTES ON THE ORATION FOR MILO 401 

Clodius burned his house on the Palatine hill, plundered his villas 
at;Tusculum and Formiae, and forced his wife Terentia to take 
refuge with her sister Fabia, who was a Vestal virgin. 

173. io-ii. domum . . . fratris incenderat: after Cicero's re- 
call from exile, when the rebuilding of his house was begun, in 57 B.C. 

173. 12. Capere: contain. 

173. 14-15. Incidebantur . . . quae . . . addicerent: the 
meaning is, that Clodius was so sure of being able to pass his laws 
that his writing of them out was equivalent to recording them on 
bronze tablets, a thing which was done after the laws had been 
passed by the people. — servis: rhetorical exaggeration for 'former 
slaves'; that is, freedmen. 

173. 16. hoc anno: the year of his praetorship. 

173. 19-20. (Sect. 88.) Ilium ipsum: Pompey. — poterat: 
might otherwise have; 128. — novo reditu in gratiam: Clodius and 
Pompey had become reconciled with one another in 56 B.C.; see 
note on p. 144, 1. 17. 

Page 174. 1. suam: that is, 'on his side.' 

174. 3. Hie: At this point, hereupon. 

174. 4. perdito ac furioso: appositive adjectives, not sub- 
stantives; 'to him, in his madness and desperation.' — huic: my 
client, i.e., Milo. 

174. 5-6. numquam . . . ulta: expanded in the two follow- 
ing sentences. 

174. 7. circumscripsisset : the Senate had the right to check a 
magistrate who exceeded his legitimate powers. 

174. 8. in privato eodem hoc: even when he (Clodius) was a 
private citizen; much less could it hope to do so when he was praetor. 

174. 9. (Sect. 89.) praetore: = eo praetore (see line 29), 
him, when he was praetor. 

174. 10. suos: that is, consuls of his own choice and sub- 
servient to his wishes. — praetore: in apposition with eo. 

174. 11-12. esset: would have been; 102. — virtutem con- 
sularem: that is, a consul of virtue or of high merit; 175. The 
reference is to Cicero himself. 

174. 19-20. (Sect. 90.) vero: even, still more. — haec templa: 
with a gesture, referring to those about the Forum. — ipsa moenia: 
that is, the city itself. 

174. 21. denique: at any rate. Whether consul or praetor he 
would at least be alive, and even after death he had been able to do 
damage. 



402 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

174. 22-23. uno . . . duce: Sextus Clodius.- — Quo: i.e., cu- 
ria incensa. 

174. 24. Templum: here applied to the Senate-house, as a 
sacred building. 

174. 25-26. amplitudinis : honor. — consili publici : a term often 
applied to the Senate; here, however, it is used in an abstract sense, 
statesmanship. — aram sociorum: since the altar was a place of refuge. 

174. 27. inflammari, etc.: the infinitives depend on vidimus, 
supplied from the preceding sentence; or they may be taken as 
infinitives of exclamation. — funestari: defiled, by the presence of a 
dead body. 

174. 29. id ipsum: even that; that is, curiam ab imperita 
multitudine inflammari. 

174. 30. ustor: the employment was not held in high esteem. 
Page 175. 1. abiecit: sc. Clodium (mortuum); for the word 

cf. p. 149, 1. 29. 

175. 2. everterat: had tried to overthrow, referring not to the 
building, but to the power of the Senate; for the force of the tense 
cf. 91. 

175. 3. (Sect. 91.) via Appia: see p. 143, 1. 5, above. 

175. 4. ab: against; literally, 'from.' 

175. 7. furias insepulti: the disturbances which followed 
Clodius' s death are likened to Furies, which his unburied body 
caused to roam the earth. 

175. 9. falcibus: here, pickaxes, to cut away the steps and 
turn the temple into a fortress. The Roman temples commonly 
stood upon a high platform, accessible by a single flight of steps. 
There is a word-play in facibus . . . falcibus, which led to the use 
of the latter word; 162. — Castoris: sc. templum, the temple of 
Castor in the Forum. See note on p. 143, 1. 19, above. 

175. 11. silentio: that is to say, it was a quiet and orderly 
meeting until it was disturbed by the partisans of Clodius. 

175. 14-15. sive . . . sive: shall I say . . . or. — singulari: 
with fortuna; divina . . . fide is abl. of quality; 85. 

175. 16. (Sect. 92.) Sed iam satis: the beginning of the 
peroratio, or conclusion, taking the form of an appeal to the jurors. 
— de causa: Sections 23-71; extra causam, Sections 71-91. 

175. 21. nullam lacrimam: Milo disdained to appeal to the 
pity of the jurors, which, according to Plutarch (Cicero, 35), dis- 
pleased them. Cicero here attempts to turn this to his client's 
advantage. 



NOTES ON THE ORATION FOR MILO 403 

175. 25. infimi generis hominum: the gladiators were for 
the most part slaves; for the construction of infimi generis see 65. 
175. 26. ut vivere liceat: 136. 

175. 28. servare cupimus: this was usually in the power of 
the spectators, who by turning then thumbs up or down indicated 
their desire that the defeated gladiator be spared or slain. 

Page 176. 2. (Sect. 93.) quibus intersum: to which I am a 
witness; observe the literal meaning. 

176. 3. Valeant . . . cives mei: we should say 'Farewell to 
rny fellow citizens/ 

176. 5. patria: referring to Rome, not to his native town of 
Lanuvium. 

176. 6. re publica: governed by perfruantur. 

176. 7. non licet: sc. frui. 

176. 8. bona re publica: implying that the adjective would 
no longer suit the Roman state if Milo was condemned. 

176. 9. at: at least. — mala: sc. re publica. — quam primurn: 
we should expect primam, agreeing with civitatem, but the place of 
the adjective is taken by the adverb. 

176. 11-12. (Sect. 94.) labores . . . spes . . . meae: 58. 

176. 14. exstinctum: because its power had been taken from 
it by the lawlessness of the tribunes. — equitibus Romanis: with 
dedissem. 

176. 15-16. bonis viris: the term is used here, as it frequently 
is, of the aristocratic party. — Clodianis armis : abl. of cause. They 
had been intimidated by the armed bands of Clodius. 

176. 17. putarem: could I have thought? 102. 

176. 20-21. equites . . . tui: Pliny, in his Natural History 
(XXXIII. 34), says that Cicero, in his consulship, gave prestige to 
the order of knights by his conduct in connection with the conspir- 
acy of Catiline and by publicly proclaiming his connection with the 
order, to which he belonged by birth. 

176. 23. vox atque defensio: 156. — ea: i.e., vox tua. 

176. 25. (Sect. 95.) haec: sc. dixit. 

176. 26. eodem . . . vultu: 83. — quo videtis: sc. eum esse. 
For quo (vultu) see 85. 

176. 27. ingratis . . . timidis: that is, his fellow citizens were 
not ungrateful for what he did, which might have broken his spirit, 
but were merely fearful and over-anxious about dangers. 

176. 28-29. nonnegat: sc. se fecisse. — Plebem . . . multitu- 
dinem: objects of flecteret and deleniret. 

Page 177. 1. tribus . . . patrimoniis: three fortunes, one from 



404 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

his natural father, a second from his adoptive father, C. Annius, 
the third perhaps from his mother. 

177. 2. muneribus: including gladiatorial contests and stage- 
plays; Cicero speaks of the costliness of his shows in a letter to 
Quintus (III. 9. 2). — vos: the entire Roman people. 

177. 5. occursationes : attentions, such as meeting one and 
escorting one to the Forum, accompanying one on journeys, and the 
like. 

177. 6. quemcumque . . . dederit: that is, whatever the 
outcome of the trial may be. 

177. 8. (Sect. 96.) vocem praeconis: the herald announced 
the vote of each of the centuries and then the result of the election. 
Milo means to say that the only thing lacking in his candidacy for 
the consulship was the formal announcement of his election; that 
he was already certain of the favor of the people. 

177. 9. quam minime desiderarit: since he valued the con- 
fidence of the people, which they showed by electing him, more 
highly than the office itself. — cunctis suffragiis: implying that the 
vote was unanimous for him until the elections were interrupted. 
Probably a rhetorical exaggeration. 

177. 11-12. haec: that is, all the charges that have been 
brought against Milo; arma is a predicate nominative. — facinoris 
suspicionem . . . crimen: the suspicion of an act contemplated, 
not the guilt of one actually done. 

177. 12. haec: explained by the clause fortis . . . sequi 
solere . . . facta. 

177. 17. a: at the hands of; cf. p. 160, 1. 7, above. 

177. 18-20. (Sect. 97.) beneficio: in well doing; abl. of re- 
spect. That is to say, who have not found their fellow citizens 
appreciative and grateful. — Sed tamen: going back in thought to 
fortis viros . . . non . . . sequi sojere, p. 176, 11. 29-30. — si esset 
• . . praemiorum: if rewards are to be taken into consideration. 
Notice the change from present to past sequence, and the emphatic 
repetition of praemiis . . . praemiorum . . . praemium. 

177. 21-23. brevitatem . . . consolaretur: we say 'consoles one 
for the shortness.' — absentes . . . mortui: with concessive force. 

177. 24. viderentur: appear, are believed. 

177. 29. (Sect. 98.) faces . . . subiciantur: a metaphor 
connected with the common expression invidia conflagrare (see p. 
85, 1. 25, above). Invidiae is dative with subiciantur. 

177. 31. Omitto: 169. 

177. 33. opinor: the time in reality was just one hundred and 



NOTES ON THE ORATION FOR MILO 405 

two days, but Cicero inserts opinor to imply that Milo's calculation 
is off-hand. 

177. 34. ea: adverb, correlative with qua. Ea peragravit 
implies extent in all directions, whereas eo pervenit would apply 
only to distance. 

Page 178. 1. non . . . laboro: I do not care, 

178. 3-4. (Sect. 99.) his . . . isdem: referring to the 
jurors. 

178. 7. tamen: even; implying a concessive clause, ' although 
I have no other/ 

178. 8. ut . . . possim: substantive clause, in apposition 
with querella, of being able to be angry; 136, a. 

178. 10. aliquando: sometimes, contrasted with semper. 

178. 12-13. tametsi quis . . . tantus: correcting the previ- 
ous implication; and yet what pain could be so great. 

178. 14. Quae . . . oblivio : Forgetfulness of this (for cuius rei 
oblivio), referring to quanti me semper feceritis. 

178. 15. aliquid offendistis: you have found any cause of offense. 

178. 16-17. si quid . . . accident: a common euphemism for 
if I shall die; see 167. 

178. 19. (Sect. 100.) pietatis: here has the force of 'grati- 
tude/ 

178. 20. potentium: especially Pompey. — appetivi: not merely 
' incurred ' but courted. 

178. 22. plurimis . . . abieci: that is, 'have thrown myself at 
the feet of many men.' 

178. 24. temporum : times of need. 

178. 25-26. capitis: 'for life and death'; but see note on p. 
148, 1. 15. — futura: sc. est. — deposco: sc. mini. 

178. 27—28. quaecumque erit tua : = quae erit tua, quaecum- 
que erit, your lot, whatever it may be. — ducam meam: consider my 
own. 

178. 30. in huius salute: by granting Milo safety {i.e., par- 
don). 

178. 31. occasura esse: come to an end. — videatis: attracted 
to the mood of augeatis (145), but equivalent in sense to a future, 
videbitis. 

Page 179. 1. (Sect. 101.) His lacrimis: that is, the tears 
which Cicero elicited from his hearers, an indication of the passion 
with which he spoke and the temperament of the Romans. 

179. 2. quodam: may be translated 'almost/ 

179. 6-7. dignior . . . qui . . . excipiat: worthier to receive. — 



406 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

hie qui procreavit: sc. locus; Rome. Although Milo was born 
at Lanuvium, Rome was in a sense his natal place; Cicero, in his 
de Legibus, 5, says: nos et earn patriam ducimus ubi nati, et illam 
qua excepti sumus, 'we regard as our native land both the place 
where we are born and that where we make our home/ 

179. 12. haec tanta virtus: a man of so great worth; 175. 

179. 15. (Sect. 102.) ego: while I; 155. 

179. 18. abes: Quintus Cicero was serving as one of Caesar's 
legati in Gaul. 

179. 19. Mene non potuisse: sc. respondebo? 

179. 21. Non potuisse: sc. me . . . respondebo. 

179. 23-24. acquierunt: have taken satisfaction in. — Quo de- 
precante? Me (deprecante). At whose intercession f My own. 

179. 25. (Sect. 103.) indicia: with the first three words has 
the meaning of indications, signs, but with exstinxi it means the con- 
spiracy itself. 

179. 29. ei: perhaps rhetorical, referring to Milo alone, or 
Cicero may have had in mind others whom he had defended, such 
as P. Sestius, or would have to defend in the future. 

179. 31. qui: how. 

Page 180. 1-2. pace tua . • . dixerim: equivalent to 'pardon 
me for saying it.' Softened assertion; 105, b. 

180. 3-4. utinam . . . viveret: anacoluthon; 172; after 
the parenthesis the wish is repeated in another form, instead of 
having an ut clause depending on f ecissent. 

180. 5. potius quam: sc. ut, which, however, Cicero regularly 
omits in this connection. 

180. 6-7. (Sect. 104.) Fortem . . . virum: we must suppose 
that on hearing Cicero's wish that Clodius were alive Milo made a 
sign of disapproval, which led to the orator's exclamation. — a vobis: 
78, a. — inquit: the subject is Milo. 

180. 10— 11. si forte: = si fors ita tulerit, if it be so fated. — 
animi monumenta: ' recollections of his worth,' opposed to sepul- 
crum. Those who were banished were not buried within the limits 
of Italy. 

180. 13. a vobis: with expulsum, contrasted with ad se 
vocabat. Note the chiastic order. 

180. 15-16. (Sect. 105.) miseram, amiserit: in the height of 
his impassioned peroration Cicero cannot refrain from a play upon 
words. — Sed finis sit: Cicero closes effectively, as if he were over- 
come by his emotions. Quintilian (XI. 3. 173) speaks of this with 
admiration. 



NOTES ON THE ORATION FOR MILO 407 

180. 20. is: Pompey. Cicero's closing remark shows that he 
fears that the jurors will condemn Milo from a desire to gratify 
Pompey. According to Velleius Paterculus, an historian of the time 
of Tiberius, that was exactly what happened. He says (II. 47. 4) : 
Milonem reum non magis invidia facti quam Pompei damnavit 
voluntas. But, as this version of the speech was not delivered at the 
trial, Cicero gives us prophecy after the event. 



EXERCISES FOR TRANSLATION INTO 

LATIN 

SENTENCES BASED ON THE MANILIAN 
LAW 



1. Although this avenue to a honor was 130 * open to all 
worthy citizens, Cicero had not hitherto ventured to support 
the interests b of the people by speaking 149 from that place 
on a political c subject (matter). f 

2. He could have obtained 94 a great reward (fruit) 
had 127 he devoted all his efforts to the needs (time's) of 
private citizens. 

3. He thought, however, that since the centuries had 
three times unanimously d proclaimed him praetor, he ought 
to employ whatever e ability he had for the general f welfare 
(safety). 

4. With such a subject offered him 83 there was no one 
who could 107 not exert some influence g by his words. 

5. And (furthermore) he decided that he must h show 
the election-assembly why he had-reason-to-be * especially 
glad. 

a Not always a sign of the dative. 

b Causa. 

« Publicus, -a, -um. 

d Do not render by an adverb. 

e ' If anything.' 

«' Of all.' 

e ' Accomplish something.' 

h Oportet. 

1 Imitate the Latin text closely. 

* Superior numbers refer to the Gra mm atical Introduction. 

f Words in parentheses are either more literal equivalents of the Latin to 
be used, or are simply helpful to an understanding of the English and to be 
omitted. 

409 



410 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

II 

1. The war is of such a character 65 that you must 108 
select Pompey to conduct it. 

2. Unless you give the Roman knights an opportu- 
nity to a collect b these taxes, no one else will be ready to 
invest c property in that province. 

3. A commander ought not to leave a war of this sort 
without d burning the enemies' villages. 

4. The orator seemed to think that no one knew 141 why 
war had been waged upon Mithridates by Roman com- 
manders. 

5. Cicero, who saw that the great property of the knights 
was at stake, was fired with such zeal to a rouse 15 ° his citi- 
zens that he urgently-demanded e Pompey alone as com- 
mander for this war. 

a Either in the gen. or ace. with ad ; 149. 

b Exerceo, -ere. 

c Occupo, -are. 

a Abl. abs., or clause with si; or ut (109). 

e Express by two verbs joined by a conjunction. 

Ill 

1. For many years now this general has been moving 8 ^ 
about in Asia and in those places bordering upon Mithri- 
dates' kingdom. 75 

2. The Romans thought that he had marked out certain 
states of Asia for destruction. 152 

3. Although you have fought often with Mithridates, you 
have never celebrated-a-triumph (for victory) over a him. 

4. The king hoped that this stain had become so deeply 
fixed upon this general's reputation that he would not wish 
to leave the hiding-places in-Asid,. b 

5. The Romans believed that the bravest and best gen- 
erals who had vanquished their foes would bring back home 
not (merely) the marks of victory, but (real) victory. 

a de. 

b Use an adj., Asiaticus, -a, -um. 



EXERCISES FOR TRANSLATION INTO LATIN 411 

IV 

1. You will not deny, a will you, b that it seems necessary- 
for-us-to-attribute c the splendid exploits of many men to 
their good-fortune? 

2. There is no general, provided he 132 is worthy of d being 
entrusted with a command, w^ho will wish 107 to deprive 
Lucullus of just praise. 

3. We cannot tell what tribes Cicero thought Mithridates 
had assembled to 15 ° carry on this war by land and sea. 

4. He said that he did not pretend to have e more strength 
than his neighbors, but he hoped to avert f the two-fold 
danger if he had 142 ' g extraordinary good-fortune. 

5. Pray, do you see how large fleets he has recently built, 
and how large armies he has gathered from many remote 
places with which to fight with you for h supremacy ? 

» Nego, -are. 

b See I, 3, note d. 

c Gerundive; cf. 78, a. 

d ' Worthy to whom,' etc. Characteristic clause. 

« ' That he had.' 

f What tense ? 

e What tense in the dir. disc? 

h 'Concerning.' 

V 

1. He is the only one who 107 asks you to do without 136 
this king's help. 

2. He may not only menace your power but also make 
war upon you, especially since he does not dare to expel 
your enemy from his kingdom. 

3. We all feel just e as you do, that he does not deserve 
to a be sent with the command into Asia. 

4. Take care that these allies do not 136 talk so freely that 
you will be forced to torture b and kill b them. 

5. How, pray, ought Romans to feel when the liberty of 
a citizen has been lessened? 

6. You should know 97 that it is most disgraceful for you 
to overlook the killing c of an ex-consul, nor may you allow 



412 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

the violation c of the right(s) of an ambassador to go d 
unpunished. 

a Cf. IV, sentence 2. 

b Omit the conjunction and follow idiom of Latin text. 

c Not a noun in Latin; follow idiom in text and see 147. 

a 'Be.' 

• I.e., 'the same'; cf. 59, b. 

VI 

1. This province so easily surpasses all the others in 
usefulness that we are satisfied with its revenues, although 
they are small. 

2. It will be profitable a for the tax-gatherers, if we de- 
fend the province from 79 cavalry raids and free them from 79 
the fear of loss. 

3. Is it proper that we should lose the income of an en- 
tire year because the armies of two kings are 120 not far 
away? 

4. With what injustice, pray, do you think our ancestors 
had been irritated by Philip, when they made war upon him ? 

5. They can take from us 74 in one day the revenues which 
we use to maintain 149 the dignity and the safety of the prov- 
ince. 

a Use a noun in the dative. 

VII 

1. It was (the duty) 64 of our allies to take thought for 
their own interests in Asia at that time when their property 
was 117 no one's concern a at Rome. 

2. You must not say that the loss 147 of our revenues b is 
of slight importance. 

3. Let us not drag 96 our allies into disaster, but let us 
free them from peril and defend c them, just as the Roman 
people have always done. 

4. We cannot separate ourselves from the troubles of our 
friends without d drawing 109 the same disaster upon our- 
selves. 



EXERCISES FOR TRANSLATION INTO LATIN 413 

5. If you remember that Mithridates has been taught by 
unhappy-experience, 6 you will see that it is (the part) of 64 
wisdom for you and your friends to make peace and return 
to Rome as soon as possible. 

a ' Care.' Use dative. 
h I.e., 'revenues lost.' 
c Cf. V, sentence 4. 
dUt; why? 
e One word. 

VIII 

1. You must strive to your utmost that 136 the revenues 
may not a be impaired. a 

2. He knew that he must open up Pontus, which Mithri- 
dates had closed 143 to us. 

3. Since I have criticised 120 Lucullus, I will now give that 
brave and worthy general all the b praise he deserves. 

4. You will free all these towns from a state-of -siege 79 , if 
you defeat and sink the fleet sent by Sertorius. 

5. Cicero has written that Lucullus so courageously c and 
persistently c attacked his enemy that he deprived Mithri- 
dates of his ancestral kingdom. 

a Not-impaired = one word, an adjective. 

b So much ... as. 

c Render by nouns, in proper 'case. 

IX 

1. Mithridates had inspired such fear in the Roman 
soldiers that Lucullus did not dare to advance further. 

2. The general thought he ought to ask why the king was 
not satisfied with this power. 

3. While he was pillaging m the temple in order to secure 
the mighty store (power) of gold which was in it, 145 the rest 
of the army attacked and routed the enemy, now for a long 
time victorious. 

4. If still more nations are to be provoked to war, per- 
haps you will be able to tell us how (this) new general of 
ours will be able to some extent to remedv this disaster. 



414 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

5. When Lucullus, after fighting successful battles, had 
purposely entered 117 Tigranes* kingdom, the Romans, follow- 
ing (led by) long-standing precedent, put a limit to the 
length of his command. 

X 

1. Would that all the rest of our generals had been 
taught 104, b by victories, not by defeats ! 

2. It remained for him, who had often struggled with 
personal-foes, now to right 137 with a (public) enemy. 

3. Who is there who believes that Pompey's father was 
a more skilful general than our Pompey ? 

4. This is the only training by which a young man can 
be educated 107 to a knowledge of military science. 

5. Cicero has written that Pompey went from school to 

the camp at the end of his boyhood. Since this is so, we 

may a believe 136 ' b that nothing lying b within military 

experience has remained unknown to him (escaped his 

knowledge). 

a Licet. 
b * Placed.' 

XI 

1. Who would have thought 105 that he had protected a 
Italy by his wise counsel ? 

2. Can 10 ° anyone believe that any Roman province is 
so overrun (crowded) with pirates that it is deserving of 
slavery ? 

3. Have we not all heard that there is no war which is 
commonly held to be so dangerous as a war with-slaves b ? 

4. Cicero admitted that even Roman armies, owing to 
the fear of the pirates, did not c dare to go-to-sea in summer. 

5. I think that a general who is willing 107 to expose him- 
self to death and slavery can end this war by crushing 150 the 
fleets of the pirates on every sea. 

a Use praesidium in proper construction. 
b Use an adj. in Latin. 
cJoin with "even." 



EXERCISES FOR TRANSLATION INTO LATIN 415 

XII 

1. Have you heard why Pompey said he would not take 
from the Cretans 74 their hope of submission, but would de- 
mand hostages ? 

2. The third day after no the ambassadors had come from 
Rome to Sicily they started for Sardinia. 

3. Why should we complain that Pompey in his zeal for 
his country has either destroyed the pirates or made slaves 
of them (overwhelmed them with slavery) ? 

4. Who is so ignorant as not to know that almost before- 
our-eyes a the pirates captured and killed some of our ambas- 
sadors. 

5. Need b I remind 10 ° you that it is the peculiar-duty c of 
a Roman consul to protect his country from shame and loss ? 

a Do not render literally. 

b Express by the mood of 'remind.' 

c Follow idiom in the text. 

XIII 

1. A-short-time ago a I could not understand how a 
general of such ability had caused you to become angry 137 
with him. 

2. Has this commander controlled his soldiers or, on 
account of his greed, has he done injury not alone to our 
enemies but also to our allies ? 

3. So far does Pompey excel our other generals in kindly- 
feeling that he has not only not applied force to anyone of 
our allies, but he has not even been willing to destroy the 
homes of our enemies. 

4. Furthermore, who thinks that a Roman general will 
admit how many states of our allies his army has injured, in 
order b to carry on war more easily against his enemies ? 

a 'Before.' 

b Quo, not ut. Why ? 

XIV 

1. And no one a will begin to doubt that Pompey 139 de- 
sired to be the equal in kindness of the noblest leaders. 



416 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

2. There is a tradition that the ancestors of the Romans 
were not accustomed to carry off the decorations of Greek 
cities, (a thing) which the later Roman generals have made 
seem 137 almost incredible. 

3. We do not doubt that Pompey led his army almost to 
the world's end with marvellous speed. 

4. There was no city so famous that he thought it ought 
to delay him from the march he had planned. 

a ' Nor anyone.' 

XV 

1. What Roman province did Tigranes threaten that day 
with his large army ? 

2. After 117 or no seeing that Pompey had ended the 
naval war so quickly, did anyone doubt that he ought to 
be put in charge of this war against-the-Asiatic-kings a ? 

3. Even against his will let him 97 save us from our foes 
by his reputation only. 

4. Surely no one doubts that 139 we were influenced 
(moved) to b fear Mithridates in consequence of that defeat 
which we received in Pontus. 

5. If this victory had not had a great deal of influence 
in c establishing (firmly) Pompey's prestige, he would not 
have demanded for himself the charge d of this war. 

a Use two adjectives qualifying ' war.' 

b Not infln. in Latin. 

« Ad. 

d Use a verbal phrase for this; cf. 136. 

XVI 

1. We ought to desire not only for their sake but also 
for our own that the gods bestow 136 good-luck upon our 
generals. 

2. Every one (all) knows that there never was a great 
general so shameless as to 108 boast of his good-fortune. 

3. Since it is left for us to place 137 in command of this 
war a general who has a extraordinary ability, let us venture 



EXERCISES FOR TRANSLATION INTO LATIN 417 

to show with what unusual knowledge of war Pompey has 
often saved and enlarged his country. 

4. Who can doubt 10 ° that the exploits of Pompey on 
land and sea were glorious ? 

5. Although Pompey won great successes (accomplished 
great things) at home and abroad, he always thought that 
he enjoyed 141 this good-fortune because the gods bestowed 
this great advantage b upon him. 



a ' In whom there is.' 
b ' So much of good.' 



XVII 



1. If distinguished patriotic men had hitherto exerted the 
greatest influence among us, it would be far easier now to 
discover the truth. 

2. At that time, when the tribune Manilius was propos- 
ing 117 a law with-reference-to a placing all (power) in Pom- 
pey ('s hands), the pirates were no longer in command (had 
rule) of the sea. 

3. I ask you to 136 tell me why you should not bestow all 
these honors on one man. 

4. Hortensius must admit that if you should bestow all 
this power on one man, the real interests b of the people 
would prevail. 144 ' a 

5. Since you said in the Senate that a distinguished man 

who had received the people's highest favors disagreed c 

with you, you ought now to disprove his argument. d 

*De. 

b Causa. 

c Dissentire a. 

d 'Words,' or ' speech.' 

XVIII 

1. Cicero declared that the Romans, whose ancestors 
had exercised the greatest power on the sea, were at this 
time debarred-from a their own sea-coast. 

2. He was ashamed 71 to remember that for several years 
Roman fleets had been no match anywhere for the pirates' 
vessels. 



418 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

3. Let us guarantee-the-safety-of b the little island of 
Delos, although we know 133 that it is filled with riches. 

4. The pirates were so strong on the sea before (the pass- 
ing of) the Gabinian law, that no part of the Italian coast 
was safe for the Romans. 

5. The Romans feared that 140 they would not be able 
to go-back-and-forth to Capua, since, owing to the boldness 
of the pirates, they were -deprived -of a the Appian Way. 

» Careo, -ere. 

b 'Guarantee the island safe.* 

XIX 

1. If you consider 123 that Gabinius is not (a) fit (person) 
to be 107 commissioned-as-a-lieutenant, why do you not as a 
magistrate lay the matter before the Senate ? 

2. What is-there-to-hinder (hinders 107 ) you from a nam- 
ing him 'with all respect/ but sending some other lieu- 
tenant ? 

3. Although he feared the veto of a tribune, nevertheless 
this year, relying upon the support of the people, he dared 
to speak ill of those who were threatening him again and 
again. 

4. In my opinion 84 you ought to have-no-share-in b 
the power (s) of a praetor, if with evil purpose you defend 
such men by your edict. 

5. One of these (two men) will promise to take c up this 
war; the other will hope not to be without-a-share-in his 
friend's success. d 

a Quo minus. See text. 
b Esse, with an adjective. 
c Be careful of tense. 
<* Gloria, -ae. 

XX 

1. I think that the only thing left for us (to do) is to 137 
maintain a our dignity and to complete this long war with 
quickness and courage. 



EXERCISES FOR TRANSLATION INTO LATIN 419 

2. The orator told the Romans that the b more they 
placed their hopes in Pompey, the b less would their enemies 
threaten them with war. 

3. Your fathers resolved c that Scipio should destroy 138 
the city of Carthage. 

4. Do you know how many wars Pompey, though a very 
young man, conducted with the utmost ability ? 

5. If I should ask you what reward Catulus has enjoyed 
for his uprightness, you would answer that not often does 
anyone venture to differ with him d seriously. 

a 'Defend.' 

*> Quo . . . eo. 

c Use impersonal verb. 

dCf. XVII, 5, c. 

XXI 

1. The a more important and dangerous you think this 
war is, the more a carefully ought you to select the general 
to conduct it. 

2. Would that it were not so unprecedented b for a young 
man, not 134 old enough c to be a senator, to be exempt 
from (the operation of) the laws, and hold-a-triumph ! 

3. No one would legally have been permitted to celebrate 
a triumph at Rome, unless he were a consul or a proconsul. 

4. We need only to see further, as it seems, d what hope 
of successful action lo ° we shall have, if we entrust a consul's 
duty to a knight. 

5. It was extraordinary and unheard of that the Romans 
by decrees of the Senate should determine upon so many 
innovations e in-the-case-of f one private individual. 

* Cf. XX, sentence 2. 

b ' Contrary to custom.' 

c 'Whose age was distant,' etc. 

d Cf . and use as a model the first sentence in text of Chapter XX. 

e Use. adj. as noun. 

fin. 

XXII • 

1. You must admit that it is difficult for your generals 
to obey the wishes of the people, and think only a of Rome. 



420 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

2. Let us not fasten a pretext b for war upon our allies, 
that we may be able to satisfy c our greed for pillaging. 

3. I should have 105, b gladly chosen someone to discuss 
this face-to-face with my opponents.* 1, 

4. We are so greatly hated (in such great hatred) in all 
foreign states, that no one there believes we are now think- 
ing only a of our country and of glory. 

5. Therefore sometime our chief men must see to it that 
it be not always necessary e for our allies to submit to (obey) 
the insolence of our generals. 

a Follow text. 

b Causa. 

• Expleo, ere. 

d Those who differed. See also 145. 

6 Use gerundive construction and cf. 78, a. 

XXIII 

1. Do not send " a general who is not fit to 107 lead our 
troops against the royal forces in a pitched battle. a 

2. If this is the only state in Asia which 107 is left-in- 
peace, b do not doubt that our generals have already taken 
the adornments of its temples and the wealth (money) of its 
citizens. 

3. And there is nothing which can keep the hands of a 
few away from the public funds. 

4. As if indeed we were c not disgracing ourselves by 
bestowing honors in this way (thus). 

5. Of course our rich men did not know how greatly 
the Asiatic coast rejoiced that the military-command had 
been conferred upon Pompey. 

a Use proper phrase with signa. 

b Trans, by pacata. 

c Pros. subj. in a clause of comparison. 

XXIV 

1. What reason was there why the orator should urge 
Manilius to praise Pompey ? 



EXERCISES FOR TRANSLATION INTO LATIN 421 

2. With Cicero the praetor for his supporter 83 (adviser) 
why need the proposer a of this law fear threats of violence ? 156 

3. Cicero declared that he promised and placed-at-the- 
disposal b of Manilius all c the influence he could 142 exert. c 

4. So far was he from d seeming to doubt his own judg- 
ment that he sought praise for himself in this matter. 

5. Without e anyone's appeal (request), the orator knew 

that if Pompey should be chosen commander it would be 

greatly to the advantage f of the state. 

» Lator, -oris. 

b' Offered to.' 

c Imitate the two ways of expressing this suggested in the text. 

d Ut; cf. 137. 

e Sine. 

* Use usus, -us, m., and double dat. construction. 



SENTENCES BASED ON THE FIRST 
ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 

I, 1 

1. Catiline ought not to have been 94 eager for a revolu- 
tion. 

2. He had long been planning 90 the murder of the consul. 

3. The consul was so brave that 108 he did not desire to 
avoid 9o the weapon of this bitter enemy. 

4. He was aware (knew) that each one of the senators 
had marked him with his eyes for assassination. 

5. They saw that he knew quite well (was not at all 60 
ignorant of) where the senators had convened the preceding 
day. 

6. Cicero thinks that once (formerly) a chief pontiff, 
(though) a private (citizen), killed with his own hand a 
dangerous enemy of the state. 

I, 2 

1. Unless the consul is induced 123 to kill a Gracchus, the 
Senate will condemn him for (his) inaction. 70 



422 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

2. If the praetor takes care (sees to it) for twenty days 
that 136 no harm come to the state, thereafter the citizens 78 
will not need to fear. 

3. Who of you is so unprincipled as to admit 108 that it-is- 
proper to put a an ex-consul to death, a in order to strengthen b 
the authority of the Senate ? 

4. For a long time they (i.e., people) have been saying 89 
that the consul is permitting the number of enemies in 
Etruria to increase. 

5. You need not fear that 140 the Senate will decree that 
Catiline immediately be arrested and put to death. a 

a Use interficere, or morte multare, or morte afficere. 
b Make passive, with ' authority ' as subject. 

i, 3 

1. What is there which you can plan 107 so as not only 
to a save yourself but also to a kill the chief men of the 
state 150 ? 

2. You may b believe me 136, b and forget your plans. 69 

3. I tell you that if you remain, I will 144 ' a so hem you 
in on all sides by my watchfulness that you will be unable 
to make any move c against the Optimates. 

4. What is there which is 107 much 82 more incredible than 
your purpose ? You will not change it, will you d ? 

5. Catiline did not deny that he had found Praeneste, 

which he had tried 142 to capture on the twenty-ninth of 

October, 176 defended by the consul with watchmen. 

a Do not use clauses with ut. 

b Use licet. 

c I.e., 'move yourself.' 

d Express by the choice of an interrogative particle. 

I, 4 

1. He should have promised 98 to be a at Cicero's house 
in the morning. 

2. Some of the associates in his mad schemes, 156 who 
had been left in Rome, declared b that they would free 
Catiline from anxiety. 79 



EXERCISES FOR TRANSLATION INTO LATIN 423 

3. Take thought 97 for the safety of us all, and choose 97 
many distinguished men to guard the city. 

4. I assert c that on that very day, just d before night- 
fall, I learned why you had refused to leave the city. 

5. Not yet does Cicero know that among those who have 
come to greet e him are two knights who have been sent to 
kill d him. 

a Be careful of the tense. 

b Polliceor. 

c Confirmo. 

*I.e.\ 'by a little' ; 82. 

e Use four different ways of expressing these two English infinitives. 

1, 5 

1. Since you have been plotting 120 against us all, I shall 
be very grateful to you if you depart from the city. 

2. I recommend that you ask a the consul's advice very 
often. 

3. It will be much more advantageous for our country 
if you lead out from Rome as many of your associates as 
possible. 

4. Do you think that while b you hesitate (to act) the 
chief men at Rome c will dare to make-any-move d ? 

5. We urge you not 136 to arouse any excitement on-the- 
part-of-the-state, provided that the rest of your friends can 
thwart 132 him by their own efforts. 6 

a Use verb consulo with proper case, and cf. I, 4, sentence 3. 

b Participial construction. 

° Use Romanus. 

d Cf. I, 3, 3. 

6 ' Efforts ' not to be translated. Use idiom. 

1, 6 

1. There was no one. who believed that life could be 
agreeable to a man a who, all knew, had attempted to kill 
the consul and to thwart the Roman people. 

2. We shall all assemble on the day before the next 
Ides 176 for the purpose of punishing crimes. 



424 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

3. Who is there that can hate a man a who has wrenched 
a dagger from the hands 79 of a desperate assassin b ? 

4. With c these men as consuls 83 you will not escape 
death on the 31st of January. 176 

5. Who knows what incredible crimes Catiline committed 
on the 13th of September and the 15th of October 176 ? 

a Use pronoun is only. 

b Sicarius, -i; observe text for case; 74. 

c Not a preposition in Latin. 

I, 7 

1. If you had departed 127 from the city a little 82 while 
ago, you would have freed your fellow-citizens from this 
terror. 

2. Do you hesitate to leave 139 ' a your home, although 13 ° 
you see that all of us fear and hate you ? 

3. You may a form many plans to crush us, but the laws 
of your country will not suffer you to be unpunished. 

4. If you prefer to abide-by b the judgment of the Sen- 
ate, you will withdraw somewhere, that you may not be 
looked upon with glances of hatred. 

5. Neither in this nor in any way will you have power 

enough-to 108 clear d the benches and murder the ex-consuls. 

a cf. 1, 3, 2. 

b Follow. 

c Render by a noun and adjective. 

d I.e., 'so much power that.' 

1,8 

1. If I should dare 126 to lay this matter before the Senate 
(for decision), this body would be most active in (ad) inducing 
you to free the state from terror. 

2. What led (caused) you to 137 ask that you be 136 re- 
ceived under (into) guardianship ? 

3. If your boon-companions had dared 127 to lay violent 156 
hands upon a consul, you would have been deserving of 
imprisonment, or-rather a you could not have been safe within 
the same city walls with us. 



EXERCISES FOR TRANSLATION INTO LATIN 425 

4. Do you think that you can live comfortably b at 
home, 87 although 133 we know that you have long been plan- 
ning c our destruction ? 

5. If it pleases you to remain d in order to lay waste this 
city, how far from danger ought you to be yourself ? 

» Atque adeo. 

b ' Calmly,' ' contentedly ' ; not an adverb in the text. 

■ Cf. p. 54, lines 5-6. 

d Maneo, -ere. 

I, 9 

1. It will be worth 67 our while to endure men's talk, pro- 
vided a that you betake 132 yourself to your desperate as- 
sociates in crime and separate yourself from us. 

2. O that you would prefer 104 to think of exile ! 

3. 1 78 must not demand (to know) why you have sent 
that silver eagle out of Rome. 

4. If that reckless band of criminals make war on their 
country, they will seem to add to (serve) my glory. 

5. Why should a leader separate 10 ° himself from the 
perils of his men! 

* cf. I, 5, 5. 

I, 10 

1. I know well that, to a say nothing of peace, you would 
not even desire greatly a war unless (it were an) unjustified 
(one) . 

2. I made it impossible for you (I brought it about 
that 137 you should not) as consul to enjoy the pillaging 147 
of the state. 

3. All men will soon b hear with what incredible joy you 
have made war against your country. 

4. May you be exhausted 104 by cold and hunger and 
utter c destitution rather than killed in war ! 

5. You accomplished so much by your plots that (though) 
consul I could not enjoy my power. 

a See note on p. 57, lines 14-15. 
b Brevi tempore. 
c I.e., 'of all things.' 



426 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

I, 11 

1. We think that all citizens who have- a been-disloyal a 
to the state are dangerous and should be put to death. 

2. If there is . anyone who disregards (neglects) 107 the 
rights of his fellow-citizens, we shall not permit b him to go 
out to the enemy's camp and become a leader of conspirators. 

3. You must listen c far more attentively than that in- 
stigator of slaves. 

4. If it had appeared (he had been seen to, etc.) that he 
had been punished most severely, no one would have feared 
that 140 our homes would be burned. 

5. The consul saw that he would 144, a be-disloyal a to 
his country if he did not splendidly repay (make a splendid 
return) to the people who had 142 so quickly given him all 
the positions of honor. 

a Trans, by a verb followed by the proper preposition. 
b Use either patior followed by the accusative and the infinitive, or per- 
mitto followed by the dative and ut with the subjunctive. 
c Percipio, -ere. 

I, 12 

1. But with this known, a no one need very greatly fear 
Catiline as a public-enemy. 

2. There are, no doubt, b many people in the city so stu- 
pid as not to wish me to punish Catiline, and, should I do 
so, 126 they would say that I had acted like-a-tyrant. b 

3. If I had put Catiline to death many days 82 ago, I 
should not only not have defiled myself but even have hon- 
ored myself by (shedding) his blood. 

4. Since 120 or 121 (while) consul I have discovered c a 
conspiracy, I know that some unpopularity will rise against 
me in the future. 

5. There are men in this body (order) who are so unprin- 
cipled that they have wished by conspiring 149 to destroy the 
liberty of their country forever. 

a Abl. abs. 

b Express by one word, an adverb. 

c Patefacio, -ere. 



EXERCISES FOR TRANSLATION INTO LATIN 427 

I, 13 

1. The consul promised the citizens to free a the state 
from that disease which had long been 90 settling down 
within its vitals. 

2. Somehow or other let us 97 for a brief space be rid of 
these dangerous plots 156 of the conspirators. 

3. Now that this conspiracy has been detected and over- 
thrown, do thou, Jupiter, defend 104 or 92 us from our per- 
sonal-enemies and from the enemies of our country. 

4. Let all the rest of the worthless (men) band themselves 
together, that we may know far more-certainly b who ought 
to be punished. 

5. Perhaps you will tell me first who, sword in-hand, c 
attacked the Senate-house; then d why the consul believed 
that, with Catiline living, 83 the conspiracy would be strong, e 
but, with him dead, the state would be safe. f 

a Be careful of the tense. 

b Certius. 

c Not literally; use but one word. 

d Deinde. 

e Validus, -a, -um. 

* Salvus, -a, -um. 

SENTENCES BASED OX THE FOURTH 
ORATIOX AGAINST CATILINE 

IV, 1 

1. I would most gladly bear 105, b all sufferings, provided 
that my wife and children should be free 132 from treachery. 

2. Why should I not desire a that you forget me 69 and 
turn your attention to your country's safety ? 

3. Cicero thought that if he saved his country from 
devastation, his name would always be pleasing to the ears 
of the Roman people. 

4. Such was the consul's good-will for b his fellow-citizens 
that he passed d over much 59 ' b in silence d and made many 
concessions. 



428 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

5. Finally, he believed that if he averted c this peril no 
great disaster could afterward come to any part of the state. 

* Cf. I, 9, 5. 

b Use a preposition. 

What time is denoted here ? 

d Trans. ' passed over in silence ' by one word. 



IV, 2 

1. No one hoped to influence a the consul to h take 
thought for his own and his family's welfare. 

2. Repay c me and all of us just as we deserve. 

3. Though you have a heart as-hard-as-flint (iron) you 
cannot calmly look upon the untimely death of an ex-consul. 

4. If I secure a safety for my wife and children I shall 
think nothing of dangers to myself. d 

5. Even if some violence should befall him in Rome, the 
consul thought the immortal gods, whose shrines he had 
saved from devastation, would defend his country. 

a What tense is needed ? 
b What mood in Latin ? 
c Use idiomatic phrase. 
d Not a personal pronoun. 

IV, 3 

1. After the senators had compelled 110 Lentulus to re- 
sign his offlce-as-praetor, they handed over all the defendants 
into custody. 

2. It is (the-duty) of all citizens to return thanks to the 
consul for a having crushed 142, a this conspiracy. 

3. I think that these many decisions which the Senate 
has made 143 should b have been reported long ago to the 
people. 

4. Cicero seems to have made clear to the Senate how 
many crimes Lentulus had committed, and also the others 
upon (concerning) whom they were passing judgment. 

5. These decisions are of such a sort that undoubtedly, if 



EXERCISES FOR TRANSLATION INTO LATIN 429 

you are willing to be brave, this conspiracy can quietly be 
crushed. 

a A causal clause. 

b Use oportet. 

• Secondary sequence depending on ' to have made clear.* 

IV, 4 

1. Lentulus and his associates well understood that, with 
Cicero out of the way, they need not fear the authority of 
the Senate. 

2. If you put to death a these worthless men, to insure the 
safety of the rest of us, you will have found a punishment 
worthy of their crime. 

3. If they had imposed b upon these men the extraordi- 
nary punishment of death, it would not have been consistent- 
with c the dignity of the state to allow them to live one 
minute longer. 

4. The consul thought that if it pleased them to exclude 
this form of punishment and to employ, rather, imprison- 
ment for life, they ought also to confiscate their property. 

5. Enact-a-law that the free towns shall be commanded d 
to undertake this matter. 

a What time is expressed ? 

h I.e., 'used against.' 

c Render by the case of ' dignity '; cf. IV, 3, sentence 2. 

d Use both iubeo and impero with the proper constructions. 

IV, 5 

1. You will gather more trouble for yourselves, if you do 
not quickly see what is for your advantage. 72 

2. Let us not hesitate to declare what we have decided 
about Caesar's motion. 

3. You can certainly cast your vote, can you not, in 
such a way that it will be doubtful to no one what a differ- 
ence there is between Caesar's opinion and mine? 

4. I see that each of the two men whom yesterday we 
rewarded most highly is to-day absent. 



430 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

5. I am inclined-to-think a that you are regarding b your 
own interests by rewarding the informers and demanding 149 
the confiscation c 136 of the property of Lentulus's associates. 

a 'I do not know whether.' 

b Consulere with dat. of personal pron. 

« Express by an object clause. 

IV, 6 

1. I-hope-that a this slave will be punished 104 far more 
severely than the others. 

2. If you enjoy this city with us, you must hand over 
these guilty men to the consul to be put to death. 152 

3. The householder did not know whether he would seem 
to have been too cruel, or would be regarded as merciful. 

4. I say that in-the-case-of b these slaves you must in- 
flict the severest possible penalty. 

5. All patriotic citizens who have formed plans for the 
overthrow of Catiline must perhaps even receive very dan- 
gerous wounds, that no c harm may come to their famous 
leader. 

a Render only by using the proper mood for the verb ' punished.' 

bDe. 

c Cf. I, 2, 2. 

IV, 7 

1. I fear that all of us have not assembled here with the 
same desire to maintain 152 permanently this union in the 
state. 

2. I tell you that both now and always hereafter the 
Roman knights will vie with you in a protecting the fortunes 
of our citizens. 

3. Who is there that believes the consul has force 
enough 108 to provide for the safety of all free-born Romans 
in every part of the world ? 

4. These are the only clerks of whom we have heard 
since the founding of the city, who 107 have shown-more- 
interest-in b the general welfare than-in c their own assign- 
ment (lot). 



EXERCISES FOR TRANSLATION INTO LATIN 431 

5. Since you think that they must perish, why do you 
wish to inflict even greater punishment upon those who are 
regarded as the bitterest of public enemies ? 

a Not in. See text. 

h I.e., 'have turned themselves to.' 

c ' From.' 

IV, 8 

1. What, pray, would have 127 happened a if they had 
obtained b citizenship ? 

2. The conspirators did not doubt that 139 an agent 
would be found who could 10/ influence for a bribe (those 
men) who were born of the highest rank at Rome, and all 
who were wretched in their condition. 

3. There was no class within the state which was so 
abandoned in its desires, that it did not contribute so much 
of its labor and fortune as it could, that the peace of the 
state might be secure. 

4. Certain people said it would be worth-while c to kill 
all the freedmen and burn all the shops. 

5. Provided that you in no way lessen the business-profits 
of your fellow-citizens or the good -will towards you of the 
slaves, you may d hope that a peaceful course of life will be 
yours after your consulship. 

a Express in the usual way, and then imitate the peculiar usage of the text. 
b Use four different Latin words for this. 
c Use two different phrases for this. 
d Licet. 

IV, 9 

1. Since you are men who hold-exactly- the-same- 59b 
views a concerning your country, we ask you to establish 
(firmly) our government and our freedom. 

2. If you were founding this government you would be 
thoughtful of us and forgetful of yourselves. 

3. To-day the classes of citizens at Rome will not per- 
form the consul's duty nor will they even surpass their 
leader in enthusiasm. 



432 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

4. You b should 78, a so consider (take thought for) our 
interests that not only will the fortunes of our enemies not 
be increased, but our own will not even be diminished. 

5. Let us consider whether our liberty has been (firmly) 
established, or our government destroyed. 

a Follow idiom in the text. 

b The ' agent ' here not to be rendered by dative. Why ? 

IV, 10 

1. I am sorry 71 that you prefer others to Pompey. 

2. Though you threaten us all with a slavery, you will 
not compel us to leave our home. 

3. Take care that your enemies are crushed into slavery 
or are reconciled to you. 

4. I am sure that victories over-foreigners are for many 
reasons much to be preferred to those over-one's-own-coun- 
trymen. 

5. Let there be some room for Cicero's glory, although 
you honor Scipio with so much praise that his splendid- 
exploits b are regarded as much the greater. 

a Be careful of idiom with ' threaten.' 

b Use two nouns connected by a conjunction; 156. 

IV, 11 

1. Cicero demanded of the Senate that it should protect 
his son and remember his consulship. 

2. If he had not disregarded a the safety of his wife and 
children, there would have been no one to carry out the 
decrees of the Senate. 

3. The consul thought that if the citizens voted boldly, all 
would obey their decrees and no one ('nor anyone') need fear 
that he would not defend, as long as he lived, that which 
they determined upon. 

4. So long as you employ the greatest diligence in b 
guarding the provinces, the conspirators will not have force 
enough to attack Rome itself. 



EXERCISES FOR TRANSLATION INTO LATIN 433 

5. The orator knew that he ought to refuse all other 
marks of distinction which were offered to him by the people, 
that c he might the more c easily establish their safety and 
overcome the power of their wicked enemies. 

* Cf. I, 11, 2. 

bAd. 

c Quo for ut with comparative. 



CONTINUOUS PASSAGES BASED ON THE 
ORATION FOR ARCHIAS 



Cicero * was a man of great talent. 1 Although 2 he was 
able to save 3 the citizens of Rome 4 by his training in speak- 
ing, nevertheless he had not devoted his whole life to that 
study. He was persuaded 5 that all the liberal 6 arts were 
held together by a common bond, for which reason he gave 
a great part of his time to literature. Since 7 he had done 
this 7 because of the encouragement of the poet Aulus * 
Licinius, he confesses that it was his duty 9 to aid the poet m 
with the voice which Archias u had trained by his instruc- 
tions. 

^5. 
2 130. 

3 Use the construction of the 'two datives.' 

4 Use the adjective. 

5 73. 

6 ' The arts which contributed to refinement.' 

7 Use cum and a relative pronoun. 

8 The praenomen is abbreviated in Latin. 

9 Use debeo. 

10 Use a pronoun. 

11 ' He,' expressed by the form of the verb. 

II 

The x kind of speaking which I am using, says 2 Cicero, 
in behalf of my friend Aulus Licinius, seems to be foreign 
to the custom of the courts. Nevertheless, I hope that the 
praetor and the jurors will allow me this privilege. I would 

* Throughout the following exercises, superior figures refer only to foot- 
notes. 



434 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

not ask this 3 of you, if 4 I were not 4 speaking in order that 
I might bring safety 5 to a poet of great talent, who ought 
to have been 6 made a Roman citizen, even if he were not 
already one 7 of 8 our number. 

1 Use a demonstrative pronoun. 

2 Inquit. 

3 Use a relative pronoun. 

4 Use nisi. 

5 See Chap. I, Section 1, at the end. 

6 94; 107. 

7 Omit. 

8 Use e or ex. 

Ill 

Although * Antioch, the city in which 2 Archias was born, 
abounded with men of great talent, yet he excelled all the 
citizens of that great city in reputation. Afterward he 
went to Asia and Greece, and when he had arrived in Rome 
he was admitted to the home of the Luculli. He was also 
presented with citizenship by the Tarentines and other 
peoples of Italy, and was honored by many of 3 the greatest 
Romans of that day. If haply there were any 4 who said 5 
that they desired to learn something, they ought to have 
thought 6 him worthy not only 7 of their 8 acquaintance, but 
even 7 of the highest honor. 

2 Say ' in which city.' 

3 Use e or ex. 

4 Omit. 
6 107. 

6 94. 

7 Cum . . . turn. 

8 Omit. 

IV 

One of * those who treated 2 Archias with great honor was 
Lucullus, who had great authority among the Romans. 
With him Archias went to Sicily, and when he had with- 
drawn from there 3 and arrived in Italy he had a home for a 
few years in Heraclea, a great city. 4 Then 5 the Heracleans, 
who thought that he was worthy of citizenship, enrolled him 6 
in 7 their city. Although 8 the public records of Heraclea 9 
have been destroyed, there is no reason why 10 we should 



EXERCISES FOR TRANSLATION INTO LATIN 435 

doubt but that Archias was n a citizen of that town. He 
afterward went to Rome, and when he had lived there for 
many years he is said to have been given citizenship 12 in 
accordance with the laws 13 of the Romans. 

2 E or ex. 

2 See Chap. Ill, near the end. 

3 Inde. 
*88. 

5 Deinde. 

6 Omit. 

7 Say 'into.' 
8 131. 

9 Say ' of the Heracleans.' 
10 Non est cur with subjunctive. 

11 139. 

12 'It is said that citizenship was given to him.' 
13 84. 

V 

You may see x the name of Archias in the records of 
Metellus, a censor of the greatest carefulness. Even if he 
had not been a citizen of Heraclea, 2 the Neapolitans would 
have been . willing 3 to give that honor to a man of so great 
talent. But if 4 the name of Archias should be written by 
the censors on their records, it would only indicate that he 
was acting at that time as a citizen and doing all those 
things which only those who are citizens are allowed ° to do. 
But you will not find his name in the records of our censors, 
because he was not in Rome when the people were enrolled. 

1 105, a. 

2 Use the adjective. 

3 Volo. 

4 Quod si. 

5 Licet. 

VI 

I shall always take the greatest pleasure in this Archias, 
because I have been devoted ] at all times to the study of 
literature. I myself think that it ought to be allowed me to 
give as much time to such studies as other men give to the 
pleasures of the body. These studies also give me facility 
in speaking, 2 which I use in defending 3 my fellow citizens 
from danger. If the Greek and Latin writers had not left 
us many excellent 4 examples of good men to imitate, we 



436 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

should not be willing to expose ourselves to death and exile 
for the sake of our country. Cicero adds 6 that we should not 
hear 7 of 8 the examples of which the books of those writers 
are full, if there had been no poets to 5 write about them. 

*Say ' given up.' 

2 Use the genitive. 

3 Say ' in order that I may defend.' 

4 Use the superlative of bonus and connect the two adjectives by * and.' 

5 Use a relative clause of purpose. 

6 Say ' also says.' 
7 144- 

8 Omit. 

VII 

If you should inquire of * me whether learning gives men 
fame and glory, I should be obliged 2 to confess that many 
men have been excellent by nature. Nevertheless Africanus, 
Laelius, Cato, and others who have done great deeds 3 de- 
voted themselves to the study of literature, and 4 they 
surely 5 would not have done this 4 if such studies gave 
nothing but 6 pleasure. Those great 7 men were persuaded 
that literature was a pleasure 8 at home and no hindrance 9 
abroad, and that it was useful not only 10 to young men but 10 
to older men as well. 10 

1 Say ' from,' or use rogo with two accusatives. 

2 Express this by the second periphrastic conjugation of fateor, and see 78. 

3 Res gestae. 

4 Express by a relative pronoun. 

5 Say ' without doubt.' 

6 Nisi. 

7 Use the superlative. 

8 Use a dat. of purpose. 

9 Detrimentum. 
10 Cum . . . turn. 

VIII 

In the times of Cicero there was a famous * actor named 2 
Roscius, a man of such 3 great 3 grace and skill that he ought 
not to have died 4 at all, in Cicero's opinion. 5 But the 
orator's 6 friend Archias was no less great because of his 
readiness in 7 writing and in 7 making verses than Roscius 
was 8 in the movements of his body. Cicero tells us that 
Archias could make verses off-hand, and that he had 9 no 
less glory than the writers of old. 10 Poets were called sacred 



EXERCISES FOR TRANSLATION INTO LATIN 437 

by Ennius and n there is no n doubt but that 12 many cities 
wished to claim Homer as their citizen after his death, be- 
cause (as they said) 13 he was the greatest of all poets. 

1 Use the superlative of illustris. 

2 Say ' by name.' 

3 Express by one word. 
« 94- 

'84. 

6 Use a pronoun. 

7 Use the genitive. 

8 Omit. 

9 Use the dative of possession. 

10 Express by an adj. 

11 Use neque. 
12 139. 

13 Express by the mood of the following verb. 

IX 

In his youth l Archias had it in mind to write about the 
war which the Roman people, under the lead of Marius, 
carried on with the Cimbri, a warlike 2 race. He was not 
mistaken 3 in believing 4 that this would be very pleasing to 
the consul, for there is no one among all men ° who does 
not greatly love praise and glory. When Lucullus fought 
with the Armenians in Asia, his deeds were a cause of 6 
great glory to all the Romans, and he ought to have been 
praised by all, if it is true that 7 those who at their own 
peril 8 save their country from the greatest dangers are 
worthy of all honor. 

1 Express by an appositive to Archias. 
2 Make an adj. with the suffix -osus. 
3 Say 'it did not deceive (fallo) him.' 

4 Omit ' in believing ' and use the construction of indirect discourse, 

5 Omit. 

6 Express by a dat. of purpose. 

7 Si quidem. 

8 Say 'by their own dangers.' 

X 

Although there were some l who thought that it was 
much 2 better that the deeds of the Romans should be written 
in Latin than in Greek, Cicero had no doubt 3 but that 
almost all nations could read Greek. He also knew that 
Alexander the 4 Great called Achilles fortunate, because 



438 CICERO'S ORATIONS 

Homer had written of his brave deeds in immortal verses. 
Would 5 Sulla have been so foolish 6 as 7 to give citizenship 
to Gauls and at the same time not to consider Archias 
worthy of great rewards ? Who does not know 8 that Sulla 
so greatly desired glory that even poets of very little talent, 
born at Corduba, a city 9 of Spain, 10 could please his ear. 11 

1 Omlt. 

2 82. 

3 Say ' did not doubt,' or ' it was not doubtful to Cicero.' 

4 Use ille. 

5 What answer to the question is expected ? 

6 Say ' of so great folly.' 
7 108. 

8 100. 
^88. 

10 Use an adj. 

11 Use the plural. 

XI 

If it is true that x the name of poet ought to have been 
honored 2 even by the armed leaders of the Romans, can 3 
we, who wear the garb of peace, 4 fail 5 to be attracted by 
the love of glory ? For my part, 6 I do not know whether 7 
the only reward for 8 virtue will be the 9 praise which comes 
to good' men, or 7 whether 10 our thoughts are not limited 
by the same regions as our lives; but at any rate there is 
no reason why n we should undertake so great labor during 
our lifetime, 12 if the memory of our name will not be ex- 
tended 13 to all time. 

1 See IX, note 7. 

2 Say ' held in honor.' 

3 What answer is expected ? 

4 Say ' clad in the toga.' 
6 Express by non. 

6 Equidem. 

7 Be careful of this word; what kind of a question ? 

8 Objective genitive. 

9 Use ille. 

10 Omit. 

11 See IV, note 10. 

12 Express by an adj. in agreement with the subject. 
13 Say ' made equal to.' 

XII 

A man of such * dignity that all his friends approve of 
him ought to be acquitted 2 by jurors who love 3 men of 



EXERCISES FOR TRANSLATION INTO LATIN 439 

great virtue. Cicero begged of 4 the jurors who were chosen 
to decide 5 the case of Archias to aid his client, 6 because he 
was a sacred poet and because he was going 7 to celebrate 
the great deeds of the Roman people. "I hope/' said 8 he, 
" that the praetor who sits in judgment 9 will take in good 
part what I have said about literature." By you, gentlemen 
of the jury, Archias ought rather to be aided than injured, 
and, since there is no doubt but that he was a citizen of 
Heraclea, 10 you ought not to drive him from our city. 

1 Say ' so great.' 

2 Say ' saved.' 
3 107. 

4 Say ' from.' 

5 Use ad and the gerundive, to avoid two ut clauses. 

6 Express by a pronoun. 

7 Express by the verb-form. 

8 See II, note 2. 

9 Say ' exercises judgment.' 
10 Use the adj. 



VOCABULARY 



ABBREVIATIONS 



abl. 


= ablative. 


indef . 


= indefinite. 


abs. 


= absolute. 


indie. 


= indicative. 


ace. 


= accusative. 


inf. 


= infinitive. 


adj. 


= adjective. 


intens. 


= intensive. 


adv. 


= adverb. 


inter. 


= interrogative. 


cf. 


=. compare. 


irr. 


= irregular. 


coll. 


= collective, collectively. 


1. 


= line. 


comp. 


= comparative. 


lit. 


= literally, literal. 


conj. 


= conjunction. 


m. 


= masculine. 


constr. 


= construction. 


n. 


= neuter. 


dat. 


= dative. 


nom. 


= nominative. 


decl. 


= declension. 


num. 


= numeral. 


def. 


— defective. 


obj. 


= object. 


dem. 


= demonstrative. 


p., pp. 


= page, pages. 


dep. 


= deponent. 


part. 


= participle. 


desid. 


= desiderative. 


pass. 


= passive. 


dim. 


= diminutive. 


perf. 


= perfect. 


disc. 


= discourse. 


pers. 


= person, personal. 


distr. 


= distributive. 


P i. 


= plural. 


e.g. 


= exempli gratia — for 


pluperf. 


= pluperfect. 




example. 


pos. 


= positive. 


Eng. 


= English. 


pred. 


= predicate. 


etc. 


= et cetera — and so 


prep. 


= preposition. 




. forth. 


pres. 


= present. 


f. 


— feminine. 


pron. 


= pronoun, pronomi- 


ff. 


= following, and what 




nal. 




follows. 


reflex. 


— reflexive. 


ftn. 


= footnote. 


. rel. 


= relative. 


fut. 


= future. 


sc. 


= supply. 


gen 


= genitive. 


semi-dep. 


= semi-deponent. 


i.e. 


= id est — that is. 


sing. 


= singular. 


imperf. 


= imperfect. 


subj. 


= subjunctive, subject. 


impers. 


= impersonal, imperson- 


subst. 


= substantive. 




ally. 


sup. 


= superlative. 


ind. 


= indirect. 


trans. 


= translate, transla- 


indecl. . 


= indeclinable. 




tion. 









VOCABULARY 

Note. — English words in the definitions which are derived, directly 
or indirectly, from the Latin words are given in small capitals, as absent; 
except in the case of proper names. 

English derivatives which are not used as definition are given in small 
capitals between parentheses; for example, (absolute). 

Composition, in cases where the parts are unchanged in form, is in- 
dicated by hyphens, as ab-solvo ; when the parts are changed in form, or 
when it is necessary to define their meaning, they are given in paren- 
theses, as abicio (ab -f iacio), abdo {ab + do, put). 

In the principal parts of verbs the neuter of the perfect passive par- 
ticiple is given. 



A 

A., abbreviation for Aulus, a Ro- 
man praenomen or forename. 

a, ab, abs, prep, with abl., from, 
away from ; at, on ; a d extra, 
on the right ; on the side of ; of 
agency, by ; of time, from, 
after, since. 

ab-dico, -are, -avi, -atum (ab + 
dico, proclaim), resign. (Ab- 
dicate.) 

abditus, -a, -um (part, of abdo), 
adj., hidden, secluded. 

abdo, -dere, -didl, -ditum (ab + 
do, -put), put away, hide, con- 
ceal. 

ab~duco, -ducere, -duxl, -duc- 
tum, draw away, withdraw, 
hinder. (Abduction.) 

ab-eo, -ire, -ii, — , fut. part. 
abiturus, go away, depart. 

ab-horreo, -horrere, -horrul, — , 
(ab + horreo, shudder at), 
shrink from, be averse to, be 
unconnected with (followed by 
a). (Abhor, abhorrent.) 

abicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectum (ab 
+ iacio), cast forth, fling down. 



abiectus, -a, -um (part, of 
abicio), adj., overwhelmed; low, 
contemptible, worthless. (Ab- 
ject.) 

ab-nuo, -nuere, -nui, -nuitiirus, 
reject, refuse, decline. 

ab-rogo, -are,-avi, -atum, repeal 
(a law) ; depose from (a magis- 
trate), take away. (Abro- 
gate.) 

abs, another form for ab. 

absconditus, -a, -um (part, of 
abscondo, hide), adj., hidden, 
secret. (Abscond.) 

absens, -sentis (part, of absum), 
adj., absent. 

absolutio, -onis (absolvo, set 
free), f., acquittal. (Absolu- 
tion.) 

ab-solvo, -solvere, -solvi, -soiu- 
tum, set free, acquit ; complete, 
finish. (Absolve, absolute.) 

abs-traho, -trahere, -traxi, -trac- 
tum, draw away, withdraw, de- 
tach. (Abstract.) 

ab-sum, abesse, afui, — , fut. 
part, afuturus, be away from, 
be distant from. 

abundantia, -ae (abundo, over- 



VOCABULARY 



flow, cf. unda, wave), f., plenty, 

ABUNDANCE. 

ab-undo, -are, -avi, -atum (ab + 
undo, surge; cf. unda, wave), 
overflow, have in large meas- 
ure, be rich in. (Abundant, 

ABOUND.) 

ab-utor, -uti, -usus sum, dep., 
use, abuse, misuse. 

ac, another form of atque (see 
atque), conj., and also, and; 
with comparatives and words 
implying comparison or con- 
trast, as, than. 

Academia, -ae, f., the Academy, 
a gymnasium, near Athens, 
where Plato taught. 

accedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessum 
(ad + cedo, go), go or come to 
or near, approach, enter; be 
added. (Accede, accession.) 

accelero, -are, -avi, -atum (ad + 
celero ; cf. celer), hasten. (Ac- 
celerate.) 

accessus, -us (accedo), m., ap- 
proach. (Access.) 

accido, -cidere, -cidi, — , (ad + 
cado), fall to, befall, happen. 
(Accident.) 

accipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum 
(ad + capio), take to (oneself); 
receive, welcome; hear, be told. 
(Accept.) 

Accius, Acci, m., L. Accius (or 
Attius), a Roman tragic poet, 
born about 170 b.c. 

accommodatus, -a, -um (perf. 
part, of accommodo), adj., fit- 
ted, suited, appropriate. (Ac- 
commodate.) 

accommodo, -are, -avi, -atum 
(ad, cf . commodus), fit to. 

accubo, -are, -avi, -atum (ad + 
cubo), lie, recline. 

accurate (accuratus, careful; cf. 
cura), adv., carefully, accu- 
rately. 



acciisator, -oris (accuso), m., 

accuser, prosecutor. 

accuso, -are, -avi, -atum (ad, cf . 
causa), accuse, charge, blame. 

acer, acris, acre, adj., sharp, se- 
vere; shrewd, alert; fierce, dan- 
gerous, keen; bold, courageous. 
(Acrimonious.) 

acerbe (acerbus), adv., bitterly, 
harshly, cruelly. 

acerbitas, -tatis (acerbus), f., 
bitterness, harshness, severity ; 
grief, sorrow, pain. (Acer- 
bity.) 

acerbus, -a, -um (cf . acer, sharp) 
adj., bitter, grievous, harsh, se- 
vere. 

acervus, -I (cf. acer, sharp), 
m., heap, pile, lit., *a pointed 
heap.' 

Achaia, -ae, f., Achaia, a name 
for all of Greece south of the 
Gulf of Corinth. Also the 
name of the whole of Greece 
when organized as a Roman 
province. 

Achilles, -is, m., Achilles, chief 
hero of the Greeks in the war 
with Troy. 

Acidinus, -I, m., Acidinus, a Ro- 
man family name. 

acies, -el (cf. acer, sharp), i., 
edge, battle-line. 

acquiro, -quirere, -quisivi, -qui- 
situm (ad + quaero), secure in 
addition. (Acquire, acqui- 
sition.) 

acriter, comp. acrius, sup. acer- 
rime (acer, sharp), adv., 
sharply, keenly, earnestly. 

acroama, -atis, n., entertainment. 

actio, -onis (ago), f., doing; 
pleading, suit at law, suit. (Ac- 
tion.) 

actus, -us (ago), m., part of a 
play, act. 

acus, -us, f ., needle. 



VOCABULARY 



ad, prep, with ace, to, up to, for. 

ad-aequo, -are, -avi, -atum, 
make equal (to) (cum) . (Ade- 
quate.) 

ad-amo, -are, -avi, -atum, long 
for, covet. 

ad-dico, -dicere, -dixi, -dictum, 
give assent; award, adjudge, 
assign, make over. (Addict- 
ed.) 

addo, -dere, -didi, -ditum (ad + 
do, put), put to; ADD. 

ad-duco, -ducer e, -duxi, -ductum, 
lead to, bring to, induce. (Ad- 
duce.) 

adeo (ad + eo, adv.), adv., to 
this point; so, so far; to such a 
degree; atque adeo, nay even, or 
rather. 

ad-eo, -ire, -ii, -itum, go to, come 
to; enter on, take possession of 
(an inheritance). 

adeps, -ipis, m. and f . ; pi., corpu- 
lence, fat. (Adipose.) 

adhibeo, -hibere, -hibui, -hibi- 
tum (ad + habeo), hold to- 
wards, bring to, furnish, give, 
use. 

ad-hortor, -an, -atus sum, dep., 
rouse, encourage, urge. 

ad-huc, adv., up to this time, until 
now, hitherto, thus far. 

adimo, -imere, -emi, -emptum 
(ad + emo), take to oneself; 
take away. 

adipiscor, adipisci, adeptus sum 
(ad + apiscor), dep., obtain. 
(Adept.) 

aditus, -us (adeo, -Ire), m., a 
going to; access, approach; av- 
enue. 

adiumentum, -I (adiuvo), n., aid, 
assistance, support. 

ad-iungo, -iungere, -iunxi, -iunc- 
tum, join to. (Adjunct.) 

ad-iuvo, -iuvare, -iuvi, -iutum, 
help, aid. (Adjutant.) 



ad-minister, -tri (cf. minister, 
servant), m., helper, agent. 

ad-ministra, -ae (administer), f., 
female assistant, handmaid. 

ad-ministro, -are, -avi, -atum, 
attend to, manage, conduct, 
prosecute. (Administer, ad- 
ministrator.) 

ad-mirabilis, -e (admiror), adj., 
admirable, wonderful, marvel- 
lous. 

admiratio, -onis (admiror), f., 
wonder, admiration. 

ad-miror, -ari, -atus sum, dep., 
wonder at, admire, be sur- 
prised. 

ad-mitto, -mittere, -misi, -mis- 
sum, let go, allow, admit; com- 
mit (a crime). 

ad-moneo, -monere, -monui, 
-monitum, remind, warn, ad- 
monish. 

(admonitus, -us: admoneo), m., 
only found in abl. sing, ad- 
monitu, at the suggestion, on 
the advice, request. 

ad-murmur atio, -onis (ad-mur- 
muro, murmur), f., murmur- 
ing, MURMUR. 

ad-orior, -iri, -ortus sum, dep., 
rise up against; attack, assail. 

ad-6rno, -are, -avi, -arum, fur- 
nish, equip, supply with ma- 
terials . (Adorn. ) 

ad-quiesco, -quiescere, -quievi, 
— , become quiet; be content, be 
pleased with. (Acquiesce.) 

ad-sum, ad-esse, af-fui, fut. part, 
af-futurus, be near. 

adulescens,-ntis (adolesco), adj., 
young; as subst., m., youth, 
young man. (Adolescent.) 

adulescentia, -ae (adulescens), 
f., youth. (Adolescence.) 

adulescentulus, -I (dimin. of adu- 
lescens), m., very young man. 

adulter, -teri, m., adulterer. 



6 



VOCABULARY 



adulterium, -I (adulter, unchaste), 

EL., ADULTERY. 

adultus, -a, -urn (part, of ado- 
lesco), adj., full-grown. 
(Adult.) 

ad-veho, -vehere, -vexi, -vec- 
tum, bring or carry to; in pass., 
be brought, arrive. 

adventicius, -a, -urn (advenid), 
adj., foreign. 

adventus, -us (advenio), m., ar- 
rival, approach. (Advent.) 

adversarius, -a, -um (cf. adver- 
sus), adj., turned against, op- 
posed; as subst., adversarius, 
-ari, m., opponent, adver- 
sary. 

adversus, -a, -um (perf. part, of 
adverto), adj., opposite; unfa- 
vorable, opposed, unfriendly; res 
adversae, adversity; adversi, 
those in front. (Adverse, ad- 
versity.) 

adversus (adverto), prep, with 
the ace, opposite to, against. 

ad-vesperascit, -vesperascere, 
-vesperavit (vesper, evening), 
impers., it grows dark, evening 
comes. 

aedes, -is, f., temple; pi., house. 

aedincium,aedifi'ci (aedifico),n., 
building, edifice. 

aedifico, -are, -avi, -atum (aedes, 
building, cf. facio), build. (Ed- 
ify, EDIFICATION.) 

Aegaeus, -a, -um, adj., Aegean, 
i.e., the sea lying between Asia 
Minor and Greece proper. 

aeger, -gra, -grum, adj., sick, 
weak, feeble, diseased. 

aegre, comp. aegrius, sup. aeger- 
rime (aeger), adv., with diffi- 
culty; reluctantly, unwillingly. 

Aemilius, Aemi'li, m., a Roman 
gentile name. See Paulus and 
Lepidus. 

aemulus, -a, -um, adj., rivalling; 



as subst., aemulus, -I, m., rival. 
(Emulate, emulation.) 

aequabiliter (aequabilis, equal), 
adv., equally. 

aequalis, -e (aequus), adj., 
equal; contemporary, of the 
same age as. (Equality.) 

aequaliter (aequalis, equal), adv., 
equally. 

aeque (aequus), adv., equally; 
aeque ac, just as. 

aequitas, -tatis (aequus), f ., even- 
ness; justice; calmness, equa- 
nimity. (Equity.) 

aequus, -a, -um, adj., even, calm; 
fair, just, proper. 

aerarium, aerari (aerarius), n., 
treasury. 

aerarius, -a, -um (aes), adj., of 
copper; pertaining to the treas- 
ury. 

aes, aeris, n., copper, bronze, 
money; aes alienum, debt. 

aestas, -tatis (cf. aestus), f., sum- 
mer. 

aestus, -us, m., heat. 

aetas, -tatis (for aevitas, cf. 
aevum, age), f., time of life, 
age; old age; youth; life; time. 

aeternitas, -tatis (aeternus), f., 

ETERNITY. 

aeternus, -a, -um (for aeviter- 
nus, cf. aevum, age), adj., ever- 
lasting, permanent, endless. 
(Eternal.) 

Aetolus, -a, -um, adj., Aetolian; 
pi. as subst., Aetoli, -orum, m., 
the Aetolians, a people in 
northwestern Greece. 

affectus, -a, -um (part, of affi- 
cio), adj., gifted, endowed. 

affero, afferre, attuli, allatum 
(ad + fero), bring to, bring, 
convey; offer. 

afficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum (ad 
+ facio), affect; visit; use, 
treat. 



VOCABULARY 



affingo, -finger e, -finxi, -fictum 
(ad + fingo), make up besides; 
invent in addition, add. 

affinis, -e (ad + finis), adj., bor- 
dering upon; implicated in, 
concerned with; as subst., rel- 
ative (by marriage). (Affin- 
ity.) 

affirmo, -are, -avi, -atum (ad + 
firmo), assure; affirm. 

afnicto, -are, -avi, -atum (intens. 
of affligo), distress, affect. (Af- 
flict.) 

afflictus, -a, -urn (part, of affli- 
go), adj., discouraged, hope- 
less; (of things) shattered, 
broken (fortunae). 

affligo, -frig ere, -flixi, -flictum 
(ad + rligo, dash), dash against; 
overthrow, ruin. 

affluens, -rluentis (part, of af- 
fluo, flow in), adj., abounding 
in, rich in, full of. (Afflu- 
ent.) 

Africa, -ae, f., Africa, usually in 
the limited sense of the Ro- 
man province of Africa, i.e., 
Carthage and its neighbor- 
hood. 

Africanus, -a, -urn (Africa), adj., 
of Africa, African. Also the 
surname of the two most fa- 
mous men of the Scipio family 
— Africanus the elder (Maior) 
(defeated Hannibal at Zama in 
202 B.C.); the younger (Minor) 
(destroyed Numantia and 
Carthage in 146 B.C.). The 
younger was the grandson, by 
adoption only, of the other. 
He was the son of Aemilius 
Paulus. 

ager, agri, m., field, land, terri- 
tory. (Agriculture.) 

aggrego, -are, -avi, -atum (ad + 
' grego, from grex, herd), collect, 
join. (Aggregate.) 



agito, -are, -avi, -atum (intens. of 
ago), set in motion. (Agita- 
tion.) 

agnosco, -noscere, -novi, -nitus 

(ad + (g)nosco), recognize, ac- 
knowledge, admit; claim. 

ago, agere, egi, actum, set in mo- 
tion, drive, lead; do, accomplish, 
act, treat; discuss, speak, de- 
scribe; argue, plead; (of time) 
spend, pass; imper. age, as in- 
terjection, come now, well; (in 
pass.) be in question, be at 
stake; gratias agere, thank. 

agrarius, -a, -urn (ager), adj., 
having to do with the land; as a 
subst., agrarii, -orum, m. pi., 
members of the agrarian party, 
advocates of agrarian laws. 
(Agrarian.) 

agrestis, -e (ager), adj., of the 
country; rustic, barbarous. 

Ahala, -ae, m., Ahala, a Roman 
family name. C. Servilius 
Ahala, master-of -horse of the 
dictator L. Cincinnatus. 

aio, def . verb, say, affirm. 

Albanum, -I (Alb anus, of Alba), 
n., an Alban estate or villa. 

alea, -ae, f., a game with dice, 
gambling. 

aleator, -oris (alea), m., dice- 
player, gambler. 

Alexander, -dri, m., Alexander, 
the Great, king of Macedon, 
conqueror of the East. 

alienigena, -ae (alienus + root 
gen-, cf. gigno), m., one born 
in a foreign land, foreigner, 
alien. 

alienus, -a, -urn (alius), adj., of 
another; unfavorable; inconve- 
nient; inconsistent (a, with). 
aes alienum, debt; as subst., 
alienus, -i, m., stranger, for- 
eigner. (Alien, alienate.) 

aliquando (ali- + quando), adv., 



8 



VOCABULARY 



sometime; at length, finally; 
sometimes, now and then. 

aliquanto (abl. of aliquantum), 
adv., by a little, somewhat. 

aliquantus, -a, -urn (ali- + quan- 
tus), adj. ; some, considerable. 

aliqui, aliqua, aliquod (ali- + 
qui), adj. pron. indef., some, 
any. 

aliquis, aliqua, aliqtdd (ali- + 
quis), indef. pron., someone, 
anyone ; pi., some, any ; as 
subst., aliquid, n., something, 
anything. 

aliquo (aliquis), adv., to some 
place. 

aliquot (ali- + quot), adj. indecl, 
several, some. 

aliter (alius), adv., otherwise; 
aliter ac, otherwise than. 

alius, alia, aliud, gen. alius, dat. 
alii, adj., another, other, else, 
different. Alius . . . alius, 
one . . . another, the other. 
Alii . . . alii, some . . . others. 

allicio, -licere, -lexi, -lectum (ad 
+ lacio, entice), attract, allure. 

Allobroges, -gum, m. pi., the Al- 
lobroges, a Gallic tribe. 

Allobrox, -ogis, m. sing., one of 
the Allobroges. 

alo, alere, alui, altum or alitum, 
nourish, feed; foster, main- 
tain. 

Alpes, Alpium, m. pi., the Alps. 

Alsiensis, -e (Alsium), adj., of 
Alsium; used substantively, 
Alsian estate (near an Etrurian 
town Alsium). 

altaria, -ium (altus), n. pi., high 
altar, altar. 

alter, -tera, -terum, gen. alterius, 
dat. alteri, adj., one of two, the 
other, second; alter • . • alter, 
the one . . . the other. Alteri 
. . . alteri, the one party . . . 
the other. 



alternus, -a, -um (alter), adj., 

ALTERNATE. 

alter-uter, -utra, -utrum, gen. 
-utrius, dat. -utri, pron. adj., 
one or the other, one of two. 

altus, -a, -um (perf. part, of alo), 
adj., high, lofty; deep, (Al- 
titude.) 

alveolus, -i (dimin. of alveus, 
cavity), m., a gaming-board ; 
gaming. 

amans, -ntis (part, of amo), adj., 
loving, affectionate; amans rei 
publicae, loyal, patriotic. 

ambitio, -onis (ambio, go around), 
f., a going about, soliciting of 
votes, canvassing; ambition. 

amburo, -urere, -ussi, -ustum 
(ambi-, around, + uro, burn), 
burn around, scorch, con- 
sume. 

ambustus, -a, -um (part, am- 
buro), adj., singed, scorched. 

amens, -ntis (a + mens), adj., 
out of one J s senses, mad, fren- 
zied, foolish. 

amentia, -ae (amens), f., mad- 
ness, folly. 

amicio, amicire, — , amictus (am- 
= ambi-, around, + iacio), 
throw around, wrap about. 

amicitia, -ae (amicus), f ., friend- 
ship. 

amicus, -i, m., a friend. 

amicus, -a, -um (amo), adj., 
friendly, amicable. 

Amisus, -i, f., Ami r sus, a city of 
northwestern Pontus, on the 
Euxine Sea. 

a-mitto, -mittere, -misi, -mis- 
sum, let go; lose. 

amo, -are, -avi, -atum, love. 

amoenitas, -atis (amoenus, pleas- 
ant), f., attractiveness, charm. 
(Amenity.) 

amor, -oris (amo), m., love. 
(Amorous.) 



VOCABULARY 



amplector, amplecti, amplexus 
(am- = ambi-, around, + 
plecto, twine) , dep., twine 
around, embrace, cling to; es- 
teem, favor, seek the favor of. 

amplified (amplus, cf. facio), en- 
large, increase. (Amplify.) 

amplitudo, -tudinis (amplus), f., 
greatness. (Aviplitude.) 

amplius, adv. (comp. of ample, 
largely), more, besides; as 
subst., more. 

amplus, -a, -urn, adj., large, 
great, strong, splendid; honor- 
able, noble; amplissimis verbis, 
in the strongest terms. 

an, inter, conj., regularly in- 
troducing the second part of 
a double question, or; utrum 
. . . an, or -ne . . . an, 
whether . . . or; nescio an, I 
am inclined to think that. 

anceps, -cipitis (am- = ambi-, 
around, + caput), adj., two- 
headed, double. 

ancilla, -ae, f., maid-servant. 

angiportus, -us or -I (ang-, cf. 
ango, + portus), m., narrow 
street, lane, alley. 

ango, angere, — , — , draw tight, 
choke; vex, distress. 

angulus, -I, m., angle, corner. 

angustiae, -arum (angustus), 
f. pi., narrowness; narrows, 
straits; distress, perplexity. 

anhelo, -are, -avi, -atum (anhe- 
lus, out of breath) , breathe with 
difficulty; breathe forth. 

anima, -ae, f., breath; life, soul. 
(Animate, animation.) 

animadversio, -orris (animad- 
verto), i., a giving attention; in 
bad sense, punishment , penalty, 
(Animadversion.) 

animadverto, -vertere, -verti, 
-versum (animum adverto), 
turn the mind to; notice; ani- 



madvertere in aliquem, punish 
anyone. (Animadvert.) 

animosus, -a, -urn (animus), 
adj., full of courage, bold, un- 
daunted. 

animus, -i, m., soul, mind; spirit, 
courage (esp. in plural); feel- 
ing. 

anne, for an. 

Annius, -I, m., Annius, a Roman 
gentile name. T. Annius 
Milo, friend and supporter of 
Cicero. Defended by him for 
slaying Clodius. See oration 
pro Milone and Introduction. 

annona, -ae (annus), f., the year's 
produce; grain, price of groAn. 

annuo, -nuere, -mil, — (ad + 
nuo), nod to; give assent. 

annus, -I, m., year. (Annual.) 

ante, adv. and prep. As adv., 
before, previously, ago; as prep, 
with ace, before, in front of. 

antea (ante + ea), adv., before, 
previously, formerly. 

ante-cello, -cellere, — , — (ante 
+ cel-, rise), surpass, excel. 

ante-fero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, 
bear before; place before. 

antelucanus, -a, -urn (ante + 
lux), adj., before light; before 
dawn; with cenae, used of 
banquets which continue till 
dawn. 

ante-pono, -ponere, -posui, 
-positum, place before, prefer. 

ante-quam, conj., before, until. 

ante-verto, -vertere, -verti, pre- 
cede, anticipate. 

Antiochia, -ae, f., Antioch, a 
Greek city in Syria, birth- 
place of the poet Archias. 

Antiochus, -I, m., Antiochus, 
king of Syria, called ' the 
Great/ He was defeated by 
the Romans in 190 B.C. at 
Magnesia. 



10 



VOCABULARY 



antiquitas, -tatis (antiquus), f., 
age, ancient time, antiquity. 

antiquus, -a, -um (ante), adj., 
ancient, remote. (Antique.) 

Antonius, Antoni, m., a Roman 
family name. M. Antonius, 
Mark Antony, Cicero's enemy, 
member of the Second Tri- 
umvirate. 

Apenninus, -I, m., the Apennines, 
the range of mountains form- 
ing the backbone of Italy. 

aperio, aperire, aperui, apertum, 
open, uncover; lay open, render 
accessible, open up. 

aperte (apertus), adv., openly, 
plainly, frankly. 

apertus, -a, -um (part of aperio), 
adj., open. 

Apinius, Apini, m.,ipi«,name 
of a Roman gens. P. Apinius, 
a victim of Clodius. 

apparatus, -a, -um (part, of ap- 
paro), adj., prepared; splendid, 
magnificent. 

appareo, -parere, -parui, -pari- 
turus (ad + pareo, appear), 
appear, be clear, be obvious. 
(Apparent, apparition.) 

apparo, -are, -avi, -atum (ad + 
paro), prepare for, make ready. 
(Apparatus.) 

appello, -are, -avi, -atum, address, 
name, call. (Appellation.) 

appetens, -ntis (part, of appe- 
to, seek), adj., eager for, desi- 
rous of. 

appeto, -petere, -petivi, -petitum 
(ad + peto, seek), strive for, 
long for, grasp at . (Appetite . ) 

Appius, Appi, m., Appius, a Ro- 
man forename. 

Appius, -a, -um, adj., of Appius, 
Appian. Via Appia, the great 
southern road, from Rome to 
Capua, and thence extended 
to Brundisium, the first por- 



tion built by Appius Claudius 
the censor. 

approbo, -are, -avi, -atum (ad -f- 
probo), approve, assent to. 
(Approbation.) 

appropero, -are, -avi, -atum (ad 
+ propero), hasten to, make 
haste. 

appropinquo, -are, -avi, -atum 
(ad + propinquo), approach, 
draw near. 

aptus, -a, -um (ap-«, fasten), adj., 
-fitted, Hi, suitable. (Apt.) 

apud, prep, with the ace, at, 
near; with, among; before, in 
the presence of, at the house of. 

Apulia, -ae, f ., Apulia, a division 
of Southern Italy, southeast of 
Rome. 

aqua, -ae, f., water. (Aquatic, 
aqueduct.) 

aquila, -ae, f ., eagle; eagle as a . 
standard, standard. 

ara, -ae, f ., altar. 

arbitrium, arbi'tri" (arbiter, hear- 
er, judge), n., judgment, author- 
ity, pleasure. 

arbitror, -ari, -atus sum (arbiter, 
judge) , dep. , think, believe, judge . 
(Arbitrate, arbitration.) 

area, -ae, f., place for safe-keep- 
ing; chest, box; cell. (Ark, 
arcana.) 

arceo, arcere, arcui, — , confine; 
keep away from. 

arcesso, -cessere, -cessivi, -ces- 
situm, summon, send for, in- 
vite. 

Archias, -ae, m., Archi-as, A. 
Licinius Archias, asserted by 
Cicero to have been a famous 
Greek poet; one of Cicero's 
teachers. See Introd. to ora- 
tion pro Archia. 

architects, -I, m., architect, 
builder. 

ardeo, -ere, arsi, fut. part. 



VOCABULARY 



11 



arsurus, burn; be on fire, blaze. 

(ardent, arson.) 
ardor, -oris, m., blazing; flame, 

heat; fury, ardor. 
argenteus, -a, -urn (argentum), 

adj., of silver, silver. 
argentum, -I, n., silver; silver 

plate; money. 
argumentor , -ari, -atus sum (argu- 

mentum), dep., offer proof, argue, 

reason. (Argumentation.) 
argumentum, -i (arguo, prove), 

n., proof. (Argument.) 
Aricia, -ae, f., Aricia, an old 

town of Latium. 
Ariobarzanes, -is, m., Ariobar- 

zanes, king of Cappadocia in 

Asia (Minor). 
anna, -orum, n. pi., arms. (Arm, 

ARMOR, ARMISTICE.) 

armatus, -a, -urn (part, of anno), 
adj., armed, clad in armor. 

Armenius, -a, -um, adj., Ar- 
menian; as subst., Armenii, 
-iorum, m. pi., Armenians. 
Their country lay to the east 
and southeast of the Euxine 
(Black) Sea. 

anno, -are, -avi, -atum (arma), 
arm, equip. (Armament.) 

ampio, -ripere, -ripui, -reptum 
(ad + rapio), seize, lay hold of, 
appropriate. 

Arrius, Arri, m., name of a Ro- 
man gens. Q. Arrius, spoken 
of as his friend by Cicero, in 
pro Milone, Section 46. 

ars, artis, f., art; capacity, qual- 
ity, virtue, skill. 

artifex, -icis (ars + root fao), 
m., master, artist; scaenicus 
artifex, actor. (Artificial.) 

arx, arcis, f., citadel, stronghold, 
fortress. 

ascendo, ascendere, -scendi, 
-scensum (ad-f-scando, climb), 
ascend, mount. 



ascisco, -sciscere, -scivi, -scitum 
(ad + scisco, enact, accept), 
admit (to association), receive, 
accept. 

ascribo, ascribere, -scrips!, 
-scriptum (ad + scribo), en- 
roll, enlist, assign. (Ascribe.) 

Asia, -ae, f., Asia, usually (1) 
Asia Minor; sometimes (2) the 
Roman province, which was 
only the western part of this. 

Asiaticus, -a, -um, adj., of Asia, 
Asiatic. 

aspectus, -us (aspicio), m., sight, 
look, appearance. (Aspect.) 

aspernor, -ari, -atus sum (ab 
+ spernor, despise), dep., dis- 
dain, scorn. 

aspicio, -spicere, -spexi, -spec- 
turn (ad + specio, look), look 
upon, see, look at, behold. 

assensio, -onis (assentior), f., 
agreement; pi., expression of 
approval. 

assentio, -sentire, -sensi, -sen- 
sum (ad + sentio), also assen- 
tior, -iri, -sensus sum, agree to, 
assent ; approve. 

assequor, -sequi, -secutus sum 
(ad + sequor), dep., follow up, 
overtake; accomplish, gain, ob- 
tain, reach. 

asservo, -are, -avi, -atum (ad -{- 
servo), keep, guard, preserve. 

assideo, -sidere, -sedi, — (ad + 
sedeo), sit by or near. 

assido, -ere, -sedi, fut. part, 
assessurus (ad + sido, sit), sit 
down. 

assidue (assiduus), adv., con- 
stantly, continually. (Assidu- 
ous.) 

assiduitas, -tatis (assiduus), f., 
persistence . (Assiduity . ) 

assigno, -are, -avi, -atum (ad -f- 
signo, mark), assign, ascribe, 
attribute. 



12 



VOCABULARY 



assuefacio, -facere, -feci, -fac- 
tum (assuetus + facio), make 
accustomed, train. 

asto, -are, astiti, — (ad + sto), 

stand near. 

at, conj., but, however; yet, but 
yet, at least. 

Athenae, -arum, f., Athens. 

Atheniensis, -e, adj., of Athens, 
Athenian; as a subst., Athe- 
nienses, -ium, m. pi., Athe- 
nians. 

atque, ac (at + -que), and also, 
and; with words implying com- 
parison and contrast, as, than; 
contra atque, contrary to what 
(lit., than); simul atque (ac), 
as soon as. 

atqui, and yet, but yet, however. 

atrium, atri (perhaps cf. ater, 
black), n., hall, main hall, 

ATRIUM. 

atrox, -oris 1 (cf. ater, black), 
adj ., fierce, harsh, cruel. (Atro- 
cious.) 

attendo, -tendere, -tendi, -ten- 
turn (ad + tendo, stretch), lis- 
ten to, attend to; consider, ob- 
serve. 

attenuo, -are, -avi, -atum (ad + 
tenuo, make thin), make thin, 
lessen, weaken. (Attenuat- 
ed.) 

attingo, -ere, -tigi, -tactum(ad+ 
tango), reach, attain, aspire to, 
touch upon. 

attribuo, -tribuere, -tribui, 
-tributum (ad + tribuo), as- 
sign, allot. (Attribute.) 

auctionarius, -a, -um (auctio, 
public sale), adj., of public sale, 

Of the AUCTIONEER. 

auctor, -toris (augeo), m., au- 
thor, originator; responsible 
person, authority; counsellor, 
adviser. 

auctoritas, -tatis (auctor), f., au- 



thority, decision, opinion; in- 

fluence, reputation, prestige. 
audacia, -ae (audax), f ., boldness, 

reckless daring. (Audacity.) 
audax, -acis (audeo), adj., bold, 

daring, rash. (Audacious.) 
audeo, audere, ausus sum, semi- 

dep., dare, have the courage to. 
audio, -ire, -Ivi or -ii, -Itum, hear, 

listen to; hear of. (Audible, 

AUDIENCE, AUDITOR.) 

aufero, auferre, abstuli, ablatum 
(au = ab + fero), carry away, 
bear off. (Ablative.) 

augeo, augere, auxi, auctum, in- 
crease, add to, enlarge. (Aug- 
ment.) 

auguror, -ari, -atus sum (augur, 
seer), dep., predict; surmise, 
conjecture. (Inaugurate.) 

augustus, -a, -um (augeo), adj., 
consecrated; majestic, noble, 
venerable, magnificent. (Au- 
gust.) 

Aulus, -I, m., Aulus, a Roman 
praenomen, or forename; in 
abbreviated form, A. 

Aurelius, -a, -um, adj., of Aure- 
lius, Aurelian; cf. Forum 
Aurelium, a small town on the 
Aurelian Way, north of Rome. 
Via Aurelia, road leading 
north from Rome along the 
coast. 

auris, -is, f ., ear. 

aurum, -i, n., gold. 

auspicium, auspi'ci (auspex, 
soothsayer), n., divination (by 
the flight of birds), augury; 
sign, omen; pi., auspices. 

aut, conj., or; aut . . . aut, ei- 
ther . . . or. 

aut em, conj., on the other hand, 
but, however. 

auxilium, auxi'li (cf. augeo), n., 
help, aid, support; pi., rein- 
forcements. (Auxiliary.) 



VOCABULARY 



13 



avaritia, -ae (avarus, greedy), i., 
greed, avarice. 

aversus, -a, -urn (part, of averto) , 
adj., turned away; disinclined, 
opposed (a, to). (Averse.) 

avidus, -a, -tun (cf. aveo, long 
after), adj., desirous, eager, cov- 
etous. (Avidity.) 

a Vitus, -a, -urn (avus), adj., of a 
grandfather, ancestral. 

a-voco, -are, -avi, -atum, call off, 
call away, divert. (Avoca- 
tion.) 

avunculus, -I (cf. avus), m. 7 
uncle (mother's brother). 

avus, -I, m., grandfather. 

B 

bacchor, -ari, -atus sum (Bac- 
chus), dep., revel, exult. 
barbaria, -ae (barbarus), f., for- 

eign country; uncivilized peo- 
ple; BARBARITY. 

barbarus, -a, -urn, adj., foreign; 
uncivilized, rude, savage, cruel; 
as subst., barbari, -orum, m. 
pi., foreigners, barbarians. 
(Barbarous.) 

barbarus, -a, -um (barba, beard), 
adj., having a beard, bearded. 

beatus, -a, -um (part, of bed, 
bless), adj., happy; fortunate, 
rich. (Beatitudes, beatific.) 

bellicosus, -a, -um (bellum), 
adj., warlike, martial. (Bel- 
licose.) 

bellicus, -a, -um (bellum), adj., 
pertaining to war, military. 

bello, -are, -avi, -atum (bellum), 
wage war. 

bellum, -I (for duellum, from 
duo; cf. English duel), n., 
war. 

belua, -ae, f., wild beast, mon- 
ster, brute. 

bene, comp. melius, sup. op ti- 



me (bonus), adv., well, success- 
fully. 

beneficium, benefi'ci (bene + 
facio), n., kindness, favor, serv- 
ice, benefit. 

beneficus, -a, -um (bene + 
fac-), adj., kindly, valuable, 
generous. (Beneficent.) 

benevolentia, -ae (bene, cf . volo) 
f., good-will, kindliness; affec- 
tion. (Benevolence.) 

benignitas, -tatis (benignus, 
kind), f., kindness, courtesy, 
favor. (Benignity.) 

bestia, -ae, f ., beast, animal. 

bibo, -ere, bibi, — , drink. (Im- 
bibe.) 

bini, -ae, -a (bis), distrib. num. 
adj., two by two, two apiece. 

bipartito (bis + partitus), adv., 
in two parts, in two divisions. 

bis (for duis; cf. duo), adv., 
twice. 

Bithynia, -ae, f., Bithynia, a 
country in the northern part 
of Asia Minor, bordering on 
the Euxine Sea and the Pro- 
pontis. 

Boeotia, -ae, f., Boeotia, a di- 
vision of Greece, northwest of 
Attica. 

bonitas, -tatis (bonus), f., good- 
ness; kind-heartedness. 

bonus, -a, -um, comp. melior, 
sup. optimus, adj., good; as 
subst., bonum, -i, n., good 
thing, advantage; in pi., boni, 
-orum, m., good men, loyal cit- 
izens, and bona, -orum, n., 
goods, property, possessions. 

Bosporanus, -a, -um (Bosporus), 
adj., of the Bosporus; as subst., 
Bosporani, -orum, m. pi., peo- 
ple living near the Bosporus. 

brevis, -e, adj., short, brief. 

brevitas, -tatis (brevis), f., short- 
ness, BREVITY. 



14 



VOCABULARY 



breviter (brevis), adv., briefly. 

Brundisium, Brundi'si, n., Brun- 
disium, a sea-port in Calabria, 
the port of departure for 
Greece and the East from 
Italy, to-day Brin'disi. 

Brutus, -I, m., Brutus, a Roman 
family name. Decimus Ju- 
nius Brutus, consul in 138 B.C. 
and conqueror of Lusitania in 
Spain. 

C 

C, abbreviation for Gaius, a 
Roman praenomen, or fore- 
name. 

cadaver, -eris, n., dead body. 
(Cadaverous.) 

cado, cadere, cecidi, — , fut. 
part, casurus, fall; be killed; 
fail; be lost. (Cadence, de- 
ciduous.) 

Caecilius, Caeci'H, m., a gentile 
name. L. Caecilius Ruj 'us, prae- 
tor in 57 b.c, active in secur- 
ing Cicero's return from exile. 

caecus, -a, -um, adj., blind, dark; 
because of his blindness it was 
made a cognomen of Appius 
Claudius, the famous censor, 
builder of the Appian Way. 

caedes, -is (caedo), f., killing, 
slaughter, murder, massacre. 

caedo, caedere, cecidi, caesum, 
strike, cut down, kill, slay, de- 
feat (army) . (Incision, in- 
cisive, DECIDE.) 

Caelius, Caeli, m., name of a 
Roman gens. (1) Q. Caelius 
Latiniensis, a tribune. (2) M. 
Caelius Rufus, a tribune in 52 
b.c. and a friend of Milo and 
Cicero. 

caelum, -I, n., heaven, sky. 

caementum, -I (caedo), n., an 
unhewn stone, quarry-stone. 
(Cement.) 



caerimonia, -ae, f., sacred rite, 
religious custom or ceremony. 

Caesar, Caesaris, m., a Roman 
surname. (1) C. Julius Cae- 
sar, the dictator. (2) L. Ju- 
lius Caesar, censor in 89 b.c. 
(cf. the oration pro Archia, 
Chapter V) . (3) Lucius Julius 
Caesar Strabo, consul in 64 
b.c. He was a brother-in-law 
of Lentulus, the Catilinarian 
conspirator. 

Caieta, -ae, f ., Caieta, a town of 
Southern Latium on the coast. 
Said to have derived its name 
from Caieta, the nurse of 
Aeneas. 

calamitas, -tatis, f ., disaster, mis- 
fortune, defeat; calamity. 

calceus, -I (cf. calx, heel), m., shoe. 

callidus, -a, -um (calleo, be 
skilled), adj., clever, shrewd, 
cunning. 

calumnia, -ae, f., trickery, mis- 
representation, false prosecu- 
tion. (Calumny.) 

calx, calcis, f., lime. 

campus, -I, m., field, plain, often 
with Martius understood, for 
the Campus Martius at Rome. 

candidates, -I (candidus, white), 
m., candidate for office (lit., 
clothed in white) . 

canis, canis, m. and f ., dog. 

cano, canere, cecini, cantum, 
sing; predict, prophesy. 

canto, -are, -avi, -atum (intens. 
of cano), sing, play. (Canto, 

RECANT, INCANTATION.) 

cantus, -us (cano), m., music; 

song. 
capillus, -I (cf. caput), m., hair. 

(Capillary.) 
capio, capere, cepi, captum, take, 

get; form; capture; contain, 

satisfy, receive. (Capacious, 

capable.) 



VOCABULARY 



15 



capitalis, -e (caput), adj., relating 
to the head; chief; deadly, fatal; 

CAPITAL. 

Capitolinus, -a, -um (Capitoli- 
um), adj., of the Capitol, Cap- 
itoline. 

Capitolium, Capitol! (caput), n., 
(1) the Capitol, the temple of 
Jupiter at Rome; (2) the Cap- 
itoline hill, on which this Cap- 
itol stood, and also the arx, 
the citadel of Rome. 

Cappadocia, -ae, f., Cappadocia, 
a country in Northern Asia 
Minor, on the Euxine Sea, east 
of Bithynia. 

Capua, -ae, f., Capua, a fa- 
mous and wealthy city of 
Campania. 

caput, -itis (cap-, take), n., head; 
life, chief point, source, origin. 
(Chapter, capitulate.) 

Carbo, -onis, m., Carbo, a Roman 
family name. (1) C. Papirius 
Carbo, tribune, and joint au- 
thor with M. Plautius Silvanus 
of the law under which Archias 
became a Roman citizen. (2) 
Also another of the same name, 
father of number 1, and trib- 
une in 128 B.C. 

career, -eris, m., prison. (In- 
carcerate.) 

careo, carere, carui, — , fut. 
part, cariturus, be without, 
lack, be free from; keep away 
from. 

caritas, -tatis (cams), f., dear- 
ness, high price. (Charity.) 

carmen, -inis, n., song, poem. 

Carthaginiensis, -e (Carthago), 
adj., Carthaginian; as subst., 
Carthaginienses, -ium, m. pi., 
Carthaginians. 

Carthago, -inis, f., Carthage. 

cams, -a, -um, adj., dear, valued, 
precious. (Caress.) 



Cassianus, -a, -um (Cassius), 
adj., of Cassius. 

Cassius, Cassi, m., Cassius, a 
Roman family name. C. Cas- 
sius Longi'nus, chief of the 
conspirators associated with 
Brutus against Caesar. 

caste (castus, pure), adv., purely. 
(Chaste, chasten.) 

Castor, -toris, m., Castor, with 
his twin brother Pollux, sons of 
Leda and brothers of Helen of 
Troy, worshipped as a god by 
the Romans and having a tem- 
ple in the Forum. 

castra, -orum, n. pi., camp. 

castrensis, -e (castra), adj., of 
the camp; open. 

casus, -us (cado), m., fall; 
chance, fortune, accident; occur- 
rence, event, emergency; situa- 
tion, circumstances; misfortune, 
calamity, ruin. (Case, cas- 
ualty.) 

Catilina, -ae, m., Catiline, Lu- 
cius Sergius Catilina, leader of 
a conspiracy against Rome 
put down by Cicero. 

Cato, -onis, m., Cato, M. Porcius 
Cato, the Censor, or Major, so- 
called to distinguish him from 
his great-grandson, contem- 
porary of Cicero, who was 
called Uticensis after his 
death. Perhaps the father of 
Uticensis is referred to in 
Archias, Section 6. 

Catulus, -I, m., Catulus, Q. Luta- 
tius Catulus, colleague of Ma- 
rks in the consulship, 102 b.c. 
As proconsul the following 
year (101 b.c.) he defeated 
and annihilated the Cimbri at 
Vercellae, with the aid of 
Marius. 

causa, -ae, f ., cause, reason, mo- 
tive; side, party, faction; case. 



16 



VOCABULARY 



situation } pretext, excuse; in- 
terest, advantage; abl., causa, 
with possessive adj . or limiting 
gen., for the sake of. 

Causinius, Causi'nl, m., name of 
a Roman gens. C. Causinius 
Schola, a friend of Clodius, 
whose testimony in Clodius's 
trial conflicted with Cicero's. 

cautio, -onis (caveo), f., wari- 
ness, watchfulness, precau- 
tion. 

caveo, cavere, cavi, cautum, be 
on one's guard, take care, be care- 
ful. (Caution, cautious.) 

cedo, cedere, cessi, cessum, 
yield, withdraw. (Cede, ces- 
sion.) 

celeber, -bris, -bre, adj ., thronged, 

populous; CELEBRATED. 

celebritas, -tatis (celeber), f., 
publicity, renown; celebrity; 
solemn celebration, impressive 
ceremony. 

celebro, -are, -avi, -atum (cele- 
ber), celebrate, solemnize, keep. 
(Celebration.) 

celeritas, -tatis (celer, swift), f., 
swiftness, quickness. (Celer- 
ity.) 

celeriter, comp. celerius, sup. 
celerrime (celer, swift), adv., 
quickly, speedily. 

cena, -ae, f ., dinner. 

censeo, censere, censui, censum, 
estimate; be of the opinion, vote, 
advise. 

censor, -oris (censeo), m., cen- 
sor. 

census, -us (censeo), m., cen- 
sus. 

centesimus, -a, -urn (centum), 
ordinal num., hundredth. 

centum, num. adj. indecl., one 
hundred. 

centuria, -ae (centum), f., cen- 
tury, a division of the people ; 



according to the military con- 
stitution of Servius Tullius, 
there were 193 of these, di- 
vided according to wealth. 

centuriatus, -us (cf. centurio), 
m., the office of centurion. 

centurio, -onis (centuria), m., 
centurion, commander of a 
century. 

Ceparius, Cepari, m., a Roman 
gentile name. M. Ceparius, 
one of the chief Catilinarian 
conspirators, put to death with 
Lentulus, Cethegus, and the 
rest. 

cerno, cernere, crevi, cretum, 
separate; perceive, see. 

certamen, -taminis (certo), n., 
struggle. 

certe (certus), adv., certainly, 
surely, at any rate; at least. 

certo (certus), adv., surely, be- 
yond a doubt. 

certo, -are, -avi, -atum, struggle. 

certus, -a, -urn (part, of cerno/ 
decide), adj., fixed, definite, cer- 
tain, particular, clear; sure; 
certiorem facere, inform, pass. 
certior fieri. (Certify.) 

cervix, -icis, f., neck; only oc- 
curring in the plural in Cicero, 
cervices, -um, f. pi. 

ceterus, -a, -um, adj., usually in 
the pi., ceteri, -ae, -a, the rest, 
the other, the remaining; as a 
subst., ceteri, -orum, the rest, 
the others. 

Cethegus, -i, m., a Roman family 
name. C. Cornelius Cethegus, 
one of the chief Catilinarian 
conspirators. 

Child, -onis, m., a Roman family 
name. Q. Annius Chilo, one 
of the chief Catilinarian con- 
spirators. 

Chius, -a, -um, adj., of Chios, 
Chian; as a subst., Chii, 



VOCABULARY 



17 



-drum, m. pi., the inhabitants 
of Chios, the Chians. Chios 
was an island off the west 
coast of Asia Minor in the 
Aegean Sea. 

cibus, -i, m., food. 

Cicero, -onis, m., Cicero, a Ro- 
man family name. (1) Mar- 
cus Tullius Cicero, the orator. 
(2) Quintus Tullius Cicero, 
brother of Marcus. 

Cilicia, -ae, f., Cilicia, a country 
in southeastern Asia Minor on 
the coast. Cicero governed it 
as proconsul. 

Clio, -onis, m., a Roman family 
name. P. Magius Cilo, the 
murderer of Marcellus. 

Cimber, Cimbri, m., Cimber, cog- 
nomen of P. Gabinius Cim- 
ber. 

Cimbri, -orum, m. pi., the Cim- 
brians, a tribe of Germans, de- 
feated and destroyed by Ma- 
rius and Catulus in 101 B.C., 
near where Verona is now, in 
the north of Italy. 

Cimbricus, -a, -urn, adj., of the 
Cimbrians, Cimbrian. 

cingo, cingere, cinxi, clnctum, 
surround, encircle. (Cinc- 
ture.) 

cinis, cineris, m., ashes. (Cin- 
der.) 

Cinna, -ae, m., Cinna, a Roman 
family name. Lucius Corne- 
lius Cinna, leader of the pop- 
ular party against Sulla and 
colleague of Marius in the 
consulship. 

circum (ace. of circus, ring, cir- 
cle), prep, with ace, around, 
about, near. 

circumcludo, -cludere, -clusi, 
-clusum (circum + claudo, 
close), shut in, hem in, sur- 
round. 



circum-do, -dare, -dedi, -datum 
(circum + -do, put), put 
around, set around; surround. 

circum-fundo, -fundere, -fudi, 
-fusum, pour around, sur- 
round. 

circum-scribo,-scribere, -scrips!, 
-scriptum, hem in; check, re- 
strain; cheat, defraud. (Cir- 
cumscribe.) 

circumscriptor, -oris (circum- 
scribo), m., defrauder, cheat. 

circum-sedeo, -sedere, -sedi, 
-sessum, sit around; surround. 

circumspicio, -spicere, -spexi, 
-spectum (circum + specio), 
look around. (Circumspect.) 

circum-sto, -stare, -steti, — , 
stand around; surround. 

Circus, -i, m., circle, race-course. 
Circus maximus, the principal 
one of these in Rome. It was 
placed between the Palatine 
and Aventine hills, and used 
for games, races, wild-beast 
hunts, etc. (Circus, circle.) 

cito (citus, quick), adv., quickly. 

cito, -are, -avi, -arum (cieo, 
rouse), call, rouse, call to wit- 
ness, CITE. 

civflis, -e (civis), adj., of citizens, 
civil; political, public. (Ci- 
vilian.) 

civis, -is, m. and f., citizen, fel- 
low citizen. (Crvic.) 

civitas, -tatis (civis), f., citizen- 
ship; state. 

clades, -is, f., destruction, ruin, 
disaster, defeat. 

clam (cf. celo), adv., secretly. 

clamo, -are, -avi, -atum, shout, 
cry out, proclaim. (Claim, 

CLAIMANT.) 

clamor, -oris (clamo), m., outcry, 
shout, clamor. 

clarus, -a, -urn, adj., clear; dis- 
tinguished, famous. 



18 



VOCABULARY 



classis, -is, f ., fleet. 

claudo, claudere, clausi, clau- 
sum, shut, close, hem in. 
(Close, closet, cloister.) 

Clemens, dementis, adj., merci- 
ful, kind, lenient. (Clement.) 

clementer (clemens), adv., 
kindly, with compassion, le- 
niently. 

dementia, -ae (clemens), f., 
mercy, clemency. 

clientela, -ae (cliens, dependent), 
f., clientage, vassalage; pi., 
collectively, clients. 

clivus, -i, m., slope, hill; clivus 
Capitolinus, the road from the 
Forum to the Capitol, an ex- 
tension of the Sacred Way. 

Clodianus, -a, -um (Clodius), 
adj., of Clodius, Clodian. 

Clodius, Clodi, m., Clodius, name 
of a Roman family . P . Clodius 
Pulcher, the enemy of Cicero, 
whom he drove into exile. He 
was killed by Milo. 

Cn., abbreviation for Gnaeus, a 
Roman first name. 

Cnidus, -I, f., Cnidus, a city on 
the southwestern shore of Asia 
Minor, a Greek colony. 

coarguo, -arguere, -argui (com- 
+ argud, prove), expose, con- 
vict, prove guilty. 

codicilli, -orum (codex, account- 
book, diminutive), m., writing- 
tablet, note. 

coepi, coepisse, coeptus, defect- 
ive verb, begin, commence. 

coerced, -ercere, -ercui, -ercitum 
(com- + arceo), confine, re- 
strain. (Coerce, coercion.) 

coetus, -us (coeo, come together), 
m., meeting, gathering. 

cogitate (cogito), adv., with re- 
flection, thoughtfully. 

cogitatio, -onis (cogito), f., de- 
sign, plan, intent; reflection, 



thought, contemplation. (Cog- 
itation.) 

cogito, -are, -avi, -atum (com- + 
agito), consider, think; think 
of; intend; plan. (Cogitate.) 

cognatio, -onis (cognatus), f., re- 
lationship by blood; kinship. 
(Cognate.) 

cognitio, -onis (cognosco), f., a 
becoming acquainted with, ac- 
quaintance. (Recognition.) 

cognitor, -toris (cognosco), m., 
advocate, defender. 

cognosco, -gnoscere, -gnovi, 
-gnitum (com- + (g)nosco), 
become acquainted with, con- 
sider, learn, perceive; recog- 
nize; acknowledge, identify; 
perf . cognovi, know. (Cogni- 
zance.) 

cogo, cogere, coegi, coactum 
(com- + ago), drive together, 
collect; force, compel. 

cohaereo, -haerere, -haesi, 
-haesum (com- + haereo), be 
connected with, adhere, cling 
closely to. (Cohere, cohe- 
rent.) 

cohibed, -hibere, -hibui, -hibi- 
tum (com- + habeo), check, 
restrain, control. 

cohors, -hortis, f., cohort, one- 
tenth part of a legion; retinue; 
cohors praetoria, body-guard 
(of a general). 

cohortor, -ari, -atus sum (com- 
+ hortor), encourage, exhort, 
incite. 

collaudo, -are, -avi, -atum (com- 
+ laudo), praise warmly. 

collectio, -onis (colligo, gath- 
er), f., gathering, collecting. 
(Collection.) 

collega, -ae (com- + root leg-, 
be fixed), m., partner in office, 
colleague, associate. 

collegium, collegi (collega), n., 



VOCABULARY 



19 



association in office; official 
body, board. (College.) 
colligo, -ligere, -legi, -lectum 
(com- + lego, gather), gather, 

COLLECT. 

collinus, -a, -urn (collis, hill) , adj ., 
of a hill; as a subst., Collina, 
-ae, f. (sc. tribus), Colline tribe, 
the name of one of the four city 
tribes at Rome, consisting of the 
lowest and vilest of the citizens. 

colloco, -are, -avi, -atum (com- 
-f loco), place, put; invest. 

colloquor, -loqui, -locutus sum 
(com- + loquor) , dep. , talk with, 
converse. (Colloquy, collo- 
quial.) 

colo, colere, colui, cultum, cul- 
tivate, till; cherish, follow; 
honor, esteem; revere. 

colonia, -ae (colonus), f., col- 
ony, settlement. 

colonus, -I (colo), m., tiller of the 
soil; colonist, settler. 

Colophon, -onis, m., Colophon, a 
Greek city in western Asia 
Minor, near Ephesus. 

Colophonius, -a, -um (Colo- 
phon), adj., of Colophon; as 
subst., m. pi., inhabitants of 
Colophon. 

color, -oris, m., color, complexion. 

com-, old form of cum, found 
only in composition, together 
with; thoroughly. 

comburo, -burere, -bussi, bus- 
turn (com- -j- (b)uro), burn. 

comes, -itis (com- + eo), m. and 
f., companion, attendant; fol- 
lower. (Count, a title.) 

comissatio, -onis (comissor, rev- 
el), i., carousal, revelry. 

comitatus, -us (comitor), m., es- 
cort, retinue, following. 

comitatus, -a, -um (part, of 
comito, attend), adj., attended, 
escorted. 



comitia,-6rum,n. pi., {the Roman 
people in) assembly, Comitia, 
elections. 

Comitium, Comi'ti (com- + eo), 
n., Comitium % the part of the 
Forum at Rome in which the 
patricians originally met, sep- 
arated in early times from the 
Forum proper by the Rostra. 

comitor, -ari, -atus sum (comes), 
dep., accompany. 

commeatus, -us (commeo), m., 
going to and fro; intercourse; 
provisions, supplies (for an 
army) . 

commemorabilis, -e (comme- 
moro), adj., deserving mention, 

MEMORABLE. 

commemoratio, -onis (comme- 
moro), f., remembrance, men- 
tioning. (Commemoration.) 

com-memoro, -are, -avi, -atum, 
call to mind, mention, tell of y 
state. (Commemorate.) 

commendatio, -onis (commen- 
do), f., commendation. 

commendo, -are, -avi, -atum 
(com- + mando, entrust), en- 
trust, commend, commit. 

com-meo, -are, -avi, -atum 
(com- + meo, go), go to and 
fro. 

com-misceo, -miscere, -miscui, 
-mixtum, mix, mingle, join, 
unite. 

commissum, -i (committo), n., 
undertaking; fault, crime. 

com-mitto, -mittere, -misi, -mis- 
sum, bring together, join; com- 
mit; expose, entrust, trust; 
cause, allow; proelium or pug- 
nam committere, join, begin 
battle. 

commode (commodus, conve- 
nient), adv., conveniently. 

commodo, -are, -avi, -atum 
(commodus, convenient), ac- 



20 



VOCABULARY 



commodate ; supply, lend, fur- 
nish, loan. 

commodum, -I (commodus, con- 
venient), n., advantage, conve- 
nience, profit. (Commodious.) 

com-moror, -ari, -atus sum, 
dep., delay, linger. 

com-moveo, -movere, -movi, 
-motum, move, move greatly, dis- 
turb, alarm; influence, te com- 
movere, take any steps, make 
any move. (Commotion.) 

communico, -are, -avi, -atum 
(communis), share with; com- 
municate with. 

communio, -onis (communis), f., 
sharing, participation, com- 
munity. (Communion.) 

communis, -e (com- + munus), 
adj., common, general, public, 
universal. 

communiter (communis), adv., 
generally, in general. 

com-mutabilis, -e (com- + mu- 
tabilis, changeable), adj., 
changeable. 

com-muto, -are, -avi, -atum, 
change; exchange; alter wholly. 
(Commute, commutation.) 

comparatio, -onis (compar 6), pre- 
paring, preparation. 

com-paro, -are, -avi, -atum, pre- 
pare, get ready; acquire, pro- 
cure, collect. 

comparo, -are, -avi, -atum (com- 
par, like), compare, match, 
liken. 

com-pello, -pellere, -puli, -pul- 
sum, drive together, collect; 
drive, force. (Compel, com- 
pulsion.) 

comperio, -perire, -peri, -per- 
tum (com- + pario, obtain), 
learn, find out, detect. 

competitor, -toris (com- + peto), 
m., rival (candidate for votes). 
(Competitor.) 



complector, -plecti, -plexus sum 
(com- + plecto, braid), dep., 
embrace; enclose. 

com-pleo, -plere, -plevi, -pletum, 

fill full, fill; COMPLETE. 

complexus, -us (complector), m., 

embrace. 

complures, -a or -ia, adj., very 
many, several, many; as subst., 
complures, -ium, m. pi., very 
many people, many. 

com-prehendo, -hendere, -hen- 
di, -hensum, seize, grasp, ar- 
rest, capture; detect, compre- 
hend. (Comprehension.) 

comprimo, -primere, -pressi, 
-pressum (com- + premo), 
press together; check, foil. 
(Compress, compression.) 

com-probo, -are, -avi, -atum, ap- 
prove fully. 

conatus, -us (conor, attempt), m., 
attempt. (Conative.) 

con-cedo, -cedere, -cessi, -ces- 
sum (com- + cedo), give up, 
yield; grant, allow, permit; 
withdraw, depart. (Concede, 
concession.) 

concelebro, -are, -avi, -atum 
(com- + celebro, throng), at- 
tend in throngs; celebrate, 
publish. 

concerto, -are, -avi, -atum (com- 
+ certo, contend), dispute. 

concido, -cidere, -cidi, — (com- 
+ ca.do), fall; be overthrown, be 
defeated, collapse. 

concilio, -are, -avi, -atum (con- 
cilium, meeting), win over, se- 
cure; unite, make friendly. 
(Conciliate.) 

concipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum 
(com- + capio), take up, re- 
ceive, assume; conceive, imag- 
ine, entertain, adopt. (Con- 
ception.) 

concito, -are, -avi, -atum (com- 



VOCABULARY 



21 



+ cito), rouse, excite; set on 
foot. 

Concordia, -ae (concors, united), 
f., harmony, unanimity. Per- 
sonified, Concord, the goddess. 
(Concord.) 

concupisco, -cuplscere, -cupivi, 
-cupitum (com- + cupio), de- 
sire greatly, or eagerly. 

concurro, -ere, -curri or -cucurri, 
-cursum (com — \- curro), run 
together, flock together, gather. 
(Concurrent.) 

concurso, -are, -avi, -atum (in- 
tensive of concurro), run 
about. 

concursus, -us (concurro), m., 
a running together, meeting, 
assembly. (Concourse.) 

condemno, -are, -avi, -atum 
(com- + damno), condemn, 
find guilty of, convict, 

conditio, -onis (com- + dico, 
declare), f., condition, agree- 
ment, proposition; situation, 
task. 

condo, -dere, -didi, -ditum (com- 
+ -do, put), put together, found, 
establish, build; store up, place. 

con-dono, -are, -avi, -atum (com- 
+ dono), give, surrender; par- 
don, overlook. (Condone.) 

con-duco, -ducere, -duxi, -duc- 
tum (com- + duco), draw to- 
gether; assemble; hire, rent; 
contribute to, be of use. (Con- 
duct.) 

con-fero, -ferre, -tuli, collatum, 
bring together, compare; apply, 
devote; turn, transfer; se con- 
ferre, betake oneself, go; signa 
conferre, join battle; s ignis 
collatis, in a pitched battle. 

confertus, -a, -urn (part, of con- 
fercio, crowd together), adj., 
crowded, filled. 

confessio, -onis (confiteor, con- 



fess), f., confession, acknowl- 
edgment. 

confestim, adv., immediately. 

conficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum 
(com- + facio), do thoroughly, 
finish, complete, furnish; wear 
out, exhaust, destroy, kill; pro- 
vide. 

confido, -fidere, -fisus sum 
(com- + fido, trust), semi- 
dep., trust fully, confide in; 
believe, be confident. (Con- 
fide.) 

confirmo, -are, -avi, -atum (com- 
+ firmo, strengthen) , strengthen 
greatly; assert, affirm; cheer, 
encourage. (Confirm.) 

confiteor, -fiteri, -fessus sum 
(com- + fateor), dep., con- 
fess, admit. 

conflagro, -are, -avi, -atum 
(com- + flagro, burn), intr., 
burn, be consumed. (Confla- 
gration.) 

confligo, -fligere, -fiixi, -flictum 
(com- + fligo, strike), strike 
together; fight, contend, be at 
war. (Conflict.) 

conflo, -are, -avi, -atum (com- + 
flo, blow), blow up, kindle; 
bring together, collect, gather. 

conformatio, -onis (c6nf6rm6),f., 
a moulding, training. (Con- 
formation.) 

conformo, -are, -avi, -atum 
(com- + formo, fashion), form, 
fashion, mould. (Conform.) 

confringo, -fringere,-fregi, -frac- 
tum (com- + frango), break to 
pieces, destroy. 

congero, -gerere, -gessi, -ges- 
tum (com- + gero), bring to- 
gether, collect; heap together, 
heap upon. (Congestion.) 

congredior, -gredi, -gressus sum 
(com- + gradior, walk), meet; 
engage in battle. (Congress.) 



22 



VOCABULARY 



congrego,-are, -avi, -atum (com-, 
cf. grex, herd), gather together. 

(CON GREG ATE, CONGREGA- 
TION.) 

congruo, -gruere, -grui, — , har- 
monize, agree, be alike. (In- 
congruous.) 

conicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectum 
(com- + iacio), throw with 
force, hurl, aim. 

coniectura, -ae (conicio), f., con- 
jecture, guess. 

coniunctio, -onis (coniungo), f., 
union, agreement, friendship. 
(Conjunction.) 

coniungo, -iungere, -iunxi, -iiinc- 
tum (com- + iungo), join to- 
gether, join. 

coniunx, coniugis (coniungo), m. 
and f., wife, husband. (Con- 
jugal.) 

coniuratio, -onis (coniuro), f., a 
taking oath together; league, 
conspiracy. 

coniuratus, -a, -urn (part, of 
coniuro), adj., leagued together ; 
as a subst., coniurati, -orum, 
m. pi., conspirators. 

coniuro, -are, -avi, -atum (com- 
+ iuro), take oath together; 
conspire. (Conjure, conjur- 
er.) 

coniveo, -nivere, -nivi or -nixi, 
— , close the eyes, wink at; over- 
look. (Connive.) 

conor, -ari, -atus sum, dep., try, 
undertake, attempt. 

conquiesco, -quiescere, -quievi, 
— , fut. part, -quieturus (com- 
+ quiesco), rest; pause, begin 
to fall of; find rest, be at peace. 

conquisitor, -toris (com- + 
quaero), m., recruiting officer. 

consceleratus, -a, -um (part, of 
conscelero, stain with guilt), 
adj., wicked, abominable. 

conscientia, -ae (cf. conscius, 



aware), f., consciousness, 
knowledge; sense of guilt. 
(Conscience.) 

conscribo, -scribere, -scrips!, 
-scrip turn (com- + scribo), 
write together, enroll; patres 
conscript!, senators (see In- 
trod., 53, a). 

consecratus, -a, -um (part, of 
consecro), adj., consecrated, 
sacred. 

consecro, -are, -avi, -atum (com- 
+ sacro, consecrate), conse- 
crate. 

consensio, -onis (consentio), f., 
agreement, unanimity. 

consensus, -us (consentio), m., 
harmony, unanimity, agree- 
ment. (Consensus.) 

consentio, -sentire, -sens!, -sen- 
sum (com- + sentio), agree 
with, unite with, unite, come to 
agreement. (Consent.) 

consequor, -sequi, -secutus sum 
(com- + sequor), dep., follow 
up; follow, attend upon, over- 
take; attain, acquire, gain. 
(Consecutive.) 

conservator, -toris (conservo), 
m., keeper, preserver, defender. 

conservo, -are, -avi, -atum (com- 
+ servo), keep safe, preserve, 
guard; spare. (Conserva- 
tion, CONSERVATORY.) 

consessus, -us (consido, sit 

down), m., assembly. 

considero, -are, -avi, -atum, re- 
flect upon, examine, consider 
carefully. 

consilium, consi'H (consulo), n., 
deliberation, counsel; plan; 
wisdom, conduct; deliberative 
body; strategy. 

consisto, -sistere, -stiti, -stitum 
(com- + sisto, set), place one- 
self, take a position, stand; 
stand still. 



VOCABULARY 



23 



consolatio, -onis (consolor), f., 
comfort, CONSOLATION. 

consolor, -ari, -atus sum (com- 
+ solor, comfort), dep., con- 
sole, cheer, encourage. 

consors, -sortis (com- + sors, 
fate), adj., sharing, having the 
same lot; as subst., sharer, 
partner, associate. (Consort.) 

conspectus, -us (conspicio), m., 
sight, view; presence. 

conspicio, -spicere, -spexi, -spec- 
turn (com- + specio, see), 
catch sight of, behold, observe, 
see; face. 

conspiratio, -onis (cohspiro, 
breathe together), {., accord, 
unanimity, harmony. (Con- 
spire, CONSPIRATOR, CONSPIR- 
ACY.) 

constans, -ntis (part, of consto), 
adj., firm, steady, resolute, 
faithful, CONSTANT. 

constant er (constans, firm), adv., 
resolutely, firmly; consistently, 
uniformly. 

constantia, -ae (constans, firm), 
f ., firmness, steadfastness, reso- 
lution. (Constancy.) 

constituo, -stituere, -stitui, -sti- 
tutum (com- + statuo), sta- 
tion, place; determine, agree 
upon, designate, appoint; es- 
tablish; enact; decide; organize. 
(Constitute, constitution, 
constituent.) 

consto, -stare, -stiti, — , fut. 
part, constatiirus (com- + 
sto), stand firm, agree, be con- 
sistent; consist of, depend on; 
impers. constat, it is certain, it 
is agreed, it is evident. 

constringo, -stringere, -strinxi, 
-strictum (com- + stringo, 
bind), bind, hold in check, fet- 
ter. 

consuesco, -suescere, -suevi, 



-suetum (com- + suesco, be- 
come accustomed), usually in 
the perfect system, be accus- 
tomed, be wont. 

consuetudo, -tudinis (consuesco, 
become accustomed), f., custom, 
habit; tradition, precedent; fa- 
miliarity, intimacy. 

consul, -ulis (com-, cf. sedeo), 
m., consul, one of the two 
chief magistrates at Rome. 

consularis, -e (consul), adj., re- 
lating to a consul; of consular 
rank; consular; as a subst., 
consularis, -is, m., an ex- 

CONSUL. 

consulatus, -us (consul), m., 

CONSULSHIP, CONSULATE. 

consulo, -sulere, -sului, -sultum, 
take counsel, consider; consult, 
ask for advice; with dat., con- 
sult for or for the interests of. 

consulto (cf. consulo), adv., with 
deliberation, purposely. 

consultum, -I (consulo), n., de- 
liberation; decree, resolution. 

consumo, -sumere, -sumpsi, 
-sumptum (com- + sumo), 
consume, use up, destroy, 
spend. 

consurgo, -surgere, -surrexi, 
-surrectum, start up, rise in a 
body. 

contamino, -are, -avi, -atum 
(contamen = contagio, touch, 
pollution), contaminate, de- 
file, dishonor. 

contego, -tegere, -texi, -tectum 
(com- + tego), hide, cover, 
conceal. 

contemno, -temnere, -tempsi, 
-temptum (com- + temno), 
despise, disdain, defy. (Con- 
temn, CONTEMPT.) 

contendo, -tendere, -tendi, -ten- 
turn (com- + tendo), put forth 
an effort, strive; fight, contend; 



24 



VOCABULARY 



compare; assert, affirm, main- 
tain. 

contentid, -onis (contendo), f., 
effort; strife; struggle, rivalry, 
contention; comparison ; 
strain, tension. 

contentus, -a, -urn (part, of con- 
tineo), adj., content, satisfied. 

conticesco, -ticescere, -ticui, — , 
(com- + taceo), become silent, 
be silent. 

continens, -ntis (part, of con- 
tineo), adj., moderate, temper- 
ate, self -controlled. 

continentia, -ae (continens), f., 
self-control. 

contineo, -tinere, -tinui, -tentum 
(com- + teneo), hold together, 
hold, keep, keep in, contain, 
retain; restrain, control, limit; 
in pass., consist, depend. 

contingo, -tingere, -tigi, -tactum 
(com- + tango), touch; arrive 
at; happen, befall (usually of 
good fortune) . (Contingent, 

CONTACT, CONTIGUOUS.) 

continuus, -a, -urn (com-, cf. 
teneo), adj., successive, in suc- 
cession, CONTINUOUS. 

contio, -onis (shortened from co- 
ventio, com- + venio), f., a 
coming together; a meeting, as- 
sembly; speech. 

contionator, -toris (contionor, de- 
liver a speech), m., demagogue. 

contra (com-), adv., and prep, 
with accus. As adv., on the 
other hand, on the contrary; 
contra atque, otherwise than, 
contrary to what; as prep., op- 
posite, facing; against, in oppo- 
sition to. 

con-traho, -trahere, -traxi, -trac- 
tum, draw together, contract, 
incur. 

contrarius, -a, -urn (contra), adj., 
opposite, contrary, opposed. 



controversia, -ae (cf . contra and 
verto), f., controversy, dis- 
pute. 

contumelia, -ae (com-, cf . tumeo, 

swell), i., insult, indignity. 
(Contumely.) 

convalesco, -valescere, -valui 
(com- + valesco, grow strong), 
grow strong. 

conveho, -vehere, -vexi, -vectum 
(com- + vend, bring), bring 
together, collect, store. 

convenio, -venire, -veni, -ven- 
tum (com- + venio), come to- 
gether, assemble, meet; meet 
(transitively); impers., con- 
venit, it is fitting, it is proper. 
(Convene, convenient.) 

conventus, -us (convenio), m., 
assembly, meeting. 

converto, -vertere, -verti, -ver- 
sum (com- + verto, turn), 
turn, turn round, turn back, 
change. (Convert, conver- 
sion.) 

convicium, convici (com- + root 
voc-, call), n., clamor; wran- 
gling, contention; abuse. 

convinco, -vincere, -vici, -victum 
(com- + vinco), prove clearly; 
convict, overcome. (Con- 
vince, conviction.) 

convivium, convivi (com — |- 
vivo), n., banquet, feast. 

convoco, -are, -avi, -atum (com- 
+ voco), call together. (Con- 
voke, CONVOCATION.) 

copia, -ae (for co-opia ; com-, cf . 
ops), f ., abundance, plenty, sup- 
ply; ability, power; pi. copiae, 
-arum, resources, riches; forces, 
troops. 

copiosus, -a, -urn (copia), adj., 
well supplied, rich. (Copious.) 

coram (for co-6ram; cf. 6s, face), 
adv., face to face, in person. 

Corduba, -ae, f., Corduba, the 



VOCABULARY 



25 



modern Cordova, a city in 
Spain. 

Corf iniensis, -e (CorfInium),adj., 
of Corfinium, an Italian town 
in Samnium, where the first re- 
sistance to Caesar in the Civil 
War was made by Pompey's 
partisans. 

Corinthus, -i, f., Corinth, one 
of the best-known cities of 
Greece, situated on the isth- 
mus connecting northern 
Greece with the Peloponnesus. 

Cornelius, Cornell, m., Cornelius, 
a Roman family name. See 
Scipio, Sulla, Lentulus. 

corona, -ae, f., garland; circle, 
ring (of spectators) . (Coronet, 
crown.) 

corpus, -oris, n., body. (Corpu- 
lent, corpse, CORPS.) 

corrigo, -rigere, -rexi, -rectum 
(com- + rego), correct, re- 
form, amend. ^(Incorrigible.) 

corroboro, -are, -avi, -atum 
(com- + roboro, make strong), 
strengthen, make strong, invig- 
orate. (Corroborate.) 

corrumpo, -rumpere, -rupi, -rup- 
tum (com- + rumpo), cor- 
rupt, falsify, pervert, tamper 
with, bribe. 

corruo, -mere, -rui, — (com- + 
tuo, fall), fall together; collapse. 

corruptela, -ae (corruptus), f., 
corruption, temptation, entice- 
ment. 

corruptor, -toris (corrumpo), m., 
misleader, corrupter. 

corruptus, -a, -urn (corrumpo), 
adj., bad; as subst., profligate. 

cotidianus, -a, -urn (cotidie), 
adj., daily. 

cotidie (cot- for quot + dies), 
adv., daily, every day. 

Cotta, -ae, m., L. Aurelius Cotta, 
consul 65 B.C. 



Crassus, -I, m., Crassus, a Ro- 
man family name. (1) L. hi- 
cinius Crassus, a famous ora- 
tor, who was consul in 95 B.C. 
(2) M. Licinius Crassus, the 
triumvir associated with Cae- 
sar and Pompey. 

creber, -bra, -brum, comp. cre- 
brior, sup. creberrimus, adj., 
thick, crowded, frequent. 

crebro (creber), adv., frequently. 

credibilis, -e (credo), adj., de- 
serving belief, credible. 

credo, -dere, -didi, -ditum, give 
credence, believe; trust; en- 
trust, commit. (Credible, 

CREDIT, CREED, CREDULOUS.) 

creo, -are, -avi, -atum, create; 
select, elect. (Creator, crea- 
tion, CREATURE.) 

cresco, crescere, crevi, cretum, 
increase, grow. (Increase, 

INCREMENT.) 

Cretensis, -e (Creta, Crete), adj., 
of Crete, Cretan; as subst. in 
m. pi., Cretenses, -ium, inhab- 
itants of Crete (the large is- 
land south of Greece in the 
Mediterranean), Cretans. 

crimen, -inis (cerno), n., charge, 
accusation, fault, crime. 
(Criminal.) 

criminor, -ari, -atus sum (crimen, 
charge), dep., charge, accuse; 
assail, attack. (Incriminate.) 

cruciatus, -us (crucio, torture), 
m., pain, torture, punish- 
ment. 

crudelis, -e (crudus, bloody), adj. 

CRUEL. 

crudelitas, -tatis (crudelis, cru- 
el), f., CRUELTY. 

crudeliter (crudelis, cruel), 
adv., comp. crudelius, sup. 
crudelissime, cruelly. 

cruento, -are, -avi, -atum (cru- 
entus), stain with blood, stain. 



26 



VOCABULARY 



cruentus, -a, -urn (cruor, blood), 
adj., bloody. 

cruor, -oris, m., blood, bloodshed. 

crux, crucis, f ., cross, gallows, tor- 
ture. (Crucial.) 

cubile, -is (cubo, lie down), n., 
bed, resting-place. 

culpa, -ae, f., fault, mistake; 
blame, guilt. (Culpable, ex- 
culpate). 

cultura, -ae (colo), f., tilling, cul- 
tivation; CULTURE. 

cum, prep, with abl., with, in 
company with. 

cum, conj . temporal, when, while, 
whenever; causal, since; conces- 
sive and adversative, although, 
though; cum . . . turn, not 
only . . . but also; both . . . 
and; while . . . at the same 
time; cum primum, as soon 
as. 

cumulo, -are, -avi, -atum (cumu- 
lus), heap up. (Cumulative, 

ACCUMULATE.) 

cumulus, -I, m., heap, pile, mass. 

cunctus, -a, -um (contracted 
from co-iunctus), adj.,' all, the 
whole of. 

cupiditas, -tatis (cupidus), f., ea- 
gerness, desire; partisanship. 
(Cupidity.) 

cupidus, -a, -um (cupio), adj., 
desirous, eager, fond of; greedy. 

cupio, cup ere, -ivi, -itum, desire, 
long for. 

cur, adv., why. 

cura, -ae, f., care, anxiety. 
(Cure, curable, curious, 
curiosity, accurate.) 

curia, -ae, f., Curia, Senate- 
house. 

Curio, -onis, m., a Roman family 
name. C. Scribonius Curio, a 
friend of Cicero, mentioned by 
him as a supporter of the 
Manilian law. 



euro, -are, -avi, -atum (cura), 

care, care for; take care, see to. 

curriculum, -I (currus), n., race- 
course; course, career. (Cur- 
riculum.) 

curro, currere, cucurri, cursum, 
run, hasten. (Current.) 

currus, -us (curro, run), m., 
chariot, car. 

cursus, -us (curro, run), m., 
course, career; journey, voy- 
age; speed. 

curulis, -e (currus), adj., of a 
chariot; sella curulis, the cu- 
rule chair, official chair (of 
consuls, praetors, and curule 
aediles) . 

custodia, -ae (custos), f., watch, 
guard, custody; sentinel. 
(Custodian.) 

custodio, -ire, -ivi, -itum (cus- 
tos), guard, watch over. 

custos, -todis, m. and f., guard, 
watchman, protector. 

Cyrus, -i, m., Cyrus, an archi- 
tect. 

Cyzicenus, -a, -um (Cyzicus), 
adj., of Cyzicus, a city on the 
southern shore of Euxine Sea; 
as subst., Cyziceni, -orum, m. 
pi., citizens of Cyzicus. 

D 

D., abbreviation for Decimus, a 
Roman first name. 

D., abbreviation for 500. 

d., abbreviation for diem in a. d., 
ante diem. 

damnatio, -onis (damno), f., con- 
viction. (Condemnation.) 

damno, -are, -avi, -atum (dam- 
num, damage), condemn. 

de, prep, with abl., from, down 
from; about, concerning; of. 

dea, -ae, f., goddess. 

debeo, debere, debui, debitum 



VOCABULARY 



27 



(de + habeo), owe; with inf., 
ought. (Debit, debt, debt- 
or.) 

debilis, -e (de + habilis, easily 
handled), adj., weak, feeble, 
helpless. (Debility.) 

debilito, -are, -avi, -atum (debi- 
lis), weaken, debilitate. 

debitus, -a, -urn (debeo), adj., 
due, owing, deserved. 

de-cedo, -cedere, -cessl, -ces- 
sum, go away, withdraw. 

decern, num. adj. indecl., ten. 
(Decemvir ate.) 

decempeda, -ae (decern + pes, 
foot), f., ten-foot pole, measur- 
ing-rod. 

de-cerno, -cernere, -crevi, -cre- 
tum, decide, determine, resolve, 

VOte, DECREE. 

de-cerp6, -cerpere, -cerpsi, -cerp- 
tum (de + carpo, pick), pluck 
away, gather. 

de-certo, -are, -avi, -atum, strug- 
gle, fight out, decide. 

decessio, -onis (decedo), f., with- 
drawal, departure. 

decet, decere, decuit, impers., it 
is fitting, it is becoming. (De- 
cent.) 

decima, -ae (decimus; sc. pars), 
f ., a tenth part, a tithe. (Deci- 
mal.) 

Decimus, -I, m., Decimus, a Ro- 
man first name. Abbrev., D. 

decimus, -a, -urn (decern), num. 
adj., tenth. (Decimate.) 

de-claro, -are, -avi, -atum (cf. 
clarus), declare, show; an- 
nounce. 

declinatio, -onis (declino, bend 
aside), f ., bending aside. (Dec- 
lination, DECLENSION.) 

de-clino, -are, -avi, -atum, turn 
from, avoid, escape. (De- 
cline.) 

decoctor, -toris (decoquo, boil 



down), m., spendthrift, bank- 
rupt. (Decoction.) 

decoro, -are, -avi, -atum (decus, 
beauty), beautify, adorn; honor. 
(Decorate, decoration.) 

decretum, -I (decerno), n., de- 
cree. 

decus, -oris (cf. decet, befitting), 
n., ornament; dignity, honor. 
(Decorum, decorous.) 

dedecus, -oris (de + decus, hon- 
or), n., dishonor, disgrace. 

de-dico, -are, -avi, -atum (de + 
dico, set apart, devote), dedi- 
cate, inscribe. 

deditio, -onis (dedo), f., surren- 
der. 

de-do, -dere, -didi, -ditum, give 
up, surrender, deliver, devote, 
dedicate. 

de-duco, -ducere, -duxi, -duc- 
tum, lead down, lead away. 
(Deduce, deduction.) 

de-fatigo, -are, -avi, -atum, tire 
out, fatigue greatly. 

defendo, -fendere, -fendi, -fen- 
sum (de + fendo, strike), ward 
off, repel; defend, protect, 
guard; maintain, champion. 

defensio, -onis (defendo), f., de- 
fense, plea. 

defensor, -oris (defendo), m., 
defender, protector, cham- 
pion. 

de-fero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, 
bring down, carry away; confer 
on, bestow, commit; report, an- 
nounce, state. (Defer, def- 
erence, DEFERENTIAL.) 

defessus, -a, -urn (part, of de- 
fetiscor, become weary), adj., 
tired, exhausted, weary. 

deficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum 
(de + facio), fail, be wanting; 
fall away, revolt. (Deficit, 

DEFICIENT, DEFICIENCY, DE- 
FECT, DEFECTIVE.) 



28 



VOCABULARY 



de-figo, -flgere, -fixi, -fixum, 

drive, plant, plunge, fix. 
de-finio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, limit, 
bound, fix. (Define, defi- 
nite, DEFINITION.) 

de-flagro, -are, -avi, -atum, burn 
down, destroy. 

deformis, -e (de + forma), adj., 
misshapen; ugly. (Deform- 
ity.) 

deicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectum (de 
+ iacio), hurl down, strike 
down, turn away, drive out. 
(Dejected, dejection.) 

dein, another form of 

de-inde, adv., thereupon, then, 
next. 

de-labor, -labi, -lapsus sum, dep., 
fall, slip down. 

delectatio, -onis (delecto), f., de- 
light, pleasure, enjoyment. (De- 
lectation.) 

delecto, -are, -avi, -atum (in- 
tens. of delicio, entice), delight, 
please, interest. (Delecta- 
ble.) 

delectus, -us (part, of deligo), 
m., selection; levy, conscrip- 
tion. 

de-lenio, -lenire, -ivi, -itum (de 
+ lenio, soften, calm), soften, 
soothe, calm. 

deleo, delere, -levi, -letum (de, 
cf. root li-, smear), wipe out, 
destroy. (Delete.) 

deliberatio, -onis (delibero), f., 
deliberation, consideration, 
question. 

delibero, -are, -avi, -atum (de, 
cf. libra, balance), deliber- 
ate, consider. 

delicatus, -a, -urn, adj., pleasing; 
effeminate. (Delicate.) 

delictum, -i (cf. delinquo, be 
wanting), n., fault, offense, 
crime. 

deligo, -ligere, -legi, -Iectum (de 



+ lego, choose), choose, select, 
pick out. 

Delos, -i, f., Delos, central island 
of the Cyclades Islands in the 
Aegean Sea, the most sacred 
seat of the worship of Apollo. 

delubrum, -i (de + hid, free), n., 
a place for cleansing; temple, 
shrine. 

demens, -ntis (de + mens), 
adj., out of one's mind, foolish, 
crazy, mad. (Demented.) 

dementer (demens), adv., madly, 
foolishly. 

dementia, -ae (demens), f., mad- 
ness, folly. 

de-migro, -are, -avi, -atum, 
move from, move away, depart. 

de-minuo, -minuere, -rninui, 
-minutum, take away, lessen, 
diminish, impair. 

deminutio, -onis (deminuo), f., 
lessening, diminution, loss, de- 
crease. 

de-monstrd, -are, -avi, -atum, 
show, point out. (Demon- 
strate, DEMONSTRATION.) 

demum, adv., at length, finally. 

denique, adv., at last, finally, in 
short. 

de-noto, -are, -avi, -atum, indi- 
cate, designate. (Denote.) 

de-nuntio, -are, -avi, -atum, an- 
nounce, declare; threaten. (De- 
nounce, DENUNCIATION.) 

de-pello, -pellere, -puli, -pulsum, 

drive out, drive away. 
de-pendo, -pendere, -pendi, — 

(de + pendo, weigh), pay. 

(Dependent, dependence.) 
de-ploro, -are, -avi, -atum (de + 

ploro, wail), grieve for, lament, 

DEPLORE. 

de-pono, -ponere, -posui, -posi- 
tum, lay down, lay aside, give 
up, abandon. (Deposit, de- 
ponent, deposition.) 



VOCABULARY 



29 



de-populor, -ari, -atus sum, dep., 
lay waste, plunder, pillage. 
(Depopulate.) 

de-porto, -are, -avi, -atum, carry 
off, bring off, bring home. (De- 
port.) 

de-posco, -poscere, -poposci, — , 
demand earnestly, demand. 

depravo, -are, -avi, -atum (de + 
pravus, crooked), distort, cor- 
rupt, pervert, deprave. 

deprecator, -toris (deprecor), m., 
mediator, intercessor, advocate. 

de-precor, -ari, -atus sum, dep., 
seek to avoid, appeal against, 
deprecate, plead for, intercede 
in behalf of, beg, entreat. 

de-prehendo, -prehendere, -pre- 
hendi, -prehensum, seize, de- 
tect, discover; understand. 

deprimo, -primer e, -pressi,-pres- 
sum (de + premo), press 
down, sink, overwhelm. 

depromo, -promere, -prompsi, 
-promptum (de + promo, take 
out), draw out, obtain. 

de-relinquo, -linquere, -liqui, 
-lictum, abandon. (Derelict.) 

derivo, -are, -avi, -atum (de + 
rivus, stream), lead off, divert, 
turn aside. (Derive, deriva- 
tion.) 

d§-scribd, -scribere, -scripsi, 
-scriptum, write down; fix, as- 
sign, apportion, set down, de- 
scribe. (Description.) 

desero, -serere, -serui, -sertum 
(de + sero, join), leave, aban- 
don, desert; forfeit. (Deser- 
tion.) 

desertus, -a, -um (part, of de- 
sero), adj., deserted, aban- 
doned, solitary. (Desert.) 

desiderium, deside'ri (desidero), 
n., longing, wish, regret. 

desidero, -are, -avi, -atum, long 
for, desire, miss. 



designatus, see designo. 

de-signo, -are, -avi, -atum, mark 
out, designate; consul desig- 
natus, consul-elect. (Desig- 
nation.) 

desilio, -silire, -silui, -sultum (de 
+ salio, leap), leap down. 

de-sino, -sinere, -sii, -situm, 
cease, stop, make an end. 

de-sisto, -sistere, -stiti, — , fut. 
part, destiturus, leave off, 
cease, desist. 

desperatio, -onis (despero), f., 
hopelessness, despair. (Des- 
peration.) 

desperatus, -a, -um (part, of 
despero), adj., hopeless, des- 
perate. 

de-spero, -are, -avi, -atum, give 
up hope of, despair of. 

despicio, -spicere, -spexi, -spec- 
turn (de + specio, look), look 
down on, despise. (Despica- 
ble, DESPITE, DESPISE.) 

de-stringo, -stringere, -strinxi, 
-strictum, unsheathe, draw. 

de-sum, -esse, -fui, — , be want- 
ing, be lacking. 

deterrimus (de), adj. sup., with, 
comp. deterior, worst, meanest , 
vilest. 

detestor, -ari, -atus sum (de -f- 
testor, call to witness), dep., 
avert. (Detest, detestation.) 

de-traho, -trahere, -traxi, -trac- 
tum, drag off, drag; take away, 
remove, withdraw. (Detract, 

DETRACTION.) 

detrimentum, -i (de + tero, wear 
away), n., loss, injury. (Det- 
riment.) 

deus, -i, m., god; pi. forms: n., 
dei, dii, di; g., deorum, deum; 
d., deis, diis, dis; a., deos. 
(Deify.) 

de-veho, -vehere, -vexi, -vec- 
tum, carry down, convey. 



30 



VOCABULARY 



de-verto, -vertere, -verti, — , 

turn aside, betake oneself, go to 
lodge. 

de-vincio, -vincire, -vinxi, -vine- 
turn, bind fast, unite closely. 

de-vinco, -vincere, -vici, -victum, 
conquer thoroughly, overcome. 

de-voco, -are, -avi, -atum, call 
away. 

de-voved, -vovere, -vovi, -vo- 
tum, vow, devote, consecrate. 
(Devotion.) 

dexter, -tra, -trum, adj., right; 
as subst., dextra or dextera, 
-ae (sc. manus), f., right hand. 
(Dexterous, dexterity.) 

dico, dicere, dixi, dictum, say, 
speak, tell. (Diction, dic- 
tionary, ditto.) 

dictator, -toris (dicto, dictate, 
intens. of dico), m., dictator, 
used at Rome of a magistrate 
with absolute power, specially 
selected to meet emergencies. 
(Introd., 49.) The term is also 
used of a magistrate governing 
other towns than Rome. 

dictatura, -ae (dictator), f., dic- 
tatorship. 

dictito, -are, -avi, -atum (intens. 
of dicto), say often, declare, in- 
sist. 

dies, -el, m. and f ., day; time; in 
dies singulos, or in dies, day 
after day, daily, from day to 
day. 

differo, -ferre, distuli, dflatum 
(dis- + fero), bear different 
ways; differ, be different 
from. (Difference, differ- 
ential.) 

difficilis, -e, adj., comp. diffici- 
lior, sup. dimcillimus (dis — \- 
facilis), difficult, hard. 

difficultas, -tatis (difficilis), f., 
difficulty, trouble. 

diffido, -fidere, -fisus sum (dis- 



+ fido), semi-dep., be distrust- 
ful, despair. (Diffident, dif- 
fidence.) 

diffluo, -fluere, -fluxi, — (dis- + 
rluo), flow in different direc- 
tions. 

dignitas, -tatis (dignus), f ., worth, 
dignity, standing, position. 

dignus, -a, -urn, adj., worthy, de- 
serving. 

digredior, -gredi, -gressus sum 
(dis- + gradior), dep., go apart, 
depart. 

di-iudico, -are, -avi, -atum (dis- 
+ iudico), decide, determine. 

dilabor, -labi, -lapsus sum (dis- 
+ labor), dep.,/a^ apart, scat- 
ter, disperse; go to ruin, decay. 

dilacero, -are, -avi, -atum (dis- 
+ lacero, tear to pieces), tear 
to pieces, tear apart, dismember. 

dilanio, -are, -avi, -atum (dis- + 
lanio, rend), tear apart, muti- 
late. 

dilatio, -onis (differo), f., delay, 
postponement. (Dilatory.) 

dilectus, or delectus, -us (part, of 
deligo), m., a choosing, selec- 
tion; levy, enrolment. 

diligens, -ntis (diligo), adj., care- 
ful, Scrupulous, DILIGENT, 

faithful. 

diligenter (diligens), adv., care- 
fully. 

diligentia, -ae (diligens), f., care, 
watchfulness. (Diligence.) 

diligo, -ligere, -lexi, -lectum 
(dis- + lego), choose out, es- 
teem, love; appreciate. 

dilucesco, -lucescere, -luxi (dis- 
+ lucesco, become light), begin 
to grow light. 

di-luo, -luere, -lui, -lutum (dis- 
+ luo, set free), dissolve; refute, 
disprove. 

dimkatid, -onis (dimico), f., con- 
test, fight, struggle. 



VOCABULARY 



31 



dimico, -are, -avi, -atum (dis- + 
mico, move to and fro), fight. 

dimitto, -mittere, -misi, -missum 
(dis- + mitto), send different 
ways, let go; adjourn. (Dis- 
miss, DISMISSAL, DISMIS- 
SION.) 

direptio, -onis (diripio), f., plun- 
dering, pillaging. 

dlreptor, -tons (diripio), m., 
plunderer, pillager, robber. 

diripio, -ripere, -ripui, -reptum 
(dis- + rapio), tear apart, 
plunder, pillage. 

dis-, inseparable prefix, apart, 
asunder, in different directions; 
also with negative force. 

dis-cedo, -cedere, -cessi, -ces- 
sum, go apart, depart, with- 
draw. 

disceptatio, -onis (discepto, dis- 
cuss, debate), f., discussion, de- 
bate. 

discepto, -are, -avi, -atum (dis- 
+ capto, lay hold of), judge, 
discuss, debate; strive. 

dis-cerno, -cernere, -crevi, -cre- 
tum, separate, distinguish. 
(Discern, discreet, discre- 
tion.) 

discessus, -us (discedo), m., de- 
parture, withdrawal. 

disciplina, -ae (discipulus, pupil) 
f., teaching, training, disci- 
pline; knowledge, learning; 
habit, orderly fashion ; study. 

disco, discere, didici, — , learn, 
learn how. (Disciple.) 

discribo, -scribere, -scripsi, 
-scriptum (dis- + scribo), dis- 
tribute, apportion, assign. 

discrimen, -inis (discerno), n., 
separation; crisis, peril, dan- 
ger. (Discriminate.) 

disiunctus, -a, -urn (part, of dis- 
iungo, separate), adj., widely 
parted, separate. 



dispergo, -spergere, -spersi, 
-spersum (dis- + spargo, scat- 
ter), scatter, disperse. 

dispersus, -a, -urn (part, of di- 
spergo), adj., scattered. 

dispertio, -pertire, -pertivi, -per- 
titum (dis- + partio, divide), 
distribute, divide, apportion. 

dis-puto, -are, -avi, -atum, dis- 
cuss; maintain; argue, insist 
upon. (Dispute.) 

dis-semino, -are, -avi, -arum, 
spread abroad, disseminate. 

dissensio, -onis (dissentio), f., 
disagreement, dissension, dis- 
cord. 

dis-sentio, -sentire, -sensi, -sen- 
sum, differ, disagree, quarrel, 
dissent. (Dissenter.) 

dissideo, -sidere, -sedi, — (dis- 
+ sedeo), sit apart; disagree, 
be at variance. 

dis-similis, -e, adj., unlike, dif- 
ferent. (Dissimilar.) 

dis-similitudo, -tudinis (dissimi- 
lis ), f., unlikeness. (Dissimil- 
itude.) 

dis-simulo, -are, -avi, -atum 
(dis — h simulo, make like), 
make unlike; pretend, feign not 
to see; hide; disregard, pass un- 
noticed. (Dissimulation.) 

dissipo, -are, -avi, -atum, scatter. 
(Dissipate, dissipation.) 

dissolutus, -a, -urn (part, of dis- 
solve), adj., remiss, negligent, 
careless. (Dissolute.) 

dis-solvo, -solvere, -solvi, -solu- 
tum, disunite, part; free from 
debt. (Dissolve.) 

distractus, -a, -urn (part, of dis- 
traho), adj., divided, estranged. 

dis-traho, -trahere, -traxi, -trac- 
tum, pull apart; separate, part, 
remove. (Distract, distrac- 
tion.) 

dis-tribuo, -tribuere, -tribui, 



32 



VOCABULARY 



-tributum, divide, distribute, 
assign. 

distringo, -stringere, -strinxi, 
-strictum (di- for dis- + 
stringo, draw), draw asunder. 

disturbo, -are, -avi, -atum, drive 
apart; throw into disorder, dis- 
turb. (Disturbance.) 

diu, comp. diutius, sup. diutis- 
sime, adv., long, for a long time. 

diurnus, -a, -um (dies), adj., by 
day, of the day, in the day. 

dius (akin to divus, divine), for 
deus (?) in phrase me dius 
Fidius (see Fidius) : lit., the god 
of truth (help) me; Heaven help 
me. 

diuturnitas, -tatis (diuturnus), f ., 
length of time. 

diuturnus, -a, -um (diu), adj., 
long, long-continued, 

divello, -vellere, -velli, -vulsum 
(dis- + vello, tear), tear apart. 

diversus, -a, -um (part, of dl- 
verto, turn away), adj., widely 
separated. (Diverse.) 

divido, -videre, -visi, -visum, 
divide, separate. (Division.) 

dlvlnitus (divinus), adv., by di- 
vine influence, providentially. 

divinus, -a, -um (divus, divine; 
cf. deus), adj., divine, sacred, 
superhuman, marvellous. 

divitiae, -arum (dives, rich), f. 
pi., wealth, riches. 

do, dare, dedi, datum, give, 
grant, allow. (Date, dative, 

DATA, ANTIDOTE.) 

doceo, docere, docui, doctum, 

teach; show; inform; tell. 
(Docile, doctor.) 

doctrina, -ae (doceo), f., teach- 
ing; learning. (Doctrine.) 

doctus, -a, -um (part, of doceo), 
adj., learned, wise. 

documentum, -i (doceo), n., 
proof, evidence. (Document.) 



doleo, do.lere, dolui, — , fut. part, 
doliturus, suffer, be grieved. 

dolor, -oris, m., pain, distress; 
regret; grief; resentment, indig- 
nation; trouble. (Dolorous, 
doleful.) 

domesticus, -a, -um (domus), 
adj., of the home, domestic; 
internal, civil. 

domicilium, domici'li (domus), 
n., dwelling, abode, home, seat 
(of government). (Domicile.) 

domina, -ae (dominus), f., mis- 
tress. 

dominatio, -onis (dominor, rule), 
f., mastery, control, supremacy. 
(Domination.) 

dominatus, -us (dominor), m., 
rule, tyranny. 

dominor, -ari, -atus sum (domi- 
nus), dep., be in power, rule, 
be supreme. (Dominate, dom- 
inant, DOMINEER.) 

dominus, -i (cf . domus), m., mas- 
ter. 

Domitius, Domi'ti, m., a Roman 
gentile name. L. Domitius 
Ahenobarbus, consul in 54 b.c. 

domitor, -toris (domo), m., 
tamer, vanquisher, conqueror. 

domo, domare, domui, domitum, 
tame. (Indomitable.) 

domus, -us, loc. domi, f., house, 
home; abl. domo, from home. 

dono, -are, -avi, -atum (donum), 
give, present. (Donation.) 

donum, -i (do), n., gift. 

dormio, dormire, dormivi, dor- 
mitum, sleep. (Dormant, 

DORMITORY.) 

Drusus, -i, m., Drusus, a Roman 
family name. M. Livius Dru- 
sus, tribune of the people in 
91 B.C., a distinguished orator. 
He was an advocate of re- 
forms, which made him un- 
popular and led to the Social 



VOCABULARY 



33 



War. He had promised the 
Italians Roman citizenship. 

dubitatio, -onis (dubito),f., doubt, 
hesitation. 

dubito, -are, -avi, -atum (dubi- 
us), doubt, hesitate. (Indu- 
bitable.) 

dubius, -a, -urn, adj., doubtful, 
uncertain. (Dubious.) 

duco, ducere, duxi, ductum, lead, 
guide; draw, derive; calculate, 
think, consider. (Ductile.) 

ductus, -us (duco), m., leading. 
(Duct.) 

dudum (diu + dum), adv., long, 
usually with iam ; iam dudum, 
this long time. 

duim, old form corresponding to 
dem, pres. subj., first sing., of 
do. 

dulcedo, -dinis (dulcis), f., sweet- 
ness, charm. 

dulcis, -e, adj., sweet. 

dum, conj., while; as long as; 
until; dum mo do, provided, 
provided that. 

dumtaxat, adv., simply, merely; 
at least, at any rate. 

duo, duae, duo, num. adj.pl., two. 

duodecim (duo + decern), num. 
adj. indecl., twelve. (Duo- 
decimo.) 

durus, -a, -urn, adj., hard, unfeel- 
ing. (Durable.) 

dux, ducis (cf. duco), m., leader, 
guide; general, commander. 
(Duke, ducal.) 

E 

e, see ex. 

ebriosus, -a, -um (ebrius, drunk), 
adj., given to drink, intoxicated; 
as subst., ebriosus, -I, m., 
drunkard. 

ebrius, -a, -um, adj., drunk, in- 
toxicated. (Inebriate, ine- 
briety.) 



ecqui or ecquis, ecquae or ecqua, 

ecquid or ecquod (no genitive), 

interrog. pron., any, anyone, 

anything. 
ecquid (ecquis), adv., at all. 
eculeus, -i (equus), m., rack 

(torture-horse) . 
edictum, -I (edico, proclaim), n., 

proclamation, order, edict, 

command. 
editus, -a, -um (part, of edo, set 

up), adj., elevated, high, lofty. 
edo, -dere, -didi, -ditum, give 

out; disclose, publish. (Edit, 

EDITION, EDITOR.) 

edoceo, -docere, -docui, -doc- 
tum (ex + doceo), teach, show, 
inform. 

educo, -ducere, -duxi, -ductum 
(ex + duco), lead forth; draw 
forth or out. (Education.) 

effeminatus, -a, -um (effemino, 
make feminine), adj., woman- 
ish, EFFEMINATE. 

effero, -ferre, extuli, elatum (ex 
+ fero), carry forth; bring out; 
raise, exalt, extol. (Elate, 

ELATION.) 

efficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum (ex 
+ facio), bring about, accom- 
plish, cause. (Efficient, ef- 
fect.) 

effigies (-el) (ex +fing6, /as/mm), 
f., likeness, counterpart. (Ef- 
figy.) 

efflagito, -are, -avi, -atum (ex -f- 
flagito), demand earnestly, ask 
urgently, clamor for. 

effrenatus, -a, -um (ex + frena- 
tus), adj., unbridled, unre- 
strained. 

effugio, -fugere, -fugi, — (ex + 
fugio), flee away, escape. 

effundo, -fundere, -fudi, -fusum 
(ex + fundo), pour out, shed. 

egens, -ntis (part, of egeo), adj., 
needy, poor. (Indigent.) 



34 



VOCABULARY 



egeo, egere, egui, — , need. 

egestas, -tatis (egens), f., want, 
need. 

ego, mei, pers. pron., /; pi., nos, 
nostrum or nostri, we. 

egomet, emphatic for ego. 

egredior, -gredi, -gressus sum 
(ex + gradior, step), dep., go 
out, set forth, depart, leave. 
(Egress.) 

egregius, -a, -um (ex + grex, 
herd), adj., eminent, excellent. 
(Egregious.) 

eicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectum (ex 
+ iacio), throw out, drive forth, 
expel, banish; se eicere, rush 
forth. (Eject.) 

eiectus, -a, -um (part, of eicio), 
adj., shipwrecked, stranded. 

elabor, -labi, -lapsus sum (ex + 
labor), dep., slip away, slip, es- 
cape. 

elaboro, -are, -avi, -atum (ex + 
laboro), work out, take pains 
with. (Elaborate.) 

eligo, -ere, -legi, -Iectum (ex + 
lego, choose), pick out, select, 
choose. (Elect, elegant.) 

eludo, -ludere, -lusi, -lusum (ex 
+ ludo), mock, trifle with, 
make sport of; elude, escape. 
(Elusive.) 

emergo, -mergere, -mersi, 
-mersum (ex + mergo, 
plunge), come forth, arise, 
emerge. (Emergency.) 

emitto, -mittere, -misi, -missum 
(ex + mitto), send forth, drive 
out; let go, let slip; se emittere, 
rush out. (Emission.) 

emo, emere, emi, emptum, buy. 

emolumentum, -i, n., gain, profit, 
advantage. (Emolument.) 

emorior, -mori, -mortuus sum 
(ex + morior), dep., die. 

enarro, -are, -avi, -atum (ex + 
narro), describe fully. 



enim, conj. postpositive, for; 
neque enim, and indeed . . . 
not; so with at and other con- 
junctions at times. 

e-nitor, -niti, -nixus or -nisus 
sum, dep., struggle out, strive, 
exert oneself, depend upon. 

Ennius, -1, m., Ennius, a Roman 
poet, born at Rudiae in Ca- 
labria in 239 b.c. He was a 
Greek by birth but became a 
Roman sub j ect . The Romans 
looked upon him as the father 
of their poetry. 

eo (is), adv., to that place, thither y 
there. 

eo, -ire, -Ivi, -itum, go, march, 
proceed. 

eodem (idem), adv., to the same 
place, to the same end. 

Epidaurus, -I, m., Epidaurus, a 
town in Argolis, on the Saronic 
Gulf. 

epigramma, -atis, n., inscription, 

EPIGRAM. 

eques, -itis (equus, horse), in., 
horseman, cavalryman; knight. 

equester, -tris, -tre (eques), adj., 
of a horseman; knightly, eques- 
trian. 

equidem (old interjection e -f- 
quidem), adv., truly, indeed, 
at all events, for my part, cer- 
tainly, of course, no doubt. 

equitatus, -us (equito, ride), m., 
cavalry. 

erga, prep, with ace, towards. 

ergo, adv., therefore. 

erigo, -rigere, -rexi, -rectum 
(ex + rego), raise up, raise. 
(Erect.) 

eripio, -ripere, -ripui, -reptum 
(ex + rapid), take away, re- 
move; snatch away, rescue, save. 

erro, -are, -avi, -atum, wander; 
be in error, make a mistake. 
(Err, erratic, erroneous.) 



VOCABULARY 



35 



error, -oris (cf. erro), m., mis- 
take, ERROR. 

eructo, -are, — , — (ex + ructo, 
belch), belch forth. (Eructa- 
tion.) 

erudio, -rudire, -rudivi (ii), -ru- 
ditum (ex + rudis), educate, 
instruct, teach, polish. 

eruditus, -a, -urn (part, of eru- 
dio), adj., learned, cultured. 
(Erudite, erudition.) 

erumpo, -rump ere, -rupi, -rup- 
tum (ex + rumpo), break 
forth; start out, rush out. 
(Eruption.) 

escendo, -scendere, -scendi, 
-scensum (ex + scando, 
climb), mount, go up, climb. 

et, conj. and adv., and, et . . . 
et, both . . . and, as adv., 
even, also, too. 

etenim, conj ., for, for truly. 

etiam (et + iam), adv., also, 
even; even yet, still, even now. 
non solum . . . sed etiam, 
not only . . . but also. 

etiamsi, conj., even if. 

Etruria, -ae, f., Etruria, a divi- 
sion of Italy, north of Latium 
and Rome, on the west coast. 

Etruscus, -a, -urn (cf. Etruria), 
adj., of Etruria, Etruscan; as 
subst., Etrusci, -orum, m., 
people of Etruria, Etruscans. 

etsi, conj., even if, though, al- 
though. 

evado, -vadere, -vasi, -vasum 
(ex + vado, go), escape, go 
forth. (Evade, evasive.) 

e-vell6, -vellere, -velli, -volsum 
or -vulsum, tear out, root out, 
eradicate. 

eventus, -us (evenio, turn out), 
m., outcome, event, result. 
(Eventful, eventually.) 

everto, -vertere, -verti, -versum 
(ex + verto, turn), overturn, 



overthrow, ruin, abolish, fill 
with terror (curiam). 

evocator, -toris (evoco), m., one 
who recruits or summons; in- 
stigator. 

e-voco, -are, -avi, -atum, call 
forth, bring out, raise. 

evomo, -vomer e, -vomui, -vomi- 
tum (ex + vomo), eject, get rid 
of, vomit forth; vent, utter ven- 
omously, fling out. 

ex, e, prep, with abl. (e used 
only before consonants), out 
of, of, from; in, on; according 
to; after. 

exaggero, -are, -avi, -atum (ex 
+ aggero, pile up), pile up, 
accumulate. (Exaggerate.) 

exanimo, -are, -avi, -atum (ex- 
animus, from ex and anima, 
breath), deprive of breath, kill; 
terrify, dishearten. 

ex-audio, -audire, -audivi (ii), 
-auditum, hear clearly, hear. 

ex-cedo, -cedere, -cessi, -ces- 
sum, go out, go away, depart. 
(Exceed, excess, excessive.) 

excellens (part, of excello), adj., 
eminent, superior, distin- 
guished, surpassing. (Excel- 
lent, EXCELLENCY.) 

excello, -cellere, (-cellui), -eel- 
sum (ex + cello, project), sur- 
pass, EXCEL. 

excelsus, -a, -um (excello), adj., 
raised, elevated, high; as a subst., 
in excelso, in a lofty position. 

excido, -cidere, -cidi, — (ex + 
cado, fall), fall out, fall. 

excipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum 
(ex + capio), take out, with- 
draw, except; take up, receive, 
meet, intercept. (Exception.) 

excito, -are, -avi, -atum (ex + 
cito, set in motion), call out, 
rouse; raise; excite, stimulate, 
inspire. (Excitement.) 



36 



VOCABULARY 



excludo, -cludere, -chisi, -clu- 
sum (ex + claudo), shut out; 
exclude, keep out; prevent. 
(Exclusion, exclusive.) 

ex-colo, -colere, -colui, -cultum, 
train, improve, refine. 

ex-crucio, -are, -avi, -atum, tor- 
ture. (Excruciating.) 

excubiae, -arum (excubo, lie 
outside, i.e., keep watch), f. pi., 
watching, keeping watch; watch- 
men, sentries. 

excursio, -onis (excurro, run 
out), f., sally, expedition. (Ex- 
cursion.) 

exemplum, -i (eximo, take out), 
n., pattern, example, prece- 
dent, manner. (Exemplary.) 

ex-eo, -ire, -Ivi or -ii, -itum, go 
out, go forth. 

exerceo, -ercere, -ercui, -erci- 
tum (ex + arceo, restrain), 
train, administer; farm (of rev- 
enues, see note on p. 13, 11. 
5-6). (Exercise.) 

exercitatio, -onis (exercito, train) , 
f ., practice, training, exercise, 
experience. 

exercitatus, -a, -urn (part, of 
exercito, train), adj., practiced, 
experienced. 

exercitus, -us (exerceo, train), 
m., army, as a trained body of 
men. 

exercitus, -a, -urn (part, of ex- 
erceo, train), adj., annoying, 
vexatious, exasperating. 

ex-haurio, -haurire, -hausi, 
-haustum, draw out, drain of, 
remove. (Exhaust, exhaus- 
tion.) 

exhibeo, -hibere, -hibui, -hibi- 
tum (ex + habeo), hold forth, 
present, produce. (Exhibit.) 

exigo, -igere, -egi, -actum (ex + 
ago), drive out; exact, de- 
mand, collect. (Exigent.) 



exiguus, -a, -um (exigo), adj., 

small, scanty. 

eximie (eximius), adv., exceed- 
ingly, excellently. 

eximius, -a, -um (eximo, select), 
adj., extraordinary, uncommon f 
distinguished. 

existimator, -toris (existimo), 
m., judge. 

existimo, -are, -avi, -atum (ex + 
aestimo, value), value, reckon, 
think, consider, suppose. 

exitiosus, -a, -um (exitium), adj ., 
deadly, ruinous, destructive. 

exitium, exi'ti (exeo), n., destruc- 
tion, ruin; calamity, disaster. 

exitus, -us (exeo), m., a going 
out, end, issue, result. (Exit.) 

exoletus, -I (part, of exolesco, 
grow up), m., adult; abandoned 
youth, profligate. 

ex-opt 6, -are, -avi, -atum, desire 
earnestly, long for. 

ex-6rno, -are, -avi, -atum, fit out, 
adorn, embellish. 

exorsus, -us (exordior), m., be- 
ginning, commencement. 

expedio, -pedire, -pedivl, -pedi- 
turn (ex + pes, foot), extricate; 
procure, gain; be advantageous, 
be profitable. (Expedient.) 

expeditus, -a, -um (part, of ex- 
pedio), adj., without baggage, 
unencumbered . (Expedite, 

EXPEDITION.) 

ex-pello, -pellere, -pull, -pulsum, 
drive out, expel. 

experior, -periri, -pertus sum (ex 
+ root par-, try), dep., try, 
test. (Experience, expert.) 

expers, expertis (ex + pars), 
adj., without part in, having no 
share in. 

ex-peto, -petere, -petivi (ii), -pe- 
titum, seek out, seek for, de- 
mand, ask. 

ex-pilo, -are, -avi, -atum (ex + 



VOCABULARY 



37 



pflo, rob), rob, plunder, pil- 
lage. 
ex-pio, -are, -avi, -atum, atone 
for, purify, expiate. (Expia- 
tion, EXPIATORY.) . 

expleo, -plere, -plevi, -pletum 

(ex + pled, fill), fill, satisfy. 

ex-plico, -are, -avi, -atum (ex + 
plico, fold), unfold, set free, re- 
lease. (Inexplicable.) 

explord, -are, -avi, -atum, search 
out, examine, reconnoitre. (Ex- 
plore, EXPLORATION.) 

ex-pono, -ponere, -posui, -posi- 
tum, set forth, describe. (Ex- 
ponent, EXPOSE, EXPOSITION.) 

ex-porto, -are, -avi, -atum, carry 
away, export. 

ex-posco, -poscere, -poposci, — , 
ask earnestly, beg, implore. 

expressus, -a, -um (part, of ex- 
primo), adj., clearly shown, 
clear, manifest. (Express.) 

exprimo, -primere, -press!, 
-pressum (ex + premo), press 
out, form; portray, describe, ex- 
press; wring out, derive. 

expromo, -promere, -prompsi, 
-promptum (ex + promo, bring 
forth), show forth, exhibit, dis- 
play. 

expugnatio, -onis (expugno), f., 
capture by storm or assault. 

exquiro, -quirere, -quisivi, -quisi- 
tum (ex + quaero), search out, 
investigate. (Exquisite.) 

ex-scindo, -scindere, -scidi, 
-scissum (ex + scindo, tear), 
tear apart, destroy. 

exsequiae, -arum (ex + sequor), 
f. pi., funeral procession, funer- 
al rites. 

exsilium, exsili (exsul), n., ex- 
ile, banishment. 

ex-sisto, -sistere, -stiti, — , stand 
forth, appear. (Exist, exist- 
ence.) 



ex-solvo, -solvere, -solvi, -solu- 
tum, set free, release, acquit. 

exspectatio, -onis (exspecto), f., 
awaiting, expecting, expecta- 
tion. 

ex-specto, -are, -avi, -atum, look 
for, wait for, expect. 

ex-stinguo, -stinguere, -stinxi, 
-stinctum, put out, extin- 
guish, destroy. (Extinct, ex- 
tinction.) 

ex-sto, -stare, — , — , stand out. 

ex-struo, -struere, -struxi, 
-structum, pile up, build, 
erect. 

exsul, exsulis, m., exile. 

exsulo, -are, -avi, -atum (exsul), 
be in exile, live in exile. 

exsUlto, -are, -avi, -atum (exsilio, 
leap up), exult, rejoice exceed- 
ingly. (Exultation.) 

ex-tenuo, -are, -avi, -atum (ex 
+ tenuo, make thin), lessen, 
weaken, disparage, detract 
from. 

exter or exterus, -a, -um (ex), 
adj., outer, outward, foreign; 
sup. extremus, farthest, last, at 
the end. 

extermino, -are, -avi, -atum (ex 
+ terminus, boundary), drive 
out, exile, banish. (Extermi- 
nate.) 

externus, -a, -um (exter), adj., 
foreign. (External.) 

extimesco, -timescere, -timui 
(ex + timeo), fear greatly, 
dread. 

ex-tollo, -tollere, — , — , lift up. 
(Extol.) 

ex-torqueo, -torquere, -torsi, 
-tortum, wrest from. (Ex- 
tort, EXTORTION.) 

extra, prep, with ace, outside of, 
beyond. (Extra, extraordi- 
nary.) 

extremus, -a, -um, see exter, 



38 



VOCABULARY 



adj., outermost, last; as subst., 
extremum, -I, n., end; ad 
extremum, at last. (Extreme, 

EXTREMITY.) 

exuo, -uere, -ui, -utum, strip off, 

take away. 
ex-uro, -urere, -ussi, -ustum, 

burn up, consume. 
exuviae, -arum (cf. exuo), f. pi., 

spoils, booty, trophies. 



Fabricius, -I, m., name of a Ro- 
man gens. Q. Fabricius, a 
tribune in 57 B.C. who pro- 
posed a law to recall Cicero 
from exile. 

fabula, -ae (for, fari, speak), f., 
story, tale, play (dramatic). 
(Fabulous, fable.) 

facile (facilis), adv., easily. 

facilis, -e, comp. facilior, sup. 
facillimus (facio), adj., easy; 
courteous. 

facilitas, -tatis (facilis), f., ease, 
good-nature, affability, accessi- 
bility. (Facility.) 

facinorosus, -a, -urn (f acinus), 
adj., evil, criminal, villainous; 
as subst. in pi., criminals, evil- 
doers. 

f acinus, -oris (facio), n., deed; 
evil deed, crime. 

facio, facere, feci, factum, do, 
make; perform, commit, bring 
about; pass., fio, fieri, factus 
sum, see fio; certiorem facere, 
inform. 

factum, -I (facio), n., act, deed; 
achievement. (Fact; fac- 
tion, FACTITIOUS, FEAT.) 

facultas, -tatis (facilis), f., ease, 
ability; opportunity, chance. 
(Faculty.) 

Faesulae, -arum, f. pi., Faesulae, 
a town in northern Etruria, 



close by Florence; to-day Fie- 
sole. 

Faesulanus, -a, -urn, adj., relat- 
ing to Faesulae, Faesulan. 

falcarius, -i (falx, sickle), m., 
scythe-maker. 

Falcidius, Falci'di, m., Falcidius, 
a Roman family name. C. 
Falcidius, a tribune of the 
people. 

fallax, fallacis (fallo), adj., de- 
ceitful, deceptive, treacherous. 

fallo, fallere, fefelli, falsum, de- 
ceive, cheat, disappoint. (Fal- 
lible.) 

falso (falsus), adv., mistakenly, 
falsely. 

falsus, -a, -um (fallo), adj., 
false, unfounded. 

falx, falcis, f ., curved blade, sickle, 
scythe; knife, hook. 

fama, -ae (for, fari, speak), f., re- 
port, fame; reputation. 

fames, -is, f., hunger, starvation. 
(Famine.) 

familia, -ae (famulus, servant), 
f., body of servants, domestics; 
household, family; pater fa- 
milies (old gen. form), head of 
a family, householder. 

familiaris, -e (familia), adj., of 
the family, private; friendly, in- 
timate; res familiaris, private 
property; as subst., familiaris, 
-is, m., friend. 

familiaritas, -tatis (familiaris), f ., 
intimate acquaintance, friend- 
ship. (Familiarity.) 

familiariter (familiaris), adv., on 
intimate terms. 

fanum, -i (for, fari, speak), n., 
shrine, temple. (Fane.) 

fas (for, speak), indecl., n., right; 
with est, it is right, lawful, al- 
lowed. 

fascis, -is, m., bundle of rods; in 
pi., the fasces, a bundle of rods 



VOCABULARY 



39 



with an axe, carried by lictors 
before high magistrates, as 
emblems of power. 

fastidio, -ire, -ivi (-ii), -itum 
(fasti dium, loathing), loathe, 
scorn, disdain, be critical. 
(Fastidious.) 

fatalis, -e (fatum), adj., -pertain- 
ing to fate, fated, destined; fa- 
tal, deadly. 

fateor, fateri, fassus sum, dep., 
admit, acknowledge, confess. 

fatum, -I (for, fari, speak), n., des- 
tiny, fate; calamity, ill for- 
tune, ruin. 

fauces, -fum, f. pi., jaws, throat; 
narrow entrance, defile, pass; 
strait. 

fautor, -toris (faveo), m., favorer, 
supporter, defender. 

faveo, f avere, f avi, f autum, be fa- 
vorable, favor. (Favorite.) 

Favonius, Favoni, m., a Roman 
gentile name. M. Favonius, 
one of the nobles, a devoted 
adherent of Cat o the Younger, 
so much so as to be referred to 
as " Cato's ape." 

fax, facis, f., firebrand, torch. 

febris, -is, f., fever. (Feb- 
rile.) 

Februarius, -a, -urn (f ebrua, rites 
of purification), adj., of Feb- 
ruary. 

felicitas, -tatis (felix, happy), f., 
happiness, good fortune, good 
luck. (Felicity, felicitous.) 

femina, -ae, f., woman, female. 
(Feminine.) 

fera, -ae (ferus, wild), f., wild 
beast. (Fierce, bear, deer.) 

fere, adv., about, almost, gener- 
ally, usually. 

fero, ferre, tuli, latum, bear, 
carry, bring; suffer, endure; re- 
port, tell; move, propose (of a 
law). (Bear.) 



ferocitas, -tatis (ferox, fierce), f., 
fierceness, cruelty, ferocity. 

ferox, -ocis, adj., bold, fierce, sav- 
age, cruel. 

ferramentum, -I (ferrum), n., tool 
of iron; weapon, sword. 

ferreus, -a, -um (ferrum), adj., 
of iron, iron; iron-hearted, un- 
feeling. 

ferrum, -I, n., iron, steel; sword. 

fertilis,-e (fero), adj., productive, 

FERTILE, fruitful. 

ferus, -a, -um, adj., wild, savage. 

festinatio, -onis (festino, hasten), 
f., hurry, haste, speed. 

festus, -a, -um, adj., of holidays, 
festive, festal; solemn. 

f ictus, -a, -um (fingo), adj., 
feigned, false, fictitious, im- 
aginary. (Fiction.) 

fidelis, -e (fides), adj., faithful, 
trusty, sure. 

fides, fidei, f., trust, confidence, 
fidelity, honor, loyalty, credit; 
belief. 

Fidius, Fidi (fides), m., a sur- 
name given to Jupiter as the 
god of truth; used in the oath 
me dius Fidius iuvet, some- 
times written medius, etc., so 
help me the god of truth, by the 
god of truth; iuvet is usually 
omitted in this expression. 

figo, figer e, fixi, fixum, fasten, fix . 

filia, -ae, f., daughter. 

fflius, fill, m., son. (Filial.) 

fingo, fingere, finxi, fictum, form, 
fashion, invent, devise, shape; 
imagine. (Feign, figure, 

FEINT.) 

finis, -is, m., end, limit, bound- 
ary; pi., country, territory. 
(Final, finish, infinite.) 

finitimus, -a, -um (finis), adj., 
bordering on, neighboring; as 
subst., finitimi, -orum, m. pi., 
neighbors. 



40 



VOCABULARY 



fio, fieri, f actus sum (used as the 
pass, of facio), be made, be 
done; become; happen, take 
place; certior fieri, be informed. 

flrmamentum, -i (flrmd), n., sup- 
port, prop. (Firmament.) 

flrmo, -are, -avi, -atum (firmus), 
make strong, strengthen. 

firmus, -a, -um, adj., strong, reso- 
lute; trusty, faithful. (Firm, 
firmness.) 

Flaccus, -I, m., Flaccus, a Roman 
family name. (1) M. Fulvius 
Flaccus, consul in 125 B.C., a 
friend of the Gracchi, slain in 
the rioting when C. Gracchus 
was killed in 121 b.c. (2) L. 
Flaccus, a praetor in 63 b.c. 
who supported Cicero against 
Catiline. 

flagitiose (flagitiosus), adv., dis- 
gracefully. 

flagitiosus, -a, -um (flagitium), 
adj., disgraceful. (Flagi- 
tious.) 

flagitium, flagi'ti, n., disgrace; 
shameful act. 

flagito, -are, -avi, -atum, demand, 
ask. 

flagro, -are, -avi, -atum, burn. 
(Flagrant.) 

flamen, -mis (flag-, blaze), m., 
a priest (of one deity), fla- 
men. 

flamma, -ae (flagro), f., flame, 
fire. 

flecto, flectere, flexi, flexum, 
bend, turn, sway, influence, 
overcome, soften. (Inflect, 

REFLECT, DEFLECT.) 

fleo, flere, flevi, fletum, weep, 
shed tears, lament. 

fletus, -us (fleo, weep), m., weep- 
ing, wailing, lamenting. 

flexibilis, -e (flecto), adj., pliant, 
flexible, inconstant, change- 
able. 



florens, -entis (part, of floreo), 
adj., flourishing, prosperous,, 
eminent, excellent. 

floreo, florere, florui, — , bloom, 
flourish, be prosperous. 

floresco, florescere, — , — (flo- 
reo), begin to flourish, grow 
in repute. 

flos, floris, m., flower. 

fluctus, -us (fiuo, flow), m., wave,, 
billow. 

flumen, -inis (fluo, flow), n., 
river, stream; flow, fluency. 

focus, -I, m., hearth. (Focus, 

FOCAL.) 

foederatus, -a, -um (foedus), 

adj., allied. (Confederate, 

FEDERATION.) 

foedus, foederis, n., league, alli- 
ance. 

foedus, -a, -um, adj., repulsive,, 
horrible, disfiguring. 

fons, fontis, m., spring, fountain, 
source. 

foras (cf . foris, door, root for-, 
bore), adv., out of doors, out. 

fore, for futurum esse, see sum. 

forensis, -e (forum), adj., of the 
forum; in the forum. (Foren- 
sic.) 

foris (cf. foris, door; for-, bore), 
adv., out of doors, abroad, with- 
out. 

forma, -ae, f ., form, appearance, 
effigy, figure. (Form, forma- 
tive.) 

formido, -inis, f., dread, fear. 
(Formidable.) 

formidolosus, -a, -um (formido), 
adj., dreadful, terrible. 

fortasse, adv., perhaps, per- 
chance. 

forte (fors, chance), adv., by 
chance, perhaps . (Fortui- 
tous.) 

fortis, -e, adj., strong, brave, fear- 
less. (Fortify.) 



VOCABULARY 



41 



fortiter (fortis), adv., strongly, 
bravely, fearlessly. 

fortitudo, -inis (fortis), f., bra- 
very. (Fortitude.) 

fortuna, -ae (fors, chance), f., 
fortune, chance, luck; posses- 
sions, goods, property. 

fortunatus, -a, -urn (fortuna), 
adj., fortunate, prosperous, 
happy. 

forum, -I, n., market-place, fo- 
rum. The Forum at Rome 
was the general place of as- 
sembly for the citizens for all 
except military purposes. It 
was about 525 feet long, vary- 
ing in width from 125 to 150 
feet, and lay between the Pala- 
tine, Capitoline, and Esquiline 
hiUs. 

Forum Aurelium, Forum Aure- 
lium, the name of a town in 
Etruria. 

fragilis, -e (frango), adj., easily 
broken, weak, fragile, unsta- 
ble. 

fragilitas, -tatis (fragilis, easily 
broken), f., weakness. (Fra- 
gility.) 

frango, frangere, fregi, fractum, 
break; overcome, crush. (Frac- 
ture.) 

frater, fratris, m., brother. (Fra- 
ternal, FRATERNITY.) 

fraudatio, -onis (fraudo, deceive), 
f., deception, deceit. 

fraus, fraudis, f., deceit, crime. 
(Fraud, fraudulent.) 

freno, -are, -avi, -atum (frenum), 
curb, restrain, govern. (Re- 
frain.) 

frenum, -I, n., bridle. 

frequens, frequentis, adj., in 
large numbers, numerous, in 
throngs, crowded. (Frequent.) 

frequentia, -ae (frequens), f., 
throng, numbers. 



frequento, -are, -avi, -atum (fre- 
quens), assemble in throngs, 
bring together. 

fretus, -a, -um, adj., relying on, 
trusting to, depending on. 

frigus, frigoris, n., cold. (Frigid.) 

frons, frontis, f., forehead. 
(Front, frontal, frontier, 
frontispiece.) 

fructus, -us (fruor), m., enjoy- 
ment; produce, fruit, income, 
yield; reward. 

frumentarius, -a, -um (frumen- 
tum, grain), adj., pertaining to 
grain, productive in grain; res 
frumentaria, grain supply. 

fruor, f rui, fructus sum, dep. , en- 
joy. 

frustra, adv., in vain, without rea- 
son, uselessly. (Frustrate.) 

fuga, -ae, f ., flight. 

fugio, fugere, fugi, — , fut. part, 
fugiturus (fuga.) , flee, flee from, 
avoid. 

fugitivus, -a, -um (fugio), adj., 
fleeing, fugitive; as subst., 
fugitivus, -i, fugitive slave, 
runaway slave. 

fulgeo, fulgere, fulsi, — , gleam, 
flash, be resplendent. (Reful- 
gent.) 

fulmen, -inis, n., lightning, thun- 
der-bolt. (Fulminate, ful- 

MINATION.) 

Fulvius, Fulvi, m., Fulvius, a Ro- 
man family name. M . Fulvius 
Nobilior, consul 189 B.C., con- 
quered the Aetolians. 

fundamentum, -i (fundo, lay a 
foundation), n., foundation. 
(Fundamental.) 

fundo, -are, -avi, -atum, found, 
establish. (Founder, foun- 
dation.) 

fundo, fundere, fudi, fusum, 
pour; throw, scatter, rout. 
(Confuse, diffuse.) 



42 



VOCABULARY 



fundus, -I, m., estate, farm. 
funesto, -are, -avi, -atum, pollute 

with murder. 
funestus, -a, -urn (funus, death), 

adj., causing death, fatal, 

deadly. 
fungor, fungi, functus sum, dep., 

perform, fulfil. 
funus, -eris, n., funeral, fu- 
neral rites. 
Furfanius, Furfa'ni, m., a Roman 

gentile name. T. Furfanius, 

a victim of Clodius. 
furia, -ae (furo), f., rage, fury, 

madness; pi. with same force 

as sing, 
furiosus, -a, -urn (furia, fury), 

adj., mad, raving, raging, wild. 

(Furious.) 
Furius, Furl, m., Furius, a Ro- 
man family name. P. Furius, 

one of the leaders in Catiline's 

conspiracy, 
furo, fur ere, furui, — , rage, rave. 
furor, -oris (furo), m., rage, mad- 

ness, fury. (Furor.) 
furtim (furtum), adv., stealthily, 

secretly. (Furtively.) 
furtum, -I (cf. fur, thief), n., theft. 

G 

Gabinius, Gabini, m., Gabinius, 
a Roman family name. (1) 
P. Gabinius Cimber, one of the 
leaders in Catiline's conspir- 
acy. (2) A. Gabinius, tribune 
in 66 B.C., proposer of the law 
by which Pompey was put in 
charge of the War against the 
Pirates. 

Gabinius, -a, -urn, adj., Gabin- 
ian, of Gabinius. 

Gaius, -I, m., Gains, a Roman 
first name, abbreviated C. 

Gallia, -ae (Gallus), f., Gaul. 

Gallicanus, -a, -um (Gallus), 
adj., of Gaul, Gallic. 



Gallicus, -a, -um (Gallus), adj., 
of Gaul, Gallic. 

Gallus, -a, -um, adj., of Gaul, 
Gallic; as subst., Gallus, -i, m., 
a Gaul; also a family name at 
Rome. Cf. Sergius. 

ganeo, -onis (ganea, an eating- 
house), m., glutton. 

gaudeo, gaudere, gavisus sum, 
semi-dep., rejoice, be glad. 

gaudium, gaudi (gaudeo), n., 
joy, delight, happiness. 

gaza, -ae, f ., treasure. 

gelidus, -a, -um (gelii, cold), 
adj., cold. 

gener, generi, m., son-in-law. 

gens,gentis (root gen-, beget), f., 
clan, tribe; nation. (Gentile.) 

genus, generis (root gen-, beget), 
n., birth, descent; race; kind, 
class; character, nature. (Gen- 
erous, generosity.) 

germanus, -a, -um (cf . germen, 
off-shoot), adj., own, full (of 
brothers or sisters). 

gero, gerere, gessl, gestum, bear; 
carry on, do, manage; perform, 
accomplish; of an office, fill; of 
war, wage; rem gerere, achieve, 
accomplish; res gestae, ex- 
ploits, achievements. 

gestio, gesture, gestlvi (ii), — , 
desire, be eager. 

Glabrio, -onis, m., Glabrio, a Ro- 
man family name. M' . Acilius 
Glabrio, consul in 67 B.C., com- 
manded unsuccessfully against 
Mithridates. 

gladiator, -toris (gladius) m., 
gladiator; ruffian. 

gladiatorius, -a, -um (gladiator), 

ad ].,0f GLADIATORS, GLADIATO- 
RIAL. 

gladius, gladi, m., sword. 

Glaucia, -ae, m., Glaucia, a Ro- 
man family name. C. Servi- 
lius Glaucia, praetor 100 B.C., 



VOCABULARY 



43 



together with Saturninus. 
murdered his opponent, Mem- 
mius, candidate for consul- 
ship, and was killed with Sa- 
turninus by the mob. 

gloria, -ae, f., glory, renown, 
reputation, fame. 

glorior, -ari, -atus sum (gloria , 
dep.. boast, brag. 

gloriose (gloriosus\ adv., boast- 
fully. (Gloriously.) 

gnavus, -a, -urn, adj., diligent, 
busy, active. 

Gracchus, -i, m.. Gracchus, a Ro- 
man family name. Many dis- 
tinguished men bore this name, 
especially the two famous trib- 
unes of the people (1) Tiberius 
Sempronius Gracchus, tribune 
133 B.C., a reformer, who ille- 
gally sought re-election and 
was assassinated: (2) his 
brother, Ga i us Se m pro n i us 
Gracchus, tribune 123 B.C.. an 
even more radical reformer, 
who failed of re-election, and 
lost his life in 121 b.c. 

gradus, -us, in., step; grade. 
[Gradation.) 

Graecia, -ae (Graecus), f., 
Greece. 

Graeculus,-! 'dimin. of Graecus), 
m.. a petty Greek, Greekling. 

Graecus, -a, -urn, adj., Greek; 
as subst., Graecus, -i, m.. a 
Greek; in the ace. pi. neuter. 
Graeca, Greek language). 

gratia, -ae (gratus\. f.. favor; 
popularity, influence; grati- 
tude; in pi., thanks: gratias 
agere, thank: gratiam referre, 
requite; gratiam habere, be 
grateful: gratia, with a preced- 
ing gen., for the sake of, on ac- 
count of. 

Gratius, Grati, m., Gratius. the 
accuser of the poet Archias. 



gratuito gratuitus, done without 
pay,), adv.. freely, without pay. 
Gratuitously. 

gratulatio, -onis gratulor\ f., re- 
jo id ng. cox gr atulation. 

gratulor, -ari, -atus sum i'gra- 

tUS , dep.. CONGRATULATE. 

gratus, -a, -um, adj., pleasing, 
grateful, welcome, dear. 
CGrateful, gratitude, 
gratify.) 

gravis, -e, adj., heavy; hard, se- 
vere, difficult; serious, impor- 
tant, dignified, influential. 
(Grave J 

gravitas, -tatis (gravis), f., 
weight; importance, dig' 
(Gravity.) 

graviter -, gravis \ adv., heavily; 

severelyj serio 
' gravo, -are, -avi, -atom -'gravis' , 
weigh down; pass., be unwill- 
ing, hesitate. (Aggravate.) 

grex, gregis, m.. herd; troop, 
crowd. Gregarious.) 

gubernatio, -onis guberno\ f. 
steering; direction, guidt 
control. 

guberno, -are, -avi, -atum, steer, 
guide, direct. (Guberxato 

RIAL. 

: gusto, -are, -avi, -atum, taste 

appreciate. I .'Disgust.) 
gymnasium, gymna'si, n., gyrn- 
n a s i u m . a name given by 
the Greeks to grounds where 
youth assembled for physical 
and intellectual training. 



habeo, habere, habui, habitum, 

have, possess: hold, consider; 
reckon, think. 
habito, -are, -avi, -atum habeo N , 
dwell. (Inhabitant, habita- 
tion.) 



44 



VOCABULARY 



habitus, -us (habed), m., condi- 
tion, state f quality. (Habit, 

HABITUAL.) 

haereo, haerere, haesi, — , fut. 
part, haesurus, stick, cling, 
holdfast, get caught. (Inhere, 

COHERE, COHESION.) 

haesito, -are, -avi, -atum (hae- 
reo), be at a loss, hesitate. 
(He sitation, he sit anc y . ) 

Hannibal, -alis, m., Hannibal, 
the great Carthaginian gener- 
al who well-nigh conquered 
Rome. 

haruspex, -spicis, m., soothsayer. 

haud, adv., not at all, not. 

haurio, haurire, hausi, haustum, 
draw. 

hebesco, hebescere, — , — (he- 
beo, be dull), grow blunt, be- 
come dull. 

Heraclia, -ae, f., Heraclea, a 
Greek city of Southern Italy in 
Lucania. 

Heracliensis, -e (Heraclia), adj., 
of Heraclea; as subst., Heracli- 
enses, -ium, m., Heracleans. 

Hercules, -is, m., the god Her- 
cules; mehercule, interj., ab- 
breviated from the phrase me 
Hercules iuvet, so help me 
Hercules! upon my word! 

hereditas, -tatis (heres, heir), f., 
inheritance. (Heredity, he- 
reditary.) 

heres, -edis, m., heir. 

hesternus, -a, -um, adj., of yes- 
terday, yesterday's. 

heus, interj., ho, there! hulloa! 

hiberno, -are, -avi, -atum (hiber- 
nus), spend the winter. (Hi- 
bernate.) 

hibernus, -a, -um (hiems), adj., 
of winter, winter; as subst., hi- 
berna, -orum, n. (sc. castra), 
winter quarters. 

hie, haec, hoc, gen. huius, dem. 



pron., this; he, she, it; the fol- 
lowing. 

hie (hie), adv., here, in this place. 

nice, haece, hoce, huiusce, etc., 
emphatic form for hie, this. 

hiems, -emis, f., winter. 

nine (hie), adv., hence, from here; 
nine . . . illinc, on this side 
. . . on that side. 

Hispania, -ae, f., Spain. 

Hispaniensis, -e (Hispania), 
adj., Spanish. 

Hispanus, -a, -um, adj., Span- 
ish. Substantive, Hispani, 
-orum, m. pi., Spaniards. 

hodie (ho for hoc + die), adv., 
to-day. 

hodiernus, -a, -um (hodie), adj., 
of to-day, to-day's. 

Homerus, -i, m., Homer, the 
famous Greek poet. 

homo, -inis, m. and f., human 
being, man. (Human, hom- 
age.) 

honestas, -tatis (honos), f., hon- 
or. (Honesty.) 

honeste (honestus), adv., honor- 
ably. 

honesto, -are, -avi, -atum (ho- 
nestus), do honor to. 

honestus, -a, -um (honos), adj., 
honored, honorable, noble; 
proper, becoming. (Honest.) 

honor or honos, -oris, m., honor, 
respect; public office, office. 

honorifice (honorificus, honor- 
able), adv., comp. honorificen- 
tius, sup. honorificentissime, 
honorably, with respect. 

hora, -ae, f., hour. 

Horatius, Horati, m., Horatius, 
the name of a Roman gens. 
M . Horatius, one of the three 
brothers who fought the 
Curiatii, and the sole survivor 
of that conflict. 

horribilis, -e (horreo, shudder 



VOCABULARY 



45 



at), adj., awful, dreadful. 
(Horrible.) 

hortatus, -us (hortor), m., en- 
couragement. 

Hortensius, Hortensi, m., Hor- 
tensius, a Roman family name. 
Q. Hortensius, sl famous orator 
and Cicero's chief rival in the 
courts. Consul 69 b.c. 

hortor, -ari, -atus sum,dep., urge, 
encourage. (Exhort.) 

hortus, -I, m., garden. (Horti- 
cultural.) 

hospes, hospitis, m., host, guest; 
stranger. (Hospitable.) 

liospitium, hospi'ti (hospes, host), 
n., gue'st-friendship; friend- 
ship. 

liostilis, -e (hostis), adj., hos- 
tile. 

hostis, -is, m. and f ., enemy, pub- 
lic enemy, foe. 

hue (hie), adv., hither, here, to 
this place. 

humanitas, -tatis (humanus), f., 
humanity, kindliness; sym- 
pathy; refinement, cultivation, 
culture. 

humanus, -a, -um (cf. homo), 
adj., humav, humane; refined, 
cultivated, cultured. 

humi (locative case of humus, 
ground), adv., on the ground. 

humilis,-e (humus, ground), Sid]., 
low, small, slight, insignificant, 
humble. 

I 

iaceo, iacere, iacui, — , fut. part, 
iaciturus, lie, lie prostrate, be 
powerless; be disproved, be re- 
futed. (Adjacent.) 

iacio, iacere, ieci, iactum, throw y 
cast, hurl. 

iacto, -are, -avi, -atum (intens. 
of iacio), hurl, toss about; utter, 



bandy about; with se, exhibit 
oneself, 'show off,' make a dis- 
play, vaunt oneself. 

iactura, -ae (iacio), {., a throwing 
away; loss, sacrifice, expendi- 
ture. 

iactus, -us (iacio), m., throwing; 
flash (of Kghtning), hurling. 

iam, adv., already, now; by this 
time; non iam, no longer. 

Ianiculum, -i (Ianus, Janus), n., 
the Janiculum, one of the hills 
of Rome. 

ianua, -ae, f., door, gate, entrance. 

Ianuarius, -a, -um (Ianus, the 
god of beginnings), adj., of 
January. 

ibi (is), adv., in that place, there; 
thereupon, then. 

ictus, -us, m., blow, stab, wound. 
(Ictus.) 

idcirco, adv., therefore, on that ac- 
count. 

idem, eadem, idem, gen., eius- 
dem, dem. pron., the same. 

ideo, adv., on that account, there- 
fore. 

idoneus, -a, -um, adj., fit, suit- 
able, favorable. 

Idus, Iduum, f. pi., the Ides, a 
reckoning point in the Roman 
months, falling on the fifteenth 
of March, May, July, and 
October, the thirteenth of the 
other months. 

igitur, conj., therefore, then, ac- 
cordingly. 

ignarus, -a, -um (in- + gnarus, 
knowing), adj., not knowing, 
ignorant. 

ignavia, -ae (ignavus, lazy), f., 
laziness; cowardice. 

ignis, -is, m., fire. (Ignite, ig- 
nition.) 

ignominia, -ae (in- + (g)nomen), 
f., disgrace. (Ignominy, igno- 
minious.) 



46 



VOCABULARY 



ignoratio, -onis (ignoro), f., ig- 
norance. 

ignoro, -are, -avi, -atum (cf. ig- 
nosco), be ignorant of. (Ig- 
norant, IGNORANCE, IGNO- 
RAMUS.) 

ignosco, ignoscere, ignovi, igno- 
tum (in- + (g)nosco), pardon, 
forgive. 

ignotus,-a,-um (in- + (g)notus), 
adj., unknown, strange. 

Ilias, -adis (cf. Ilium, Troy), f., 
the Iliad, the poem of Homer 
about Troy. 

ille, ilia, illud, gen., illius, dem. 
pron., that; he, she, it. 

illecebra, -ae (illicio, entice) , f ., en- 
ticement, allurement, attraction. 

illinc (ille), adv., thence, from 
there; on that side. 

illucesco, -lucescere, -luxl, — 
(in + lucesco, begin to shine), 
begin to shine, break, dawn. 

illustris, -e (in + cf. lux), adj., 
shining, brilliant, illustrious. 

illustro, -are, -avi, -atum (cf . il- 
lustris), make light, make clear, 
disclose; render famous, dis- 
tinguish. (Illustrate, illus- 
tration.) 

Illyricus, -a, -urn, adj., of Illyri- 
cum, Illyrian. 

imago, -mis (cf. imitor), f., like- 
ness, statue, picture; ancestral 
image, mask (of an ancestor 
who had held curule office); 
thought, idea. 

imbecillitas, -tatis (imbecillus, 
weak), f., weakness. (Imbe- 
cility.) 

imberbis, -e (in- + barba, beard), 
adj., beardless. 

imbuo, -buere, -bui, -butum, 
wet; soak, steep, imbue, stain. 

imitator, -toris (imitor), m., imi- 
tator. 

imitor, -ari, -atus sum, dep., imi- 
tate. 



immanis, -e (in- +manus, good), 
adj., monstrous, huge, vast; 
savage, inhuman, frightful. 

immanitas, -tatis (immanis), f., 
barbarity, enormity, ferocity. 

immaturus, -a, -urn (in- + ma- 
turus), adj., not ripe; untimely, 
premature. (Immature, imma- 
turity.) 

immineo, imminere, — , — (in + 
m i n e 6 , overhang) , impend ; 
threaten. (Imminent.) 

imminuo, imminuere, imminui, 
imminutum (in + minuo, less- 
en), lessen, infringe. 

immitto, immittere, immisi, im- 
missum (in + mitto), send in, 
send against; admit, let loose 
upon. 

immo, adv., no, indeed; on the 
contrary; immo vero, in em- 
phatic correction, nay rather, I 
may even say. 

immortalis, -e (in- + mortalis), 
adj., immortal, undying. 

immortalitas, -tatis (immorta- 
lis), f., IMMORTALITY. 

impedimentum, -i (impedio), n., 

hindrance; in pi., baggage, bag- 
gage-train. (Impediment.) 

impedio, impedire, impedivi, im- 
peditum (in, cf. pes, foot), en- 
tangle; impede, hinder, pre- 
vent, block, embarrass. 

impeditus, -a, -um (part, of im- 
pedio), adj., hindered; embar- 
rassing, cumbersome, awkward, 
troublesome. 

impello, -pellere, -puli, -pulsum 
(in + pello), urge, induce, im- 
pel, incite. 

impended, -pendere, — , — (in 
+ pendeo), overhang; threat- 
en. (Impend.) 

imperator, -toris (impero), m., 
commander-in-chief, general, 
commander. 



VOCABULARY 



47 



imperatorius, -a, -um (impera- 

tor), adj., of a general. 

imperitus, -a, -um (in- + peri- 
tus, skilled), adj., unskilled, in- 
experienced, ignorant. 

imperium, impe'ri (impero), n., 
command, order; authority, mil- 
itary power; control, rule, gov- 
ernment. (Imperial.) 

impero, -are, -avi, -atum, com- 
mand, order. (Imperative.) 

impertio, impertire, impertivi, 
impertitum (in + partio, 
share), grant, confer, bestow. 
(Impart.) 

impetro, -are, -avi, -atum (in + 
patrd, accomplish), obtain a re- 
quest; accomplish, bring about. 

impetus, -us (in + peto), m., at- 
tack, onset; rush. (Impetus, 
impetuous.) 

impius, -a, -um (in- + pius, 
dutiful), adj., impious, wicked, 
shameless. 

impleo, -plere, -plevi, -pletum 
(in + pleo, fill), fill. 

implico, -are, -avi or -plicui, 
-atum or -plicitum (in + 
plico, fold), entwine, involve, 
associate, join. (Implicate, 
implicit.) 

imploro, -are, -avi, -atum (in + 
plor6j cry out), implore, be- 
seech. 

impono, -ponere, -posui, -posi- 
tum (in + pond), place upon, 

IMPOSE. 

importunus, -a, -um, adj., un- 
suitable; cruel, savage. (Im- 
portunate.) 

impotens, -ntis (in- + potens), 
adj., powerless, without self- 
control. (Impotent.) 

imprimis, adv., for in primis, 
first of all, especially. 

imprimo, -primere, -pressi, 
-pressum (in + premo), press 



upon, stamp, engrave. (Im- 
pression.) 

improbitas, -tatis (improbus), f., 
wickedness, depravity, dishon- 
esty. 

improbo, -are, -avi, -atum (in + 
probo), disapprove, criticise, 
blame. 

improbus, -a, -um (in- + pro- 
bus, good), adj., bad, wicked, 
worthless. 

imprudenter (impnidens, incon- 
siderate), adv., ignorantly, in- 
considerately, IMPRUDENTLY. 

impubes, -puberis (in- + pubes t 
manhood), adj., youthful. 

impudens, -dentis (in- + pu- 
dens, modest), adj., immodest, 
shameless. (Impudent.) 

impudenter (impudens), adv., 
shamelessly. 

impudentia, -ae (impudens), f., 
shamelessness. (Impudence . ) 

impudicus, -a, -um (in- + pudi- 
cus, modest), adj., shameless v 
immodest. 

impune (impunis, unpunished), 
adv., unpunished, with im- 
punity, safely. 

impunitas, -tatis (impunis, un- 
punished), {., freedom from 
punishment, safety. (Impuni- 
ty.) 

impunitus, -a, -um (in- + puni- 
tus, punished), adj., unpun- 
ished. 

impunis, -a, -um (in- + purus, 
clean), adj., unclean, impure, 
vile. 

in, prep. (1) with ace, into, to, 
on, upon; against, towards; of 
time, until, for; (2) with abl., 
in, on, upon, in the case of. 

in-, inseparable prefix with nega- 
tive force, un-, not. 

inanis, -e, adj., empty, vain, use- 
less. (Inane, inanition.) 



48 



VOCABULARY 



inauditus, -a, -urn (in- + audi- 
tus), adj., unheard of, marvel- 
lous, incredible. 

inauratus, -a, -um (inauro, gild), 
adj., gilded. 

incendium, incen'di (incendo), 
n., fire, burning, conflagration. 
(Incendiary.) 

incendo, -cendere, -cendi, -cen- 
sum (in, cf. candeo, shine), set 
fire to, burn. 

incensio, -onis (incendo), f., 
burning. 

inceptum, -i (incipio), n., under- 
taking, attempt. 

incertus, -a, -um (in- + cer- 
tus), adj., uncertain, unsettled, 
doubtful. 

incestus, -a, -um (in- + castus, 
pure), adj., impure, sinful, 
criminal. 

incido, -cidere, -cidi, — (in + 
cado), fall into, fall; happen. 

incido, -cidere, -cidi, -cisum (in + 
caedo, cut), cut upon, engrave. 

incipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum 
(in + capio), begin, under- 
take. (Incipient, inceptive.) 

incitamentum, -i (incito, arouse), 
n., inducement, incentive. (In- 
citement.) 

incito, -are, -avi, -atum (in + 
cito, urge), incite, rouse, spur 
on. 

inclino, -are, -avi, -atum, bend, 
turn, incline. (Inclina- 
tion.) 

includo, -cludere, -clusi, -clu- 
sum (in + claudo), shut in, 
confine, enclose. (Include, in- 
clusive.) 

incoho, -are, -avi, -atum, start, 
begin, commence. 

incolumis, -e, adj., safe, un- 
harmed. 

incolumitas, -tatis (incolumis), 
f., safety, security. 



incommodum, -i (incommodus), 

n., inconvenience, disadvan- 
tage; injury, damage, disaster, 
defeat. 

incommodus, -a, -um (in- + 
commodus, convenient), adj., 
inconvenient. 

incorrupt e (incorruptus, uncor- 
rupted), adv., uncorruptly, 
justly, impartially. 

in-corruptus, -a, -um, adj., un- 
spoiled, genuine, upright. 

in-credibilis, -e, adj., not to be 
believed, incredible, remark- 
able. 

in-crepd, -are, -ui, -itum, sound, 
make a sound. 

in-cumbo, -cumbere, -cubui, 
-cubitum, bend to; devote one- 
self to. 

indago, -are, -avi, -atum, trace 
out, investigate. 

inde, adv., thence, from that place; 
thereupon, then. 

indemnatus, -a, -um (in- + 
damnatus, condemned), adj., 
uncondemned, without trial. 

index, indicis (indico, show), m. 
and f ., informer, witness. (In- 
dex.) 

indicium, indi'ci (indico, show), 
n., information, testimony, evi- 
dence. 

indico, -are, -avi, -atum (in and 
root Die-, point), point out, re- 
veal, betray. (Indicate.) 

indico, -dicere, -dixi, -dictum 
(in + died), declare, proclaim. 
(Indict.) 

indigne (indignus), adv., un- 
worthily, shamefully. 

indignus, -a, -um (in- + dig- 
nus), adj., unworthy. 

in-duco, -ducere, -duxi, -duc- 
tum, lead in, lead, induce, per- 
suade. 

industria, -ae (industrius), f., 



VOCABULARY 



49 



diligence, activity, energy, in- 
dustry. 
industrius, -a, -urn, adj., diligent, 

INDUSTRIOUS. 

in-eo, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itum, enter 
upon, begin, form (a plan) . 

iners, inertis (in- + ars), adj., 
without skill; indolent, lazy, 
idle. (Inert.) 

inertia, -ae (iners), f., idleness, 
remissness, neglect, indolence, 
indifference. (Inertia.) 

infamis, -e (in- + fama), adj., 
disreputable, infamous. 

in-felix, -icis, adj., unlucky, ill- 
omened, calamitous. (Infelic- 
ity.) 

in-fero, -ferre, -tuli, illatum, 
bring on, inflict, offer, commit. 
(Infer, inference.) 

Inferus, -a, -urn, adj., comp. 
inferior, sup. infimus or imus, 
as subst., inferi, -orum, m. pi., 
those below, the dead; the lower 
world; comp., lower, inferior, 
lower part of; sup., lowest, hum- 
blest, meanest, the lowest part of. 

infestus, -a, -urn (in, cf. fendo, 
strike), adj., hostile, threaten- 
ing; troublesome, dangerous. 
(Infest.) 

infidelitas, -tatis (infidelis, faith- 
less), f., unfaithfulness, infi- 
delity. 

infimus, see inferus. 

in-finitus, -a, -urn, adj., un- 
limited, boundless. (Infinite, 

INFINITY.) 

infirmo, -are, -avi, -atum (infir- 
mus), weaken. 

in-firmus, -a, -urn, adj., weak, 
feeble. (Infirm.) 

infitiator, -toris (infitior), m., de- 
nier of a debt, debtor. 

infitior, -ari, -atus sum (infitiae, 
denial), dep., deny. 

in-flammo, -are, -avi, -atum, set 



on fire; arouse, excite. (In- 
flammation.) 

in-flo, -are, -avi, -atum, blow 
into. (Inflate, inflation.) 

informo, -are, -avi, -atum (in -f- 
formo, shape), form, mould; 
instruct. 

infringo, -fringere, -fregi, -frac- 
tum (in + frango), break down, 
weaken, lessen. (Infringe.) 

ingenium, inge'ni (in + root 
gen-, beget), n., inborn quality; 
ability, talent, natural capacity. 
(Ingenious, engine.) 

ingens, ingentis, adj., huge, great. 

ingenuus, -a, -um (in + root 
gen-, beget), adj., native; free- 
born. (Ingenuous.) 

in-gratus, -a, -um, adj., ungrate- 
ful, thankless. (Ingrate, in- 
gratitude.) 

ingravesco, -gravescere, — , — 
(in + gravesco, grow heavy or 
worse), become worse or more 
serious. 

ingredior, -gredi, -gressus sum 
(in + gra.dior y walk), dep., enter, 
enter upon. (Ingredient.) 

in-haereo, -haerere, -haesi, 
-haesurus, cling to, adhere, in- 
here. (Inherent.) 

inhio, -are, -avi, -atum (in + 
hio, gape), gape; open the 
mouth for. 

in-humanus, -a, -um, adj., in- 
human, cruel. 

initio, -icere, -ieci, -iectum (in 
+ iacio), throw on or into; in- 
spire, instil. (Inject.) 

inimicitia, -ae (inimicus), f., un- 
friendliness, enmity, hostility. 

inimicus, -a, -um (in- + amicus) 
adj., unfriendly, hostile; as 
subst., inimicus, -i, m., per- 
sonal enemy, in contrast with 
hostis, a public enemy. (In- 
imical.) 



50 



VOCABULARY 



iniquitas, -tatis (iniquus), f., 

unfairness j injustice. (Iniqui- 
ty.) 

iniquus, -a, -urn (in- + aequus, 
fair), adj., unfair, unjust. 

initio, -are, -avi, -atum (initium), 
initiate, consecrate. 

initium, ini'ti (ineo), n., begin- 
ning, commencement. 

iniuria, -ae (in + ius), f., injury, 
wrong, injustice, unjust act; in 
the ablative often having ad- 
verbial force, iniuria, wrong- 
fully, undeservedly, unjustly. 

iniuriose (iniuriosus, unjust), 
adv., unjustly, unlawfully. 

iniussu. (abl. of in-iussus), m., 
without the order of, without 
orders. 

in-iustus, -a, -urn, adj., unfair, 
unjust. 

in-nocens, innocentis, adj., up- 
right, blameless, guiltless. (In- 
nocent.) 

innocentia, -ae (innocens), f., 
uprightness, integrity, inno- 
cence, blamelessness. 

innumerabilis, -e (in- + nume- 
rabilis, that can be counted), 

adj., INNUMERABLE, COUnt- 

less. 

inopia, -ae (inops, needy), f., 
lack, want, need, scarcity. 

inquam, inquis, inquit, def., say, 

insania, -ae (insanus, mad), f., 
madness, frenzy, folly. (In- 
sane, INSANITY.) 

inscitia, -ae (inscitus, ignorant), 
f., ignorance, stupidity. 

In-scrfbo, -scribere, -scrips!, 
-scriptum, write upon. (In- 
scribe, inscription.) 

insepultus, -a, -urn (in- + se- 
pultus, buried), adj., unburied. 

in-servio, -servire, — , -servi- 
tum, devote oneself to. 

insideo, -sidere, -sedi, — (in + 



sedeo), settle on, be fixed, ad- 
here. 
insidiae, -arum (insideo), f. pi., 

ambush, ambuscade; snares, 
plots. 

insidiator, -toris (insidior), m., 
plotter, highwayman. 

insidior, -ari, -atus sum (insi- 
diae), dep., lie in wait for, form 
an ambuscade; plot against. 

insidiosus, -a, -urn (insidiae), 
adj., treacherous, deceitful. 
(Insidious.) 

in-sido, -sidere, -sedi, -sessum 
settle on; be fixed, adhere, re- 
main. 

insigne, -is (insignis), n., sign, 
signal, decoration, badge. 

insignis, -e (in, cf. signum), adj., 
notable, remarkable. 

in-simulo, -are, -avi, -atum, ac- 
cuse, charge. 

insolens, -solentis (in- + so- 
leo), adj., unaccustomed; ar- 
rogant, haughty. (Insolent.) 

insolenter (insolens), adv., 
haughtily, arrogantly. 

insolentia, -ae (insolens), f., 
arrogance, haughtiness, pride. 
(Insolence.) 

in-solitus, -a, -urn, adj., unac- 
customed, unusual. 

inspecto, -are, -avi, -atum (in- 
tens. of inspicio, look at), look 
at, look on. (Inspect.) 

in-sperans, -ntis, adj., not hop- 
ing, not expecting. 

in-speratus, -a, -urn, adj., un- 
looked for, unexpected. 

instituo, -stituere, -stitui, -stitu- 
tum (in + statuo), set up; pre- 
pare, begin, determine, resolve, 
intend; train, instruct, teach. 
(Institute.) 

institutum, -i (instituo), n., cus- 
tom, precedent, usage. (Insti- 
tution.) 



VOCABULARY 



51 



In-sto, -stare, -stiti, — , fut. part, 
instaturus, press on, be near, 
approach; press upon, harass, 
threaten. (INSTANT.) 

instrumentum, -I (instruo, equip) 
n., equipment; instrument; 
means. 

in-struo, -struere, -struxi, -struc- 
tum, build; draw up, fit out, 
equip, make ready. (Instruct.) 

insula, -ae, f., island. (Insu- 
late.) 

insulto, -are, -avi, -atum (in- 
silio, leap into), leap at; be in- 
solent. INSULT. 

In-sum, -esse, -ful, — , fut. part. 
-futurus,6e in; be present, exist. 

integer, integra, integrum (in-, 
cf. tango, touch), adj., un- 
touched, whole; undecided, un- 
determined; fresh , vigorous, 
unhurt; unbroken; honest, ir- 
reproachable, loyal. (Inte- 
ger.) 

integre (integer), adv., upright- 
ly, honestly, honorably. 

integritas, -tatis (integer), f., 
honesty, integrity, upright- 
ness. 

intellego, -legere, -lexi, -lectum 
(inter + lego), perceive, under- 
stand, know. (Intelligent, 

INTELLECTUAL.) 

in-tendo, -tendere, -tendi, -ten- 
turn, strain; aim, purpose, in- 
tend. (Intent, intention.) 

intento, -are, -avi, -atum (in- 
tendo), stretch threateningly, 
aim. 

inter, prep, with ace, between, 
among; of time, within, during. 

Interamna, -ae, f., Interamna, a 
town almost 100 miles north of 
Rome, in Umbria. 

Interamnas, -atis, adj., of Inter- 
amna. 

inter-cedo, -cedere, -cessi, -ces- 



sum, go between, intervene, 
pass. (Intercede.) 

intercessio, -onis (intercedo), f., 
mediation, intervention, veto. 
(Intercession.) 

intercludo, -cludere, -clusi, -clu- 
sum (inter + claudo), shut off, 
cut off. 

inter-dum, adv., sometimes, at 
times. 

inter-ea, adv., in the meantime, 
meanwhile. 

inter-eo, -ire, -ii, — , fut. part, 
interiturus, die, be killed, per- 
ish . 

interfector, -toris (interficio), m., 
slayer, murderer, assassin. 

interficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum 
(inter + facio), destroy, kill, 
put to death; distress, afflict 
greatly. 

interim (inter), adv., in the mean- 
time, meanwhile. (Interim.) 

interimo, -imere, -emi, -emp- 
tum (inter + emo, take), de- 
stroy, kill, put to death. 

interior, interius (inter), adj. 
eomp., inner) interior. 

interitus, -us (inter eo), m., ruin, 
death, destruction. 

inter-mitto, -mittere, -misi, -mis- 
sum, let pass, omit. 

intermortuus, -a, -urn (intermo- 
rior, die out), adj., lifeless, 
feeble, faint. 

internecio, -onis (interneco, kill), 
f., destruction, slaughter, anni- 
hilation. 

inter-rogo, -are, -avi, -atum, ques- 
tion, ask. (Interrogation.) 

inter-sum, -esse, -fui, — , fut. 
part, interfuturus, be between; 
be different, take part in; im- 
pers., interest, it concerns, it 
is of interest, it is of impor- 
tance. 

inter-vallum, -I, n., space be- 



52 



VOCABULARY 



tween two palisades; interval, 
distance. 

interventus, -us (intervenio), 
m., coming between , interven- 
tion. 

intestlnus, -a, -urn (intus), adj., 
inward, internal. (Intestine.) 

intimus, -a, -urn, adj. sup. (cf. 
interior), inmost, intimate. 

intra (cf. inter), prep, with ace, 
within. 

intro-, adv. used only in com- 
position, within, into. 

intro-duco, -ducere, -duxl, -duc- 
tum, lead in, bring in, intro- 
duce. 

in-tueor, -tuerl, -tuitus sum, dep. , 
look upon, gaze at, look on. 
(Intuition, intuitive.) 

intus (in), adv., within. 

inultus, -a, -um (in- + ulcis- 
cor), adj., unpunished. 

in-uro, -urere, -ussi, -ustum, 
burn into; brand upon. (In- 
ure.) 

in-usitatus, -a, -um (in- + iisi- 
tatus, customary), adj., unac- 
customed, unusual. 

in-utilis, -e, adj., useless, without 
value or advantage. 

in-venio, -venire, -venl, -ven- 
tum, come upon, find, discover; 
find out, learn. (Invent, in- 
vention, INVENTORY.) 

investlgo, -are, -avi, -atum (in 
+ vestlgo, follow in the track 
of), trace out, discover, inves- 
tigate. 

in-veterasco, -veterascere, -Ve- 
tera vi, — (cf . vetus, old), grow 
old, become established. 

in-victus, -a, -um, adj., uncon- 
quered, invincible. 

invidia, -ae (invidus), f., envy, 
jealousy, hatred, unpopularity. 

invidiose (invidiosus), adv., en- 
viously, out of jealousy. 



invidiosus, -a, -um (invidia), 

adj., full of envy; exciting envy 
or jealousy, or hatred. (Invid- 
ious.) 

invidus, -a, -um, adj., envious, 
jealous. 

invisus, -a, -um (invideo, envy), 
adj., hateful, hated. 

invito, -are, -avi, -atum, invite, 
ask; urge, encourage. 

invitus, -a, -um, adj., unwilling, 
reluctant. 

ipse, ipsa, ipsum, gen. ipsius, 
dem. pron., self; himself, her- 
self, itself; pi., themselves; very, 
mere, just. 

Ira, -ae, f., anger, wrath. (Ire.) 

iracundia, -ae (Iracundus), f., 
anger, passion. 

iracundus, -a, -um (Ira), adj., 
passionate. 

Irascor, IrascI, Iratus sum (Ira), 
dep . , be angry at or with. (Iras- 
cible.) 

Iratus, -a, -um (part, of Irascor), 
adj., angry, enraged, violent. 
(Irate.) 

irrepo, -repere, -repsl, — (in + 
repo, creep), creep in, make 
one's way in. (Reptile.) 

irretio, -retire, -IvI, -retltum (in 
+ rete, net), ensnare, entrap. 

irrito, -are, -avi, -atum, incite, 
provoke, irritate. 

irrogo, -are, -avi, -atum (in + 
rogo), propose against, impose. 

irruo, -mere, -nil, — (in + ruo), 
rush in or upon, make an at- 
tack. 

irruptio, -onis (irrumpo, break 
in), f ., incursion, raid, attack. 

is, ea, id, gen. eius, dem. pron., 
that, this; he, she, it; such a. 

iste, ista, istud, gen. istlus, dem. 
pron., that of yours, that. 

ita (cf. is), adv., thus, so, in such 
a way, to such an extent. 



VOCABULARY 



53 



Italia, -ae, f ., Italy. 

Italicus, -a, -urn (Italia), adj., of 
Italy, Italian. 

ita-que (ita + -que), conj., and 
so, accordingly, therefore. 

item, adv., also; likewise, in the 
same manner. 

iter, itineris (eo, ire), n., journey, 
march; way, route, road. 

iterum, adv., again, a second 
time. (Reiterate, itera- 
tion.) 

iubeo, iubere, iussi, iussum, 
order, command. 

iucunditas, -tatis (iucundus), 
f., pleasantness; delight, enjoy- 
ment. 

iucundus, -a, -urn (perhaps cf. 
iuvo, -please), adj., pleasant, en- 
joyable, delightful. (Jocund.) 

iudex, iudicis (ius + root Die-), 
m. and f ., judge, juror; in pi., 
' gentlemen of the jury. 1 

iudicialis, -e (iudicium), adj., of 
a court of justice, of courts, 

JUDICIAL. 

iudicium, iudi'ci (iudex, cf. ius), 
n., judgment, decision; trial, 
court; opinion, sentence. 

iudico, -are, -avi, -arum (iudex), 
judge, decide, determine; think, 
believe. (Adjudicate.) 

iugulo, -are, -avi, -atum (iugu- 
lum, throat), cut the throat, kill, 
murder. 

iugulum,-! (dim. of iugum, yoke), 
n., little yoke ; collar-bone, 
throat, neck. (Jugular.) 

Iugurtha, -ae, m., Jugurtha, an 
African prince, king of Nu- 
midia. 

Iulius, lull, m., Julius, a Roman 
family name. See Caesar. 

iungo, iungere, iunxi, iunctum, 
join, connect, unite. (Junc- 
tion.) 

Iunius, -a, -urn, adj., of June, 



e.g., Kalendae Iuniae, the Cal- 
ends (i.e., first) of June. 

Iuppiter, Iovis, m., Jupiter, the 
principal god of the Romans. 

iuris-dictio, -onis, f., administer- 
ing of justice, jurisdiction. 

iuro, -are, -avi, -atum (ius), 
swear, bind by oath. 

ius, iuris, n., right, law, justice, 
authority, privilege; hire, abl. 
with adverbial force, rightly, 
justly, properly. (Perjury.) 

ius iurandum, iuris iurandi, n., 
oath. 

iussus, -us (iubeo), m., found 
only in the abl. sing., iussu, 
by order of, at the command of. 

iuste (iustus), adv., justly, 
rightly, fairly. 

iustitia, -ae (iustus), f., justice, 
fairness. 

iustus, -a, -urn (ius), adj., just, 
fair; proper, suitable; regular. 

iuventus, -tutis (iuvenis, youth), 
f ., youth (as a collective noun), 
young men. (Juvenile.) 

iuvo, iuvare, iuvi, iutum, help, 
aid. 

K 

Kal., abbreviation for Kalendae. 

Kalendae, -arum, f . pi., the Cal- 
ends, the first day of the month. 

Karthaginiensis, -e (Karthago, 
Carthage), adj., of Carthage, 
Carthaginian; as subst., 
Karthaginienses, -ium, m. pi., 
Carthaginians . 

Karthago, -mis, f., Carthage, 
the city in Africa, Rome's 
great enemy. 



L., abbreviation for Lucius, a 
Roman praenomen or first 
name. 



54 



VOCABULARY 



labefacio, -facere, -feci, -factum 
(labo, give way, + facio), 
shake, make ready to fall. 

labefacto, -are, -avi, -atum (in- 
tens. of labefacio), cause to 
totter, shake; weaken, impair. 

labes, -is (labor), f., falling; 
stain, disgrace. 

labo, -are, -avi, -atum, totter, be 
ready to fall. 

labor, -oris, m., work, toil, labor; 
hardship, suffering. 

labor, labi, lapsus sum, dep., 
slip, fall; go astray, err. 

laboriosus, -a, -urn (labor), adj., 
toilsome, wearisome, difficult, 
laborious, annoying. 

laboro, -are, -avi, -atum (labor), 
toil, strive, endeavor; work at, 
do; be distressed, be troubled. 
(Laboratory.) 

lacero, -are, -avi, -atum (lacer, 
mangled), tear to pieces, muti- 
late. (Lacerate.) 

lacertus, -i, m., upper arm; mus- 
cle, vigor, force. 

lacesso, lacessere, lacessivi, la- 
cessitum, attack, harass, pro- 
voke. 

lacrima, -ae, f., tear. 

lacus, -us, m., hollow; pond, 

LAKE. 

lactens, -ntis, adj. (participle of 
obsolete verb, lacteo), suck- 
ling, taking milk, i.e., as subst., 
an infant. 

Laeca, -ae, m., Laeca, sl Roman 
family name. M. Porcius 
Laeca, one of Catiline's parti- 
sans, at whose house the con- 
spirators met. 

laedo, laedere, laesi, laesum, in- 
jure, hurt. (Collide, elide, 

COLLISION, ELISION.) 

Laelius, Laeli, m., Laelius, a 
Roman family name. The in- 
timate friend of Scipio Afri- 



canus the Younger, as his 
father had been of the elder 
Africanus. Celebrated for his 
love of literature and philoso- 
phy, and made by Cicero the 
subject of his famous essay on 
friendship, de Amicitia. 

laetitia, -ae (laetus), f., joy, de- 
light. 

laetor, -an, laetatus sum (lae- 
tus), dep., rejoice, be glad. 

lamenta, -arum, n. pi., wailing, 
weeping, lament. 

lamentatio, -onis (lamentor), f., 
wailing, weeping, lamenta- 
tion. 

lamentor, -ari, lamentatus sum 
(lamenta, wailing), dep., wail, 
lament, moan over. 

languidus, -a, -urn (langueo, be 
faint), adj., weak, exhausted, 
dull, listless. (Languid.) 

Lanuvinus, -a, -um (Lanuvium), 
adj., of Lanuvium; in m. pi., as 
subst., citizens of Lanuvium. 

Lanuvium, Lanuvi, n., Lanuvi- 
um, a town of Latium on the 
Appian Way. 

lapis, -idis, m., stone. 

laqueus, -i, n., noose, snare, trap. 

largior, -iri, -itus sum (largus, 
bountiful), dep., give abun- 
dantly, bestow; grant; bribe. 

largitio, -onis (largior), f., gen- 
erosity, liberality; corruption, 
bribery. 

largitor, -toris (largior), m., lav- 
ish giver; spendthrift, prodigal. 

late (latus), adv., widely, broadly. 

latebra, -ae (lateo), f., hiding- 
place, retreat, lurking-place. 

lateo, latere, latui, — , be hidden; 
escape notice. (Latent.) 

Latiaris, -e (Latium), adj., of 
Latium. Epithet of Jupiter 
as protector of the Latin con- 
federacy. 



VOCABULARY 



55 



Latiniensis, -is, m., Latiniensis, 
a Roman family name. 

Latinus, -a, -um, adj., of Latium, 
Latin; n. pi., as subst.,Latina, 
-orum, Latin writings. 

Latium, Lati, n., Latium, the di- 
vision of Italy which included 
Rome. 

lator, -tons (fero), m., bearer; 
-proposer of a law. 

latro, -onis, m., robber, highway- 
man, brigand. 

latrocinium, latroci'ni (latroci- 
nor), n., robbery, brigandage; 
band of robbers. 

latrocinor, -ari, -atus sum (la- 
tro), dep., rob on the highway, 
plunder. 

latus, -ens, n., side, flank. (Lat- 
eral.) 

latus, -a, -um, adj., broad, wide, 
extensive. (Latitude.) 

laudatio,f-6nis (laudo), f., praise; 
funeral oration, eulogy. (Lau- 
dation.) 

laudo, -are, -avi, -atum (laus), 
praise, extol, honor, approve. 
(Laud, laudatory.) 

laus, laudis, f., praise, renown, 
glory. 

lectica, -ae (lectus, couch), f., lit- 
ter, portable couch or chair. 

lecticarius, -I (lectica), m., litter- 
bearer. 

lectulus, -i (dim. of lectus), m., a 
small bed, couch. 

lectus, -i, m., bed, couch. 

lectus, -a, -um (lego, choose), adj. 
chosen; selected, choice, excel- 
lent. (Selection.) 

legatio, -onis (lego, appoint), f., 
embassy. (Legation.) 

legatus, -i (lego), m., ambassa- 
dor; envoy; lieutenant. (Leg- 
ate.) 

legio, -onis (lego, gather), f., le- 
gion. 



legitimus, -a, -um (lex), adj., 
fixed by law, lawful, legal. 
(Legitimate.) 

lego, -are, -avi, -atum, appoint 
or send as lieutenant or envoy; 
despatch, commission. 

lego, legere, legi, lectum, gather; 
choose; read, read about, 
(Legible, lectern.) 

lenio, -ire, -ivi, -itum (lenis), 
soften, moderate, assuage, alle- 
viate. 

lenis, -e, adj., soft, smooth; 
gentle, mild. (Lenient.) 

lenitas, -tatis (lenis), f., softness, 
gentleness, mildness, lenity. 

leno, -onis, m., agent, tool. 

Lentulus, -i, m., Lentulus, a 
Roman family name. (1) P. 
Cornelius Lentulus Sura, con- 
sul in 71 B.C., deposed from 
Senate the following year; the 
man of highest rank in Cati- 
line's following; put to death 
by Cicero's order in 62 b.c. 

(2) Cn. Lentulus, consul 72 

B.C. 

lentus, -a, -um (cf. lenis), adj., 
pliant; backward {slow-paying), 

Lepidus, -i, m., Lepidus, a Ro- 
man family name. (1) M. 
Aemilius Lepidus, consul in 66 
B.C. (2) M. Aemilius Lepi- 
dus, consul in 78 B.C., who 
tried to annul the laws of 
Sulla and was forcibly driven 
out by Pompey and Catulus. 

(3) M. Aemilius Lepidus, 
member of the Second Trium- 
virate, an interrex during the 
troubles between Clodius and 
Mi lo. 

lepidus, -a, -um, adj., charming, 

elegant, effeminate. 
levis, -e, adj., light, slight; trivial; 

light-minded, fickle. 
levitas, -tatis (levis), f., light- 



56 



VOCABULARY 



ness; fickleness, inconstancy; 

untrustworthiness. (Levity.) 
leviter (levis), adv., comp. levi- 

us, sup. levissime, lightly. 
levo, -are, -avi, -atum (levis), 

lift up, lighten; relieve, lessen. 

(Levy, elevate.) 
lex, legis, f., law, bill, decree. 

(Legislator.) 
libellus, -I (dim. of liber, book), 

m., little book; pamphlet, me- 
morial. 
libens, libentis (part, of libet), 

adj., willing, glad, pleased. 
libenter (libens), adv., willingly. 
liber, libri, m., book. 
liber, libera, liberum, adj., 

free. 
liberalis, -e (liber, free), adj., of 

a freeman; dignified, honorable, 

LIBERAL. 

liberalitas, -tatis (liberalis), f., 

generosity, liberality. 

liber e (liber), adv., freely. 

liberi, -orum (liber, free), f. pi., 
the free members of a household ; 
children. 

libero, -are, -avi, -atum (liber, 
free), free, set free. (Liber- 
ate, LIBERATOR.) 

libertas, -tatis (liber, free), L, 
freedom, liberty. 

libertinus, -a, -urn (libertus, 
freedman), adj., of a freedman; 
as subst., libertinus, -i, m., 
freedman. 

libertus, -i (liber, free), m., 
freedman. 

libet, libere, libuit or libitum 
est, impers., it pleases, it is 
agreeable. 

libido, -inis (libet), f., pleasure, 
inclination; wantonness, de- 
sire, lust. 

librarium, -i (liber), n., book- 
case, book-chest. (Library.) 

licentia, -ae (licens, unre- 



strained) , f . , unrestrained free- 
dom, wantonness, license. 

licet, licere, licuit or licitum est, 
impers., it is allowed, it is per- 
mitted. (License.) 

Licinius, Lici'ni, m., Licinius, a 
Roman family name. A. Li- 
cinius, Roman names used by 
Cicero for the Greek Archias, 
adopted by him from name of 
his patron Lucullus, whose 
praenomen, however, was Lu- 
cius. 

lignum, -i, n., (in pi.) fire-wood, 
fagots. 

limen, -inis, n., threshold; door, 
entrance. (Preliminary.) 

lingua, -ae, f., tongue; language, 
speech. (Lingual, linguist.) 

linter, lintris, f., boat, skiff. 

linum, -i, n., flax; thread, string. 

liquefacio, -facere, — , -factum 
(liqueo, be fluid, + facio), 
make liquid. (Liquefaction, 
liquefy.) 

lis, litis, f., strife, quarrel; law- 
suit, litigation; damages. 

littera, -ae, f., a letter, an alpha- 
betical sign; in pi., litterae, 
-arum, f., letter, epistle, des- 
patch] literature, learning, 
scholarship, letters. (Liter- 
ary.) 

litteratus, -a, -urn (littera), adj., 
learned, cultivated. (Illiter- 
ate.) 

litura, -ae (lino, besmear), f., era- 
sure, blotting out, correction. 

loco, -are, -avi, -atum (locus), 
place, put; contract. (Locate, 
locative.) 

Locrensis, -e (Locri, Locri), adj., 
of Locri, Locri an; as subst., 
Locrenses, -ium, m. pi., Lo- 
cri ans. 

locuples, -pletis (locus + root 
ple-, fill), adj., rich, wealthy. 



VOCABULARY 



57 



locupleto, -are, -avi, -atum (lo- 

cuples), enrich. 
locus, -I, m., spot, place, room, 

chance. 
longe (longus), adv., far, far off; 

by far. 
longinquitas, -tatis (longinquus), 

f., distance, remoteness. 
longinquus, -a, -urn (longus), 

adj., distant, remote. 
longiusculus, -a, -um (longior, 

-ius), adj., rather long. 
longus, -a, -um, adj., long, far; 

remote. (Longitude.) 
loquor, loqui, locutus sum, dep., 

speak, say, talk. (Loquacity, 

ELOQUENCE, OBLOQUY, SOLIL- 
OQUY.) 

luceo, lucere, hm, — (lux), 
shine; be clear, be obvious. 
(Lucid, translucent.) 

Lucius, Luci, m., Lucius, a Ro- 
man praenomen or first name, 
abbreviated L. 

luctuosus, -a, -um (luctus), adj., 
mournful, sorrowful, sad. 

luctus, -us (lugeo), m., grief, sor- 
row, distress. 

Lucullus, -i, m., Lucullus, a Ro- 
man family name. L. Licini- 
us Lucullus, consul 74 B.C., a 
distinguished Roman general 
in the Third Mithridatic War; 
later noted for his luxurious 
living. 

lucus, -I (cf. luceo), m., (an 
open) grove; wood; sacred 
grove. 

ludus, -I, m., play; school. (Lu- 
dicrous, DELUSION, PRELUDE, 
ALLUSION.) 

lugeo, -ere, luxi, grieve, lament, 
bewail, deplore. (Lugubrious.) 

lumen, -inis (cf. lux), n., light; 
eye; distinguished person, 
ornament. (Luminous, lumi- 
nary.) 



luo, luere, lui, — , loose; pay, suf- 
fer, undergo; atone for, expiate. 

lupa, -ae (cf. lupus, wolf), f., she- 
wolf; prostitute. 

lupinus, -a, -um (lupus, wolf), 
adj., of a wolf, wolfs. 

lustro, -are, -avi, -atum, light up; 
observe; go around, traverse. 
(Illustrate.) 

lutum, -i, n., mud, mire. 

lux, lucis, f., light. 

luxuria, -ae (luxus, indulgence),, 
f., luxury, luxurious living. 

M 

M., an abbreviation for Marcus, 
a Roman praenomen or first 
name. 

M\, an abbreviation for Manius, 
a Roman praenomen or first 
name. 

machinator, -toris (machinor), 
m., contriver. 

machinor, -ari, -atus sum (ma- 
china, machine), dep., devise, 
plot, scheme. (Machination.) 

macto, -are, -avi, -atum (mac- 
tus, honored), magnify; sacri- 
fice, destroy, punish, kill. 

macula, -ae, f., spot, stain, dis- 
grace. 

maculo, -are, -avi, -atum (ma- 
cula), stain, defile, pollute. 
(Immaculate.) 

Maelius, Maeli, m., Maelius, a 
Roman family name. Spurius 
Maelius, a rich Roman knight, 
killed in 440 b.c; it was 
charged by the patricians that 
he aimed at kingly power 
when he distributed food to 
the people without payment. 

maereo, -ere, — , — , be sad T 
grieve. 

maeror, -oris, m., sorrow, sad- 
ness. 



58 



VOCABULARY 



magis, sup. maxime (magnus), 

adv., more, rather. 
magistrates, -us (magister, mas- 
ter), m., magistracy , office; 

MAGISTRATE, official. 

Magius, see Cilo. 

magnifies (magnificus), adv., 

nobly, splendidly, gloriously; 

comp. magnificentius, sup. 

magnificentissime. 
magnitudo, -tudinis (magnus), 

f., greatness, size; importance, 

MAGNITUDE. 

magnopere (= magno opere), 
adv., greatly, earnestly, thor- 
oughly, urgently. 

Magnus, -I, m., Magnus, used as 
an agnomen, or added name 
of distinction, chiefly applied 
to Pompey. 

magnus, -a, -um, comp. maior, 
sup. maximus, adj., great, 
powerful, important. 

maiof, -us, adj. comp., see mag- 
nus. 

maior es, -um (magnus), m. pi., 
ancestors, forefathers; natu is 
sometimes expressed, but in- 
frequently. 

male (malus), comp. peius, sup. 
pessime, adv., badly. 

Malea, -ae, or Maleae, -arum, f ., 
Malea (Cape Matapan to- 
day), a promontory at the 
southern point of Greece. 

maleficium, malefi'ci (cf. male 
and facio), n., offense, crime, 
misdeed. 

malleolus, -I (malleus, mallet), 
m., fire-dart, fire-brand. 

malo, malle, malui (magis + 
volo), prefer, wish rather. 

malum, -I (malus), n., evil, ca- 
lamity, misfortune. (Male- 
factor.) 

malus, -a, -um, comp. peior, 



sup. pessimus, adj., bad, evil, 
wretched. 

mancus, -a, -um, adj., crippled, 
maimed, weak. 

mandatum, -I (mando), n., com- 
mission, order, command. 
(Mandate.) 

mando, -are, -avi, -arum (cf. 
manus and do), commit, en- 
trust; order, command. 

mane, adv., in the morning. 

maneo, -ere, mansi, mansum, re- 
main, stay, continue. 

manicatus, -a, -um (manicae, 
long sleeves), adj., with long 



manifesto (manifestos), adv., 
openly, evidently, manifestly. 

manif estus, -a, -um, adj., clear, 
plain, obvious, manifest. 

Manilius, Manfll, m., Manilius, 
a Roman family name. Gaius 
Manilius, tribune 66 B.C., 
brought forward the bill which 
gave Pompey command in the 
war against Mithridates. 

Manius, Mani, m., Manius, a 
Roman praenomen or first 
name. Abbrev. M\ 

Manlianus, -a, -um (Manlius), 
adj., of Manlius. 

Manlius, Manli, m., Manlius, a 
Roman family name. Gaius 
Manlius, at one time a cen- 
turion under Sulla, placed by 
Catiline in charge of his troops 
at Faesulae. 

mano, -are, -avi, -arum, trickle, 
flow; spread, extend. (Ema- 
nate.) 

mansuete (mansuetus, mild), 
adv., mildly, gently, calmly. 

mansuetudo, -tudinis (mansue- 
tus, mild), f., mildness, gentle- 
ness, clemency, forbearance. 

mansuetus, -a, -um (part, of 



VOCABULARY 



59 



mansuesco, become gentle) , 
adj., mild, gentle, kind. 

manubiae, -arum (manus), f. pi., 
booty, -prize-money {i.e., money 
obtained by selling booty). 

manus, -us, f., hand, hand-writ- 
ing; force, band, troop. (Man- 
ual, MANACLE, MANAGE, MAIN- 
TAIN.) 

Marcellus, -I, m., Marcellus, a 
Roman family name. (1) M . 
Claudius Marcellus, consul in 
51 B.C., a bitter enemy of 
Caesar, pardoned by him in 46 
B.C. Mentioned in Cat., 1. 
8. (2) C. Claudius Marcellus, 
brother of the preceding, con- 
sul 49 b.c. (3) M. Claudius 
Marcellus, most famous man 
of this family, five times con- 
sul, captured Syracuse in Sec- 
ond Punic War. 

Marcus, -I, m., Marcus, a Ro- 
man praenomen or first name. 

mare, maris, n., the sea. 

maritimus, -a, -urn (mare), adj., 
belonging to the sea, on the sea, 
sea; maritime. 

maritus, -a, -urn (mas, mascu- 
line), adj., married; as subst., 
maritus, -I, m., a married man, 
husband. 

Marius, Marl, m., Marius, a Ro- 
man family name. C. Marius, 
born 157 B.C., seven times 
consul, victor over the Cimbri 
and Teutones, opponent of 
Sulla in civil war. 

marmor, -oris, n., marble. 

marmoreus, -a, -urn (marmor), 
adj., marble, of marble. 

Mars, Martis, m., Mars, the god 
of war. (Martial, March, 
the month.) 

Massilia, -ae, f., Massilia, the 
modern Marseilles, in south- 



ern France. Originally a 
Greek colony. 

Massiliensis, -e (Massilia), adj., 
of Massilia; as subst., Massi- 
lienses, -ium, m. pi., the people 
of Massilia. 

mater, matris, f ., mother. 

materia, -ae (-es), ace. -am or 
-em (cf. mater), f., material; 
timber. 

mature (maturus), adv., early, 
speedily, soon. 

maturitas, -tatis (maturus), f., 
ripeness, perfection, maturity. 

maturo, -are, -avi, -atum (matu- 
rus), ripen; hasten, despatch. 
(Mature.) 

maturus, -a, -urn, adj., ripe, 
early, mature. 

maxime (maximus, sup. of mag- 
nus), adv., most, especially, 
very. 

Maximus, -I, m., Maximus, a Ro- 
man family name. Especially 
used of Q. Fabius Maximus 
Cunctator, whose successful 
policy of 'delay' against Han- 
nibal gave him his cognomen. 

maximus, -a, -urn (sup. of mag- 
nus), adj., greatest, very great; 
quam maximus, the greatest 
possible. (Maxim.) 

Medea, -ae, f., Medea, daughter 
of Aeetes, king of Colchis; fa- 
mous as a sorceress. 

medeor, -eri, — , dep., heal, cure; 

REMEDY. 

medicina, -ae (medicus, heal- 
ing), f., the healing art, medi- 
cine. 

medicus, -I (medicus, healing), 
m., physician, surgeon. 

mediocris, -e (medius), adj., 
middling; ordinary, common, 
mediocre, moderate. 

mediocriter (mediocris), adv., 



60 



VOCABULARY 



moderately, to a moderate de- 
gree, slightly. 

meditor, -ari, -atus sum, dep., 
reflect, reflect upon, consider, 
think of, plan; used passively 
in Cat., 1. 10. (Meditate.) 

medius, -a, -urn, adj., in the mid- 
dle, middle, middle of. 

medius fidius, an oath, see under 
Fidius. 

mehercule (abbreviated from me 
Hercules iuvet), adv., so help 
me Hercules; assuredly, indeed. 

melior, melius, comp. of bonus. 

membrum, -I, n., member, limb. 

memini, meminisse, def ., remem- 
ber. (Memento.) 

Memmius, Memmi, m., Mem- 
mius, a Roman family name. 

memor, memoris (cf. memini), 
adj., mindful. 

memoria (memor), f., memory, 
recollection. 

mendicitas, -tatis (mendicus, in 
want), f., poverty, beggary. 

mens, mentis, f., mind, thought, 
understanding, purpose, inten- 
tion. (Mental.) 

mensis, -is (cf. metior, measure), 
f., month. 

mentio, -onis (cf. mens), f., 

MENTION. 

mentior, mentiri, mentitus sum, 

dep., lie, speak falsely . 

mercator, -toris (mercor, trade), 
m., merchant, trader. 

mercenarius, -a, -urn (merces, 
wages), adj., hired, paid. 

merces, -edis, pay, hire; reward, 
recompense. 

mereo, merere, merui, meritum, 
and mereor, mereri, meritus 
sum, earn, deserve, merit; me- 
rer! de = serve, treat. 

merito (mereor), adv., deserv- 
edly, justly. 



meritum, -I (mereor), n., desert, 
merit; service, favor. 

merx, mercis, f., goods, wares, 
merchandise. 

Metellus, -I, m., Metellus, a Ro- 
man family name . ( 1 ) Q . Cae- 
cilius Metellus Celer, praetor 
in 63 b.c. (2) M. Metellus, a 
friend of Catiline. (3) Q. Cae- 
cilius Metellus Creticus, consul 
69 B.C., conquered Crete after- 
ward. (4) Q. Caecilius Me- 
tellus Numidicus, consul 109 
B.C., fought against Jugurtha 
with success. (5) Q: Caecilius 
Metellus Pius, consul 80 b.c, 
son of the one last described. 

metuo, metuere, metui, — (me- 
tus), fear, dread, be apprehen- 
sive. 

metus, -us, m., fear, dread. 

meus, -a, -urn (me), poss. adj., 
my, mine. 

miles, militis, m., soldier. (Mil- 
itate.) 

mlliens (mule), adv., a thousand 
times. 

mllitaris, -e (miles), of soldiers, 
military; res mllitaris, mili- 
tary affairs, the art of war. 

militia, -ae (miles), f., military 
service, war; militiae, in the 
army, i.e., abroad, opposed to 
domi, at home. (Militia.) 

mllle, indecl. adj., one thousand; 
in pi. as subst., milia, milium, 
mllibus, n., thousands. (Mil- 
lion, mile.) 

Milo, -onis, m., Milo, a Roman 
family name. T. Annius 
Milo, supporter of Cicero, 
slayer of Clodius. See the 
oration pro Milone. 

minae, -arum, f. pi., threats. 

minime (minimus), sup. of pa- 
rum, adv., least; by no means. 



VOCABULARY 



61 



minimus, -a, -urn, sup. of par- 
vus, adj., smallest, least. 

minitor, -ari, -atus sum (minor), 
dep., threaten, menace. 

minor, minus, comp. of parvus, 
adj., smaller, less. 

minor, -ari, -atus sum (minae), 
dep., threaten, menace. 

Minucius, Minu'ci, m., Minu- 
cius, a Roman family name. 

minuo, -uere,-ui,-utum (minus), 
lessen, diminish. (Minute, 
diminish.) 

minus, comp. of parum, adv., less; 
with force of a negative, not. 

mirifice (mirificus, wonderful), 
adv., wonderfully, strangely. 

miror, -ari, -atus sum (minis), 
dep., wonder at, wonder, ad- 
mire. (Admirably.) 

minis, -a, -um, adj., wonderful, 
marvellous, strange. 

misceo, miscere, miscui, mix- 
turn, mix, stir up, excite, con- 
coct. 

Misenum, -i, n., Misenum, a 
promontory and town in 
Southern Italy, in Campania. 

miser, misera, miserum, adj., 
wretched, pitiful, unhappy, 

MISERABLE. 

miserandus, -a, -um (miseror), 

adj., pitiable, deplorable. 

misereor, misereri, miseritus 
sum (miser), dep., feel pity, 
have compassion, pity. 

miseret, miserere, miseruit, im- 
pers. (miser), it distresses, ex- 
cites pity in. 

miseria, -ae (miser), f., wretch- 
edness, unhappiness, misery. 

misericordia, -ae (misericors), f ., 
pity, compassion, mercy. 

misericors, -cordis (misereo, 
pity, + cor, heart), adj., com- 
passionate, tender-hearted, mer- 
ciful. 



Mithridates, -is, m., Mithrida- 
tes, king of Pontus. 

Mithridaticus, -a, -um, adj., of 
Mithridates, Mithridatic. 

mitis, -e, adj., mild, gentle. 
(Mitigate.) 

mitto, mittere, misi, missum, 
send, let go. (Missive, mis- 
sion, MISSILE.) 

mixtus, -a, -um (part, of mis- 
ceo), adj., mixed, confused, 
heterogeneous. (Mixture.) 

moderate (moderatus), adv., 
with moderation. 

moderatio, -onis (moderor, con- 
trol), f., MODERATION, Control, 

restraint. 

moderatus, -a, -um (part, of 
moderor, control), adj., within 
bounds, moderate, modest, re- 
strained. 

modestus, -a, -um (modus), adj., 
temperate, sober, discreet, mod- 
est. 

modice (modicus, in proper meas- 
ure), adv., moderately. 

modo (modus), adv., only, 
merely; just now, recently, 
lately, non modo . . . sed 
(or verum) etiam, not only 
. . . but also. 

modus, -i, m., measure, limit, 
end; kind; manner, way; eius 
modi, of that sort, such; cuius 
modi, of what sort? quern ad 
modum, howl (interrog.); as 
(rel.); quo modo, how. 

moenia, -ium, n. pi., walls, for- 
tifications. 

moles, -is, f., mass, weight, bur- 
den. 

moleste (molestus), adv., with 
difficulty; moleste ferre, be 
vexed, be annoyed at. 

molestia, -ae (molestus), f., 
trouble, annoyance, vexation. 

molestus, -a, -um (cf. moles), 



62 



VOCABULARY 



adj., troublesome j annoying, 

vexatious. (Molestation.) 
molior, -iri, -Itus sum (moles), 

dep., toil, strive; plan, scheme, 

contrive. 
mollis, -e, adj., soft, gentle, 

weak, mild, lenient. (Mollify, 

EMOLLIENT.) 

moneo, monere, monui, moni- 
tum, advise, warn; remind, ad- 
monish; urge, direct, order. 
(Monitor, monition.) 

mons, montis, m., mountain. 

monstrum, -I (cf. moneo), n., 
wonder, portent. (Monster, 
monstrous.) 

monumentum, -I (moneo), n., 
memorial, record, monument. 

mora, -ae, f., delay. 

moratus, -a, -urn (mos), adj., 
mannered, circumstanced. 

morbus, -I (cf. morior), m., dis- 
ease, sickness. (Morbid.) 

morior, mori, mortuus sum, fut. 
part, moriturus, dep., die. 

mors, mortis, f., death. (Mor- 
tify.) 

mortalis, -e (mors), adj., mor- 
tal; as subst., mortalis, -is, 

m., MORTAL. 

mortuus, -a, -um (morior), adj., 
dead; as subst., mortuus, -i, 
m., dead body, corpse. (Mor- 
tuary.) 

mos, moris, m., custom, habit, 
usage; pi., customs, manners, 
character. 

motus, -us (moved), m., moving, 
motion, movement; commotion, 
disturbance; motus terrae, 
earthquake. 

moveo, movere, movi, motum, 
move, influence; disturb, alarm, 
excite. (Motion, motor, mo- 
tive.) 

mucro, -onis, m., sharp point, 
sword's point, sword. 



muled, -are, -avi, -atum, beat, 
handle roughly, injure. 

muliebris, -e (mulier), adj., 
womanish, effeminate. 

mulier, mulieris, f ., woman. 

muliercula, -ae (dim. of mulier), 
f ., a little woman, favorite; poor 
helpless woman. 

multa, -ae, f ., penalty, fine. 

multitudo, -tudinis (multus), f., 
large number, throng, multi- 
tude, mob. 

multo (multus), adv., by much, 
much; by far, far. 

multo, -are, -avi, -atum (multa, 
fine), fine, punish. (Mulct.) 

multum (multus), adv., much, 
very. 

multus, -a, -um, comp. plus, 
sup. plurimus, adj., much, pi. 
many. 

Mulvius, -a, -um, adj., Mulvian; 
pons Mulvius, a bridge over 
the Tiber leading to the north 
by the Flaminian road. It is 
now called the Ponte Molle. 

municeps, -cipis (munia, duties, 
+ cap-, take), m. and f., in- 
habitant of a free town. 

municipium, munici'pi (muni- 
ceps), n., free town. (Mu- 
nicipal, municipality.) 

munio, -ire, -ivi, -itum (moenia), 
fortify, strengthen; guard, pro- 
tect, defend; build (road). (Mu- 
nition, AMMUNITION.) 

munitus, -a, -um (part, of mu- 
nio), adj., fortified. 

munus, muneris, n., duty, serv- 
ice, gift, present; show, spec- 
tacle. (Remunerate, remu- 
neration.) 

Murena, -ae, m., Murena, a Ro- 
man family name. L. Licini- 
us Murena was left by Sulla 
as propraetor in Asia in 84 
B.C., provoked Mithridates to 



VOCABULARY 



63 



war, and was defeated by him, 
though allowed by the Romans 
to celebrate a triumph, as if 
victorious. 

murus, -I, m., wall. (Mural.) 

Musa, -ae, f., Muse, one of the 
nine Muses. (Museum, mu- 
sic, mosaic.) 

mut6, -are, -avi, -atum (frequent, 
of moveo), move; change, alter. 
(Mutability, immutable.) 

mutus, -a, -urn, adj., dumb, 
mute, speechless, without 
speech. 

N 

nam, conj., /or. 

nanciscor, nancisci, nactus or 
nanctus sum, dep., find, ob- 
tain, secure. 

nascens, -ntis (pres. part, of 
nascor), adj., arising, young, 
growing. (Nascent.) 

nascor, nasci, natus sum, dep., 
be born. (Native, natal.) 

Nasica, -ae, m., a Roman family 
name. P. Scipio Nasica Se~ 
rapio, opponent of Tiberius 
Gracchus and leader of the 
mob of nobles who killed him. 
He was consul 138 b.c. 

natio, -onis (nascor), f., race, 
nation, tribe, people. 

natura, -ae (nascor), f., nature; 
character, natural disposition. 

naufragus, -a, -um (navis + 
frango), adj., shipwrecked, 
ruined; as subst., naufragi, 
-orum, m. pi., shipwrecked or 
ruined persons. 

nauticus, -a, -um (navis), adj., of 
ships, of sailors, naval, nau- 
tical. 

navalis, -e (navis), adj., of ships, 
naval, nautical. 

navicularius, -I (navicula, a small 



vessel), m., ship-master, ship- 
owner. 

navigatio, -onis (navigo), f., sail- 
ing, voyage. (Navigation.) 

navigo, -are, -avi, -atum (navis 
+ ago), sail, put to sea. (Nav- 
igate.) 

navis, -is, f., ship. 

ne, adv., not; ne . . . quidem, 
not even. 

-ne, inter, adv., whether; in a di- 
rect question, translated only 
by the interrogative form of 
the sentence. 

ne, conj., that . . . not, lest; af- 
ter words of fearing, lest, that; 
ne quis, lest any one, that no 
one. 

ne, affirmative particle with per- 
sonal and demonstrative pro- 
nouns, truly, verily, really, in- 
deed. 

ne- (used only in compound 
words), not. 

Neapolitanus, -a, -um (Neapo- 
lis, Naples), adj., Neapolitan, 
of Naples; as subst., Neapoli- 
tan!, -orum, m. pi., the inhabit- 
ants of Naples. 

nee, conj., see neque. In com- 
position = non. 

necessario (necessarius), adv., 
necessarily, of necessity. 

necessarius, -a, -um (necesse), 
adj., necessary, pressing, ur- 
gent, unavoidable; as subst., 
necessarius, necessari, m., 
relative, kinsman, connection, 
friend. 

necesse, adj. indecl., neces- 
sary, inevitable. 

necessitas, -tatis (necesse), f., 
necessity, need. 

necessitudo, -tudinis (necesse), 
f., relationship, friendship, 
connection. 

nec-ne, conj., or not. 



64 



VOCABULARY 



need, -are, -avi, -atum (cf. nex), 
kill y slay, put to death. 

nefandus, -a, -urn (ne- + fan- 
dus, cf. for, fan, speak), adj., 
unspeakable, abominable, im- 
pious, wicked, criminal. 

nefarie (nefarius), adv., impi- 
ously, abominably, wickedly. 

nefarius, -a, -urn (nefas, wrong, 
impiety), adj., impious, abom- 
inable. (Nefarious.) 

nefas (ne- + fas), n. indecl., 
something contrary to divine 
law, impiety, sin, crime. 

neglegenter (neglegens, care- 
less), adv., heedlessly, careless- 
ly. (Negligently.) 

neglego, -legere, -lexi, -lectum 
(nee = non + lego), neg- 
lect, disregard, overlook; omit. 

nego, -are, -avi, -atum, say no, 
say . . . not, refuse, deny . 
(Negative.) 

negotior, -ari, -atus sum (nego- 
tium), dep., do business, be 
engaged in business. (Nego- 
tiate.) 

negotium, negoti (nee = non + 
otium), n., business, affair; 
trouble, difficulty. 

nemo, — , dat. nemini (ne + 
hemo, an old form of homo), 
m. and f., no one, nobody. For 
the gen. and abl. nullius and 
nullo are generally used. 

nempe (nam), adv., surely, cer- 
tainly, forsooth, without doubt. 

nemus, nemoris, n., grove, wood. 

nepos, -otis, m., grandson; spend- 
thrift. 

nequam, comp. nequior, sup. ne- 
quissimus, indecl. adj., worth- 
less, bad. 

ne-que, or nee, adv., and . . . 
not, nor; neque . . . neque, 
neither . . . nor. 

nequior, nequius, adj. comp. of 
nequam. 



nequitia, -ae (nequam), f ., worth- 
lessness, inefficiency. 

nervus, -I, m., sinew. (Nerve.) 

nescio, -ire, -ivi (-ii), — , (ne- + 
scio), not know, be ignorant. 

neve, or neu, conj., and not, and 
that not, nor. 

nex, necis, f ., killing, death, mur- 
der. (Internecine.) 

nihil (ne- + hilum, a trifle), n. 
indecl., nothing; as an adverb, 
an emphatic non, not at all, not 
in the least, in no respect; nihilo 
minus, none the less. (An- 
nihilate.) 

nihil dum, n. indecl., nothing yet. 

nihilum, -i (ne- + hilum, trifle), 
n., nothing. 

Nflus, -i, m., Nile, the great 
river of Africa. 

nimirum (ne- + minim), adv., 
doubtless, certainly, surely. 

nimis, adv., too, too much, ex- 
cessively. 

nimium (nimis), adv., too much, 
too. 

nimius, -a, -urn (nimis), adj., ex- 
cessive. 

nisi (ne- + si), conj., if not, un- 
less, except. 

niteo, nitere, nitui, — , shine. 

nitidus, -a, -um (cf. niteo), adj., 
shining, sleek, prosperous. 

nitor, niti, nixus or nisus sum, 
strive; depend on, rely upon. 

nix, nivis, f ., snow. 

Nobilior, -oris, m., Nobilior, a 
Roman family name. M. Ful- 
vius Nobilior was consul in 189 
B.C. and conquered the Aeto- 
lians. 

nobilis, -e (nosed), adj., well- 
known, famous, noted, noble. 

nobilitas, -tatis (nobilis), f., ce- 
lebrity, renown, fame; nobil- 
ity. 

nocens, -ntis (noceo), adj., hurt- 



VOCABULARY 



65 



ful, guilty; as subst., m. and 
f., guilty person, offender. 

noceo, nocere, nocui, — , fut. 
part, nociturus, harm, injure, 
damage. (Innocuous.) 

nocturnus, -a, -um (nox), adj., of 
night, by night, nocturnal. 

nolo, nolle, nolui, — (ne- + 
void), be unwilling, not wish. 

nomen, nominis (nosco), n., 
name, title; renown, account. 
(Nomenclature, nominal.) 

nominatim (nomino), adv., by 
name, particularly, expressly. 

nomino, -are, -avi, -atum (no- 
men), name, call by name. 
(Nominate.) 

non, adv., no, not. 

non-dum, adv., not yet. 

non-ne, adv. interrog., in a direct 
question, not (expecting an 
affirmative answer); in an in- 
direct question, if not, whether 
not. 

nonnullus, -a, -um, adj., some, a 
few. 

non-numquam, adv., sometimes, 
a few times. 

nos, nostrum or nostri, pi. of ego. 

nosco, noscere, novi, notum, be- 
come acquainted with; in the 
perf. system, know. 

nos-met, emphatic nos. 

noster, nostra, nostrum (nos), 
poss. pron., our, our own, ours, 
of us. (Nostrum.) 

nota, -ae (cf. nosco), f., mark, 
sign, stamp, stigma. (Note, 

NOTARY, NOTIFY, NOTORIOUS.) 

noto, -are, -avi, -atum (nota), 
mark, brand, stamp. (Nota- 
ble, NOTATION.) 

notus, -a, -um (part, of nosco), 
adj., well-known, famous. 

novem, num. adj. indecl., nine. 

November, -bris, -bre (novem), 
adj., of November. 



novus, -a, -um, adj., new; un- 
usual, strange; res novae, 
revolution. (Novel, innova- 
tion.) 

nox, noctis, f., night. 

nudius tertius (nunc dies tertius 
est), adv., it is now the third 
day, i.e., day before y ester- 
day. 

nudo, -are, -avi, -atum (nudus), 
strip, lay bare. 

nudus, -a, -um, adj., naked, bare. 
(Nude, nudity.) 

nugae, -arum, f. pi., trifles, non- 
sense. 

nullus, -a, -um (ne-, not, + 
ullus), adj., none, no; as subst., 
m. and f., no one, nobody. 
(Annul, nullify.) 

num, interrogative particle ex- 
pecting a negative answer, 
translated only by the inter- 
rogative form of the English 
sentence. In indirect ques- 
tions, whether, with no nega- 
tive inference. 

Numantia, -ae, f., Numantia, a 
city of Spain, which long re- 
sisted but was finally captured 
by Scipio Africanus the 
Younger in 133 B.C. 

numen, -mis (nuo, nod), n., will, 
power (of the gods). 

numerus, -I, m., number, consid- 
eration. (Numeral, numer- 
ous.) 

Numidicus, -a, -um (Numidia), 
adj., of Numidia, Numidian; 
as a subst., m., Numidicus, 
added as a surname of honor to 
Quintus Metellus. 

numquam (ne- + umquam), 
adv., never. 

nunc, adv., now. 

nuntio, -are, -avi, -atum (nun- 
tius), announce, inform, re- 
port. 



66 



VOCABULARY 






nuntius, nunti, m., messenger; 
message, announcement. 

nuper, adv., lately, recently. 

nuptiae, -arum (nupta, bride), 
f., marriage, nuptials, wed- 
ding. 

nutus, -us (nuo, nod), m., nod, 
command, will. 

nympha, -ae, f., bride; pi., 
nymphs, demi-goddesses 
dwelling in woods, sea, rivers, 
or fountains. 

O 

6, inter j., 0/ oh! 

ob, prep, with ace, on account of, 

for. 
ob-duresco, -durescere, -durui, 

— (ob + duresco, become 

hardened), grow hard, become 

hardened. (Obdurate.) 
obeo, -ire, -ii, -itum, go to meet; 

go through with, perform; travel 

over, reach. 
obicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectum (ob 

+ iacio), throw before; offer, 

expose. 
oblecto, -are, -avi, -atum (ob + 

lacto, allure), delight, entertain, 

cheer, interest. 
obligo, -are, -avi, -atum (ob + 

ligo, bind), bind, put under ob- 
ligations, pledge, mortgage. 

(Obligatory.) 
oblino, -linere, -levi, -litum (ob 

+ lino, smear), daub, smear 

over, cover. (Obliterate.) 
oblitus, -a, -um, part, of oblino. 
oblitus, -a, -um (perf . pass. part. 

of obliviscor), adj., forgetful, 

unmindful, regardless. 
oblivio, -onis (cf. obliviscor), f., 

forgetfulness, oblivion. 
obliviscor, -livisci, -litus sum, 

dep., forget. 
ob-mutesco, -mutescere, -mu- 



tui, — (ob + mutesco, grow 
dumb), become dumb, be silent. 

oboedio, -ire, -ivi, -itum (ob -f- 
audio), pay heed to, obey, serve. 
(Obedient.) 

ob-ruo, -ruere, -rui, -rutum, 
overwhelm, cover over, bury. 

obscure (obscurus), adv., ob- 
scurely, secretly, vaguely. 

obscuritas, -tatis (obscurus), f., 
obscurity, uncertainty. 

obscuro, -are, -avi, -atum (ob- 
scurus), hide, conceal. 

obscurus, -a, -um, adj., dark, ob- 
scure, hidden, concealed; hum- 
ble, insignificant. 

obsecro, -are, -avi, -atum (ob + 
sacro, set apart), entreat, im- 
plore, beseech. 

obsecundo, -are, -avi, -atum (ob 
+ secundo, favor), comply \ 
yield, be accommodating. 

ob-sequor, -sequl, -secutus sum, 
dep., comply, yield, submit. 

obses, -sidis, m. and f., hostage; 
surety, pledge. 

obsideo, -sidere, -sedi, -oessum 
(ob + sedeo), stay by, besiege, 
beset, blockade; watch closely 
for. (Obsession.) 

obsidio, -onis (obsideo), f., siege, 
blockade; serious 'peril. 

ob-signo, -are, -avi, -atum, seal, 
witness. 

ob-sisto, -sistere, -stiti, — , re- 
sist. 

obs-olesco, -olescere, -olevi, 
-oletum (obs + olesco, grow) T 
wear out, grow old, lose value, 
become obsolete. 

ob-sto, -stare, -stiti, — , stand 
before; be in the way, hinder, 
thwart. 

ob-strepo, -strepere, -strepui, — 
(ob + strepo, rattle), make a 
noise against, drown out with 
noise. 



VOCABULARY 



67 



ob-stupefacio, -facere, -feci, 

-factum, stun, astonish, amaze. 
ob-stupesco, -stupescere, -stu- 

pui, — , be astounded. 
ob-sum, -esse, -fui, be against, 

hinder, hurt, be a disadvantage 

to. 
ob-tempero, -are, -avi, -atum, 

comply, submit, obey. 
ob-testor, -ari, -atus sum (ob + 

testor, invoke), dep., call as a 

witness; appeal to. 
obtineo, -tinere, -tinui, -tentum, 

hold, keep, maintain; assert, 

prove. (Obtain.) 
obtingo, -tingere, -tigi, — (ob + 

tango), befall, happen, occur. 
obtrecto, -are, -avi, -atum (ob + 

tracto), belittle, disparage, offer 

criticism, oppose. 
obviam (ob + y i a )j adv., in the 

way of, towards; obviam fieri, 

meet. 
occasio, -onis (occido), f., oppor- 
tunity, fit time, occasion. 
occasus, -us (occido), m., falling, 

setting; downfall, ruin. 
occidens, -ntis (part, of occido), 

adj., with sol, the setting sun, 

the west. 
occido, -cidere, -cidi, -cisum (ob 

+ caedo), strike down, kill, 

slay, murder. 
occido, -cidere, -cidi, — , fut. 

part, occasurus (ob + cado), 

fall, go dou:n, set. 
occludo, -cludere, -clusi, -clu- 

sum (ob + claudo), shut up, 

close. 
occultator, -oris (occulto), m., 

concealer, secreter. 
occulte (occultus), adv., in se- 
cret, secretly, privately. 
occulto, -are, -avi, -atum (in- 

tens. of occulo, conceal), hide, 

secrete, conceal. 
occultus, -a, -urn (part, of oc- 



culo), adj., concealed, secret, 
hidden. (Occult.) 

occupatus, -a, -um (part, of oc- 
cupo), adj., taken up with, em- 
ployed, invested. 

occupo, -are, -avi, -atum (ob, cf. 
capio), seize, take possession of, 
occupy; employ, invest. (Oc- 
cupation.) 

occurro, -currere, -curri or 
-cucurri, — , fut. part, occur- 
surus (ob + curro), run to 
meet; meet, attend to; occur (to 
one), suggest itself. 

occursatio, -onis (occurso, run 
to meet), f., attention, greeting. 

Oceanus, -i, m., the ocean. 

Ocriculanus, -a, -um, adj., of 
Ocriculum, an Umbrian town. 

Octavius, Octavi, m., Octavius, a 
Roman family name. Gnaeus 
Octavius, consul with China in 
87, an adherent of Sulla. 

octo, num. adj. indecl., eight. 

oculus, -i, m., eye. (Oculist, 
ocular, binocular.) 

odi, odisse, osurus, def., hate. 

odium, odi (cf. odi), n., hate, ha- 
tred. (Odious.) 

offendo, -fendere, -fendi, -fen- 
sum (ob + f endo, strike), 
strike against, offend, wound, 
injure. 

of fen si 6, -onis (offendo), f., 
stumbling; offense; disfavor; 
accident, misfortune, disaster. 

offensus, -a, -um (part, of of- 
fendo), adj., offensive, odi- 
ous, disliked. 

offero, -ferre, obtuli, oblatum 
(ob + fero), offer, present. 

ofnciosus, -a, -um (ofncium), 
adj., dutiful, conscientious. 
(Officious.) 

officium, ofrVci (for opificium, cf . 
opus and facio), n., sense of 
duty, duty; obligation, service. 



68 



VOCABULARY 



offundo, -fundere, -fudi, -fusum 
(ob + fundo), pour out over, 
fill , cover. 

olim, adv., at that time, once, for- 
merly. 

omen, ominis, n., omen. 

omitto, -mittere, -misi, -missum 
(ob + mitto), let go, pass by, 
omit, neglect, disregard. 

omnino (omnis), adv., entirely, 
wholly, in all; with numerals, 
only; with negatives, at all. 

omnis, -e, adj., all, the whole of, 
every; as subst., omnes, omni- 
um, m. pi., all men; omnia, 
omnium, n. pi., all things, 
everything. 

onus, oneris, n., burden, load, 
weight; cargo. (Onerous.) 

opera, -ae (cf. opus), f., effort, 
work, service, help; operamdare 
take pains; operae pretium est, 
it is worth while. (Operate.) 

Opimius, Opimi, m., Opimius, a 
Roman family name; L. Opi- 
mius, consul 121 B.C., a leader 
in bringing about the murder 
of Gaius Gracchus. 

opimus, -a, -urn (ops), adj., rich, 
fruitful. 

opinio, -onis (opinor), f., notion, 
idea, belief. (Opinion.) 

opinor, -an, -atus sum, dep., 
think, believe. (Opine.) 

opitulor, -ari, -atus sum, dep., 
aid, help. 

oportet, oportere, oportuit, im- 
pers., it behooves; one ought; it 
is necessary. 

oppeto, -petere, -petivi, -petitum 
(ob + peto), go to meet, en- 
counter. 

oppidum, -i, n., walled town, 
town. 

oppono, -ponere, -posui, -posi- 
tum (ob + pono), place oppo- 
site, set or place against, op- 



pose, compare. (Opponent, 
opposition.) 
opportunitas, -tatis (opportunus, 

suitable), f., opportunity, ad~ 
vantage. 

oppositus, -us (oppono), m., only 
in abl. sing, and ace. pi., plac- 
ing before, interposition, pro- 
tection. (Opposite, opposi- 
tion.) 

opprimo, -primere, -pressi, 
-pressum (ob + premo), press 
against; press down, oppress, 
overwhelm, crush, quell, subdue. 
(Oppression.) 

oppugnatio, -onis (oppugno), f., 
besieging, attack, assault. 

oppugno, -are, -avi, -atum (ob 
+ pugno), attack, assault, be- 
siege. 

(ops), opis (nom. and dat. not in 
use), f., help, assistance; pi., 
resources, power. (Opulent, 

OPULENCE.) 

optabilis, -e (opto), adj., desir- 
able, to be wished for. 

optimas, -atis (optimus), adj., of 
the best, of the noblest; as a 
subst., optimates, -ium, m. pi., 
the Optimates, adherents of the 
party of the patricians, aristo- 
crats. 

optime, sup. of bene. 

optimus, -a, -um, sup. of bonus* 
(Optimist, optimism.) 

opto, -are, -avi, -atum, choose; 
wish, wish for, desire. (Opta- 
tive.) 

opus, n. (used only in the nom. 
and ace. sing.), necessity, need; 
opus est, it is necessary, there is 
need. 

opus, operis, n., work. (Opera, 
operative.) 

ora, -ae, f., shore, coast. 

oratio, -onis (oro), f., speech, ad- 
dress, ORATION. 



VOCABULARY 



69 



orator, -toris (oro), m., speaker, 
orator, ambassador. 

orbis, -is, m., circle; orbis terra- 
rum or terrae, the world. (Orb, 
orbit.) 

orbo, -are, -avi, -atum (orbus, 
bereft), deprive, rob. 

ordior, -iri, orsus sum, dep., be- 
gin. 

ordo, -inis, m., row, rank, order, 
arrangement, class; body. (Or- 
der, DISORDER, ORDINARY, CO- 
ORDINATE, ORDINATION.) 

oriens, -ntis (part, of orior, rise), 
adj., rising; supply sol, the ris- 
ing sun, the east. (Orient, 

ORIENTAL.) 

ornamentum, -i (orno), n., equip- 
ment, ornament, distinction; 
embellishment; pride, glory. 

ornate (ornatus), adv., ornate- 
ly, eloquently. 

ornatus, -a, -urn (part, of orno), 
adv., fitted out, furnished, sup- 
plied, equipped, well-to-do; ex- 
cellent, distinguished, admir- 
able. 

orno, -are, -avi, -atum, fit out, 
supply, equip; adorn, embel- 
lish; honor, distinguish. 

oro, -are, -avi, -atum (6s, mouth) 
beg, entreat. (Oratory, ora- 
torio.) 

ortus, -us (orior, rise), m., rising. 

6s, oris, n., mouth; face. (Oral.) 

oscitans, -ntis (oscito, yawn (?) ), 
adj., sleepy, listless, lazy. 

ostendo, -tendere, -tendi, -ten- 
turn (obs, from ob, + tendo), 
show, point out, declare. (Os- 
tensible.) 

ostento, -are, -avi, -atum (inten- 
sive of ostendo), show, display. 
(Ostentation.) 

Ostiensis, -e (Ostia), adj., of 
Ostia, Rome's sea-port. 

ostium, osti (cf. 6s, mouth), n., 



door, mouth, entrance; ostia 

Oceani, the strait of Gibraltar. 
otiosus, -a, -um (otium), adj., 

quiet, peaceful. 
otium, 6ti, n., leisure, peace, quiet, 

tranquillity. 



P., abbreviation for Publius, a 
Roman praenomen or first 
name. 

pacatus, -a, -um (part, of paco), 
adj., subdued, peaceful. 

paciscor, pacisci, pactus sum, 
dep., agree upon, arrange for, 
fix, stipulate. 

paco, -are, -avi, -atum (pax), 
pacify, subdue. 

Paconius, Paconi, m., a Roman 
family name. M . Paconius, a 
Roman knight. 

pactum, -I (paciscor), n., agree- 
ment, compact; way, manner; 
nescio quo pacto, somehow. 
(Pact.) 

paene, adv., nearly, almost. 
(Peninsula.) 

paenitet, paenitere, paenituit, 
impers., it causes regret; with 
an accusative, eum paenitet, 
he regrets. (Penitent.) 

paenula, -ae, f., travelling-cloak. 

paenulatus, -a, -um (paenula, 
travelling-cloak), adj., wearing 
a travelling-cloak. 

palam, adv., openly. 

Palatium, Palati, n., the Palatine 
hill at Rome. 

Palladium, Palla'di (Pallas, 
Minerva), n., Palladium, the 
image of Pallas, kept in the 
citadel at Troy. The safety 
of the city depended upon the 
safe-keeping of this statue. 
The Greeks Diomed and 
Ulysses carried it away. 



70 



VOCABULARY 






Pamphylia, -ae, f., Pamphylia, a 
division of Asia Minor lying 
on the southern coast, be- 
tween Lycia and Cilicia. 

Papirius, Papiri, m., name of a 
Roman gens. M. Papirius, a 
victim of Clodius. 

Papius, -a, -urn, adj., Papian, of 
Papius. A law was proposed 
by a man of this name, with 
the intent of driving foreign- 
ers from Rome. 

par, paris, adj ., equal, like. (Par, 

PARITY.) 

paratus, -a, -urn (part, of paro), 
adj., prepared, ready. 

parco, parcere, peperci and par- 
si, — , fut. part, parsurus, 
spare. (Parsimony.) 

parens, -ntis (pario), m. and f., 

PARENT. 

pareo, parere, parui, — , fut. 
part, pariturus, appear; im- 
pers., is evident, is clear; obey, 
submit. 

paries, parietis, m., wall of a 
building. 

pario, parere, peperi, partum, 
bring forth, give birth to, pro- 
duce, create; win, secure, gain. 

paro, -are, -avi, -atum, make 
ready, prepare. 

parricida, -ae (cf. pater and 
caedo), m. and f., a murderer 
of his parent, murderer, assas- 
sin, outlaw. (Parricide.) 

parricidium, parricidi (parrici- 
da), n., parricide, murder, 
treason. 

pars, partis, f., part, share, divi- 
sion; direction; political party; 
role, character (in a play) ; ali- 
qua ex parte, to some extent, 
somewhat. 

particeps, -cipis (pars + capio), 
adj., taking part in, sharing, 



participating ; as subst., m. 
and f., partner, comrade. 
(Participant.) 

partim (ace. of pars), adv., partly, 
in part; partim, . . . partim, 
some . . . others. 

partior, partiri, partitus sum 
(pars), dep., divide, apportion, 
distribute. 

partus, -a, -urn, perf. part, of 
pario. 

parum (cf. parvus), adv., too lit- 
tle; comp. minus, less, not; sup. 
minime, least, very little; by no 
means, not at all. 

parvolus, -a, -um (parvus), adj., 
little. 

parvus, -a, -um, adj., little, small. 
parvi refert, it matters little, is 
of little account. 

pasco, pascere, pavi, pastum, 
feed, nourish, maintain, sup- 
port. 

passus, -us (pando), m., pace, 
double step; nillle passus, pi. 
milia passuum, a mile. 

pastio, -onis (pasco, feed, pas- 
ture), f., PASTURING, PASTUR- 
AGE, grazing. 

pastor, -toris (pasco, feed), m., 
shepherd. (Pastor.) 

patefacio, -facere, -feci, -factum 
(pateo + facio), lay open, re- 
veal. 

pateo, patere, patui, — , lie open, 
be open, extend, reach. (Pat- 
ent.) 

pater, patris, m., father. (Pa- 
ternal.) 

patientia, -ae (patior), f., endur- 
ance, patience, forbearance, 
lenity. 

Patina, -ae, m., a Roman family 
name. T. Patina, mentioned 
by Cicero as a friend of Clo- 
dius. 



VOCABULARY 



71 



patior, pati, passus sum, dep., 
endure, suffer; allow, permit. 
(Patient, passive.) 

patria, -ae (fern, of adj. patrius, 
with terra understood), f., na- 
tive country. (Patriot.) 

patricius, -a, -urn (pater), adj., 
patrician, noble; frequently 
as substantive, patricii, -orum, 
m. pi., patricians, nobles. 

patrimonium, patrimoni (pater), 
n., inheritance from a father, in- 
heritance, PATRIMONY. 

patrius, -a, -urn (pater), adj., of 
a father, ancestrul, paternal. 

patronus, -I (pater), m., protect- 
or, defender, patron. 

paucitas, -tatis (paucus), f., few- 
ness, small number, scarcity. 
(Paucity.) 

pauculus, -a, -urn, adj., diminu- 
tive of paucus following. 

paucus, -a, -um, adj., few, little 
(almost entirely used in pi.), 
a few. 

pauHsper (cf. paulum), adv., for 
a little while. 

paulo (abl. of paulus, little), adv., 
by a little, a little. 

paulum (paulus, little), adv., a 
little, somewhat. 

Paulus, -I, m., Paulus, a Roman 
family name. (1) L. Aemilius 
Paulus, consul, overcame Per- 
ses king of Macedonia in 168 
B.C., at Pydna. (2) L. Aemi- 
lius Paulus, praetor in 53 B.C., 
a supporter of the Optimates 
against Clodius. 

pax, pads, f., peace; pace tua, 
with your permission, with your 
good leave. 

pecco, -are, -avi, -atum, do 
wrong, sin, make a mistake. 
(Impeccable, peccadillo.) 

pecto, pectere, pexi, pexum, 
comb. 



pectus, pectoris, n., breast, heart. 

pecuaria, -ae (pecu, cattle), f., 
cattle-raising. 

pecunia, -ae (pecu, cattle), f., 
property, money; wealth; money 
operations. (Pecuniary.) 

pecus, pecudis, f ., beast, brute. 

pedester, -tris, -tre (pes), adj., 
on foot, foot, infantry. (Pedes- 
trian.) 

pello, pellere, pepuli, pulsum, 
strike, beat, drive out, rout. 

Penates, -ium (cf . penus, store of 
food), m. pi., Penates, guardian 
gods of the family, household 
gods. 

pendeo, pendere, pependi, — , 
hang, depend. 

penes, prep, with accus., in the 
power of, in the control of. 

penetro, -are, -avi, -atum, enter, 

PENETRATE. 

penitus, adv., inwardly, deeply, 
far within, thoroughly, wholly. 

pensito, -are, -avi, -atum (pen- 
so, pay), weigh out, pay. 

per, prep, with ace, through, 
along, over; through the agency 
of; by means of; in composi- 
tion, thoroughly, very. 

per-adulescens, -centis, adj., 
very young. 

per-agro, -are, -avi, -atum (per 
+ ager), wander through, pass 
through, traverse. 

per-brevis, -breve, adj., very 
short, brief, concise. 

per-callesco, -callescere, -callui 
(per + called, be hardened), 
become hardened, grow cal- 
lous. 

per-cello, -cellere, -cull, -cul- 
sum, strike down, destroy; over- 
whelm, dishearten. 

percipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum 
(per + capio), take wholly; get, 
obtain; perceive, heed, hear; 



72 



VOCABULARY 



learn, understand. (Percep- 
tion.) 

percitus, -a, -urn (part, of per- 
cied, rouse), adj., roused, ex- 
cited. 

percutio, -cutere, -cussi, -cus- 
sum (per + quatio, shake), 
strike hard, strike; strike with 
terror. (Percussion.) 

perditus, -a, -um (part, of perdo, 
destroy), adj., lost, hopeless, 
desperate, corrupt, profligate. 
(Perdition.) 

perdo, perdere, perdidi, perdi- 
tum, destroy, dissipate, lose. 

per-duco, -ducere, -duxi, -duc- 
tum, lead through, conduct, 
bring. 

perduellio, -onis (perduellis, pub- 
lic enemy), f., high treason. 

peregrinor, -ari, -atus sum (pere- 
grinus), dep., travel about, go 
abroad. (Peregrination.) 

peregrinus, -a, -um (peregre, 
abroad), adj., strange, foreign, 
alien. 

perennis, -e (per + annus), adj., 
lasting, perpetual, unfailing. 
(Perennial.) 

per-eo, -ire, peril, — , fut. part., 
periturus, perish, die. 

perfectio, -onis (perficio), f., fin- 
ishing, completion. (Perfec- 
tion.) 

perfectus, -a, -um (part, of per- 
ficio), adj., finished, perfect, 
excellent, exquisite. 

per-fero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, 
carry through, bring word, re- 
port; accomplish; endure. 

perficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum 
(per + facio), do thoroughly, 
accomplish, bring about, com- 
plete. 

perfringo, -fringere, -fregi, -frac- 
tum (per + frango), break 



through, break down, violate 
(laws). 

per-fruor, -frui, -fructus sum, 
dep., enjoy fully, take delight in. 

perfugium, perfu'gi (perfugio, 
flee for refuge), n., shelter, place 
of refuge. 

per-fungor, -fungi, -functus sum, 
dep., perform, get through with, 
finish; survive. (Perfunc- 
tory.) 

pergo, pergere, perrexi, perrec- 
tum (per + rego), go on, pro- 
ceed. 

per-horresco, -horrescere, -nor- 
rui, — , shudder at. 

periclitor, -ari, -atus sum (peri- 
culum), dep., make trial of; put 
in peril, endanger, hazard. 

periculose (periculosus), m adv.,. 
with peril, with risk. 

periculosus, -a, -um (periculum) r 
adj., perilous, dangerous, haz- 
ardous. 

periculum, -i (cf. ex-perior, try) y 
n., trial; danger, peril, risk y 
hazard; trial, action, law-suit. 

per-inde, adv., in the same man- 
ner, just as; perinde ac, just as, 
exactly as. 

per-iniquus, -a, -um, adj., very- 
unfair, most unjust. 

peritus, -a, -um, adj., experi- 
enced, skilled, familiar with. 

per-magnus, -a, -um, adj., very 
great, very large. 

per-maneo, -manere, -mansi, 
-mansum, remain, continue. 

per-mitto, -mittere, -misi, -mis- 
sum, entrust, commit; permit, 
allow. 

per-modestus, -a, -um, adj., very 
modest, extremely shy. 

per-moveo, -movere, -movi, 
-motum, move deeply. 

per-multus, -a, -um, adj., very- 
much, very many. 



VOCABULARY 



73 



pernicies, -el (per, cf . nex), f ., de- 
struction, ruin. 

perniciosus, -a, -urn (pernicies), 
adj., destructive, ruinous, per- 
nicious. 

per-nocto, -are, -avi, -atum (cf. 
nox), pass the night. 

perpetior, -peti, -pessus sum 
(per + patior), dep., suffer, en- 
dure. 

perpetuo (perpetuus), adv., con- 
stantly. 

perpetuus, -a, -urn (per + peto), 
adj., continuous, uninterrupt- 
ed, perpetual, whole, un- 
broken; in perpetuum (sc. 
tempus), forever. 

per-saepe, adv., very often. 

per-sapienter, adv., very wisely. 

per-scribo, -scribere, -scrips!, 
-scriptum, write in full, record, 
put in writing. 

per-sequor, -sequi, -secutus 
sum, dep., follow up, pursue, 
prosecute, avenge. 

Perses, -ae, m., Perses, some- 
times written Perseus, king of 
Macedonia, conquered in the 
Third Macedonian War by 
Aemilius Paulus. 

perseverantia, -ae (persevero, 
persist), f., perseverance, 
resolution, steadfastness. 

per-solvo, -solvere, -solvi, -solu- 
tum, pay, discharge. 

persona, -ae (per, cf. sono), f., 
mask; character, person, party. 

perspicio, -spicere, -spexi, -spec- 
turn (per + specio, look), per- 
ceive, look through. (Perspec- 
tive.) 

per-suadeo, -suadere, -suasi, 
-suasum, persuade, induce. 
(Persuasive, persuasion.) 

per-terreo, -terrere, -terrui, 
-territum, frighten thoroughly, 
alarm. 



per-timesco, -ere, -timui, — , 

become frightened, fear greatly. 

pertinacia, -ae (pertinax, perse- 
vering), {., stubbornness, per- 
sistence, PERTINACITY. 

pertinax, -acis (per + tenax, 
steadfast), adj., stubborn, ob- 
stinate. 

pertineo, -tinere, -tinui, — (per 
+ teneo), pertain, belong, 
concern, relate to. 

per-turbo, -are, -avi, -atum (per 
+ turbo, agitate), confuse, 
throw into disorder; alarm, dis- 
turb, make anxious. (Per- 
turb, PERTURBATION.) 

per-vado (per + vado, go), go 
through, spread, penetrate. 

. (Pervade, pervasive.) 

per-vagatus, -a, -urn (part, of 
pervagor, wander through), 
adj., well-known, wide-spread. 

per-venio, -venire, -veni, -ven- 
tum, come to, reach, arrive at. 

pestis, -is, f., plague, destruction, 
ruin. (Pest, pestiferous, 

PESTILENT.) 

petitio, -onis (peto), f., thrust, 
attack; canvass (for votes), can- 
didacy. (Petition.) 

peto, petere, petivi, petitum, seek, 
try to reach; attack; beg, ask, 
request. 

petulantia, -ae (petulans, for- 
ward), f., impudence. (Petu- 
lance.) 

pexus, see pecto. 

Philippus, -i, m., Philip, king of 
Macedon, the fifth king of the 
name; Philippus, a Roman 
family name. L. Marcius 
Philippus, consul 91 B.C. 

philosophia, -ae, f ., philosophy. 

philosophus, -I, m., philoso- 
pher. 

Picenum, -I, n., Picenum, a dis- 



74 



VOCABULARY 



trict of Italy, north of Latium 
along the Adriatic. 

PIcenus, -a, -urn, adj., of Pice- 
num, Picenian; see preceding. 

pie (pius, dutiful), adv., dutifully, 
affectionately, conscientiously. 

pietas, -tatis (pius, dutiful), f., 
loyalty, devotion, patriotism; 
sense of duty. (Piety.) 

pila, -ae, f., ball, ball-playing. 

pilum, -I, n., javelin. 

pingo, pingere, plnxl, pictum, 
paint, represent by painting. 
(Pigment, picture, depict.) 

pinguis, -e, adj., fat, oily; dull, 
stupid, heavy. 

Piraeus, -I, m., Piraeus, the sea- 
port of Athens. 

Piso, -onis, Piso, a Roman fam- 
ily name. L. Calpurnius Piso, 
the father-in-law of Julius 
Caesar. 

Pius, m., Pius, a Roman cogno- 
men. 

pius, -a, -urn, adj., faithful, de- 
voted, conscientious. 

placeo, placere, placui, placi- 
tum, please; placet, impers., it 
pleases; it is determined. 
(Placid.) 

placo, -are, -avi, -atum, appease; 
conciliate, placate. 

plane (planus), adv., plainly, 
clearly. 

plebes, -el, f., or 

plebs, plebis, f., common people, 
populace. (Plebeian.) 

plenus, -a, -um, adj., full. 
(Plenipotentiary, plenty.) 

plerumque (plerusque), adv., 
generally, for the most part, as a 
rule. 

plerusque, pleraque, plerumque 
(plerus, very many), adj., com- 
monly plural, very many, most. 

Plotius, Ploti, m., Plotius, a Ro- 
man gentile name. L. Plo- 



tius Gallus, a teacher of rhet- 
oric at Rome about 88 B.C.; 
also an adj., Plotius, -a, -um, 
of Plotius, Plotian. 

plurimum (plurimus), adv., sup. 
of multum, most. 

plurimus, -a, -um, adj. sup., see 
plus. 

plus, pluris, pi. plures, sup. 
plurimus, comp. of multus, 
adj., more; as subst., more. 

plus (neut. sing. ace. of plus), 
adv., comp. of multum, more. 

poena, -ae, f., punishment, pen- 
alty. 

Poeni, -orum, m. pi., the Cartha- 
ginians; probably a corrup- 
tion of Phoenlci, Phoenicians. 

poeta, -ae, m., poet. 

polio, polire, polivi, politum, pol- 
ish; embellish, improve, adorn. 
(Polite.) 

polliceor, -liceri, -licitus sum 
(por, = pro, + lice or, offer), 
dep., promise, offer. 

polluo, polluere, pollui, pollutum 
(por, = pro, + luo, wash), 
stain, defile, pollute. 

pompa, -ae, f., procession. 
(Pomp, pompous.) 

Pompeius, Pompe'i, m., Pompe- 
ius, a Roman family name; 
Cn. Pompeius Magnus, mem- 
ber of the First Triumvirate 
and rival of Caesar, usually 
rendered Pompey. 

Pomptinus, -I, m., Pomptinus, 
a Roman family name. C. 
Pomptinus, praetor in 63 B.C., 
assisted Cicero in putting 
down Catiline's conspiracy. 

pono, ponere, posui, positum, 
place, set, put; lay down (of 
arms). (Positive, position, 
posture.) 

pons, pontis, m., bridge. (Pon- 
toon, PONTIFF, PATH.) 



VOCABULARY 



75 



pontifex, -ficis, m., pontifex, i.e., 
priest . Pontifex maximus, 
high priest . See Intr od .,41,6. 
(Pontificate.) 

Pontus, -1, m., Pontus, the king- 
dom of Mithridates the Great, 
in the northeastern part of 
Asia Minor, bordering upon 
the Euxine Sea. 

popa, -ae, m., a priest's assistant. 

popina, -ae, f., tavern, cook-shop. 

popularis, -e (populus), adj., of 
the people; democratic; popu- 
lar. 

populus, -1, m., people. (Popu- 
lous, population.) 

porrigo, -rigere, -rexi, -rectum 
(por-, for pro-, before, + rego), 
reach forth, offer. 

porro (pro-, before), adv., further, 
besides, moreover. 

porta, -ae, f., gate. (Portal, 

PORTICO, PORT-HOLE, PORCH, 
PORTCULLIS.) 

portentum, -1 (portendo, predict), 
n., sign, omen, portent. 

portus, -us, m., port, harbor; ex 
portu vectigal, revenue from 
custom-duties. (Opportunity, 

IMPORTUNITY.) 

posco, poscere, poposci, — , ask 

urgently, demand. 

possessio, -onis (possideo, pos- 
sess), f., possession, pi. lands, 
property. 

possideo, -sidere, -sedi, -sessum 
(pos, = por = pro, + sedeo), 
own, be master of, possess. 

possum, posse, potui, — (potis, 
able, + sum), be able, can; 
have influence, be powerful. 
plurimum posse, be very pow- 
erful. (Possible, posse.) 

post, adv., and prep, with ace., 
after, afterward; behind, since, 
within. (Postpone, post- 
script, posthumous.) 



post-ea, adv., afterward, there- 
after. 

postea-quam, conj., after. 

posteritas, -tatis (posterus), f., 
future time; after ages, pos- 
terity. 

posterus, -a, -urn (post), adj. 
(nom. sing, not in use) , follow- 
ing, next; in posterum, here- 
after, for the future; poster!, 
-orum, m. pi., descendants, 
coming generation. (Posteri- 
or, POSTERN.) 

post-hac, adv., after this, in the 
future, henceforth. 

postremo (postremus), adv., at 
last, finally, in short. 

postremus, -a, -urn (sup. of pos- 
terus), adj., last, lowest. 

postridie (posterus + dies), adv., 
on the following day. 

postulo, -are, -avi, -atum, de- 
mand, ask. (Postulate, ex- 
postulate.) 

Postumius, Postu'ml, m., Postu- 
mius, a friend of Marcellus. 

potens, potentis (part, of pos- 
sum), adj., able, strong, power- 
ful, influential. (Omnipotent, 

POTENTIAL.) 

potentia, -ae (potens, powerful) 

f., power, influence, authority. 

(Potency.) 
potestas, -tatis (potis, able), f., 

power, authority; opportunity; 

permission, privilege. 
potior, potiri, potitus sum (potis, 

able), dep., get possession of, 

secure. 
potissimum (sup. of potius), 

adv., especially, above all. 
potius (potis, able), adv. comp., 

rather. 
potus, -a, -urn (cf. bibo, drink), 

adj., that has drunk, intoxi- 
cated, drunken. 
prae, prep, with abl., in compari- 



76 



VOCABULARY 



son with y on account of. In 
composition, before, very. 

praebeo, -bere, -bui, -bitum 
(prae + habeo), furnish, af- 
ford, give; show, cause. 

praeceps, -cipitis (prae + ca- 
put), adj., headlong, rash, ha- 
sty, inconsiderate. (Precipi- 
tate.) 

praeceptum, -I (praecipid), n., 
rule. (Precept.) 

praecipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum 
(prae + capio), take before- 
hand; advise, teach, warn, ad- 
monish. 

praecipue (praecipuus), adv., es- 
pecially. 

praecipuus, -a, -urn (prae, cf. 
capio), adj., special, especial, 
peculiar, chief. 

prae-clare (praeclarus), adv., 
very clearly; admirably, splen- 
didly. 

prae-clarus, -a, -urn, adj., distin- 
guished, splendid, renowned, 
famous. 

praeco, -onis, m., herald. 

praeconium, praeconi (praeco- 
nius, of a herald), n., proclaim- 
ing, publishing. 

prae-curro, -currere, -cucurri or 
-curri, -cursum, run ahead of, 
surpass. 

praeda, -ae, f ., booty, plunder. 

praedator, -toris (praedor, plun- 
der), m., plunderer. (Preda- 
tory.) 

praedicatio, -onis (praedico, pub- 
lish, praise), f., public praise, 
commendation. 

prae-dico, -are, -avi, -atum (prae 
+ dico, proclaim), declare, as- 
sert, proclaim, boast. (Predi- 
cate.) 

prae-dico, -dicere, -dixi, -dic- 
tum, say before; foretell, pre- 
dict. 



praeditus, -a, -urn (prae + da- 
tus, given), adj., endowed, gift- 
ed, provided. 

praedium, praedi, n., farm, es- 
tate. 

praedo, -onis (praeda), m., plun- 
derer, robber, pirate. 

prae-eo, -ire, -ii (-ivi), — , go be- 
fore, dictate, prescribe. 

praefectura, -ae (praefectus), f., 
prefecture, a city governed by 
a prefect. 

praefectus, -i (praeficio), m., 
prefect, commander, governor. 

prae-fero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, 
bear before; offer, present; place 
before, prefer. (Prefer- 
ence.) 

praeficio, -ficere, -feci-, -f ectum, 
(prae + facio), place over, ap- 
point to command. 

prae-mitto, -mittere, -misi, -mis- 
sum, send forward. 

praemium, praemi (prae + 
emo), n., reward. (Premium.) 

Praeneste, -is, n. and f., Prae- 
neste, a town of Latium, about 
twenty miles east of Rome; 
to-day Palestrina. 

prae-pono, -ponere, -posui, 
-positum, set over; put in com- 
mand, place in charge. (Prep- 
osition.) 

prae-scribo, -scribere, -scrips!, 
-scriptum, direct, order, pre- 
scribe. (Prescription.) 

praesens, -ntis (praesum), adj., 
present, in person; obvious; 
resolute. 

praesentia, -ae (praesens), f., 

PRESENCE. 

prae-sentio, -sentire, -sensi, 
-sensum, feel beforehand, have 

a PRESENTIMENT of. 

praesertim (prae + sero, join), 

adv., especially, particularly. 
praesideo, -sidere, -sedi (prae + 



VOCABULARY 



77 



sedeo), guard, defend, watch 
over; preside over, direct, com- 
mand. (President.) 

praesidium, praesi'di (praeses, 
protector), n., defense, protec- 
tion, guard; armed force. 

praestabilis, -e (prae + stabilis), 
adj., excellent, distinguished. 

praestans, -ntis (praesto), adj., 
superior, eminent. 

praesto, adv., present, at hand. 

prae-sto, -are, -stiti, -stitum, sur- 
pass; do, perform; vouch for, 
guarantee; show, exhibit, prove; 
impers., praestat, it is better. 

praestolor, -ari, -atus sum, dep., 
stand ready for, wait for. 

prae-sum, -esse, -fui, be before, 
be at the head of, be in command 
of, preside over. 

praeter, prep, with ace, past, be- 
yond; contrary to; except. 
(Preternatural. ) 

praeter-ea, adv., moreover, be- 
sides. 

praeter-eo, -ire, -ii, -itum, omit, 
pass over; pass by. 

praeteritus, -a, -urn (praetereo), 
adj., past; praeterita, -orum, 
n. pi., the past. (Preterite.) 

praeter-mitto, -mittere, -misi, 
-missum, pass by, let pass, neg- 
lect. 

praeter-quam, adv., other than, 
besides, beyond, save. 

praetexta, see praetextus. 

praetextatus, -a, -urn (praetexta, 
bordered with purple), adj., 
wearing the toga praetexta, 
youthful. 

praetextus, -a, -urn (praetexo, 
weave before, border), adj., bor- 
dered, edged; as a subst., f., the 
toga praetexta, i.e., the toga 
bordered with a purple stripe, 
worn by the higher magis- 
trates and also by free-born 



children less than seventeen 
years of age. 

praetor, -toris (for praeitor from 
praeeo, go in front), m., prae- 
tor, a Roman magistrate, in 
rank just below the consul, 
sometimes a general but 
chiefly acting as a judge. In- 
trod., 45. 

praetorius, -a, -urn (praetor), 
adj., of the praetor, praetorian; 
cohors praetoria, chosen band, 
body-guard. 

praetura, -ae (praetor), f., office 
of praetor, praetor ship. 

pransus, -a, -urn (part, of pran- 
deo, breakfast), adj., that has 
breakfasted, after eating. 

pravitas, -tatis (pravus, crooked), 
{., crookedness; uiciousness, 
wickedness, depravity. 

precor, -ari, -atus sum (prex, 
prayer), dep., beg, pray, beseech, 
entreat. 

premo, premere, pressi, pres- 
sum, press, press hard, op- 
press. 

pretium, preti, n., price; in 
phrase operae pretium est, it is 
worth the labor, it is worth 
while. (Appreciate.) 

prex, precis, f., found generally 
in the plural, prayers, entrea- 
ties. (Precarious, impreca- 
tion.) 

pridem, adv., long ago, long since. 
iam pridem, now for a long 
time. 

pridie, adv., the day before. It 
has the force of a preposition 
when used in dates with the 
ace. case. 

Prilius, -a, -urn, adj., Prilian, re- 
ferring to a small lake in 
Etruria. 

primo (abl. of primus), adv., at 
first. 



78 



VOCABULARY 



primum (ace. neuter of primus), 
adv., first, at first; first of all; 
quam primum, as soon as pos- 
sible; ut primum and cum pri- 
mum, as soon as. 

primus, -a, -urn (sup. of prior), 
adj., first, first part of, begin- 
ning of; in primis, adv., es- 
pecially. (Primary.) 

princeps, -cipis (primus, cf. 
capio), adj., first, chief; as 
subst., m., chief leader, head. 
(Prince, principle.) 

principium, princi'pi (princeps), 
n., beginning. 

prior, prius, adj. comp. (cf. pro), 
former, first. (Prior.) 

pristinus, -a, -um (cf. prius), 
adj., former. (Pristine.) 

prius (prior), adv., before, sooner, 
earlier, previously. 

prius-quam, conj., before, 

privatus, -a, -um (part, of 
privo), adj., private, not in 
official life; as subst., privatus, 
-i, m., a private citizen. 

privo, -are, -avi, -atum, deprive. 

pro, prep, with the abl., before, 
in front of; in behalf of; instead 
of, in return for; considering, in 
proportion to, in comparison 
with; as, as if; on account of, 
because of; pro consul e, in the 
capacity of consul, as procon- 
sul; so pro praetore, etc. 

pro, inter j., 01 ah! by. 

pro-avus, -i, m., great-grand- 
father, ancestor. 

probatus, -a, -um (part, of pro- 
bo), adj., approved; pleasing, 
agreeable. 

probitas, -tatis (probus, good), f., 
integrity, uprightness. (Prob- 
ity.) 

probo, -are, -avi, -atum (probus, 
upright), approve, approve of. 
(Probe, approbation.) 



probus, -a, -um, adj., excellent, 
upright, honorable. 

procella, -ae, f ., storm. 

processio, -6nis (procedo), f., ad- 
vance. (Procession.) 

pro-clino, -are, -avi, -atum, bend, 
incline. 

pro-creo, -are, -avi, -atum (pro 
+ creo, create), bring forth, 
produce. (Procreate.) 

procul, adv., far off, at a distance, 
from afar. 

procuratio, -onis (pro cur 6, take 
care of), f., superintendence, 
management. 

prodeo, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itum 
(pro(d) + eo), go forth, ad- 
vance; appear. 

prodigium, prodi'gi, n., portent; 
monster, prodigy. (Prodig- 
ious.) 

prodigus, -a, -um, adj., lavish; as 
subst., prodigus, -i, m., spend- 
thrift, PRODIGAL. 

proditor, -toris (prodo), m., be- 
trayer, traitor. 

pro-do, -dere, -didi, -ditum, put 
forth, publish, appoint; hand 
down, transmit. 

proelium, proeli, n., battle. 

profectio, -onis (proficiscor), f. r 
departure, setting out. 

profecto (pro + facto), adv., ac- 
tually, really, certainly, assur- 
edly. 

pro-fero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, 
bring forth, make known, reveal. 

professio, -onis (profiteor), f. r 
declaration. (Profession.) 

proficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum 
(pro + facio), effect, accom- 
plish, achieve. (Proficient, 

PROFICIENCY.) 

proficiscor, -ficisci, -fectus sum 
(pro, cf. facio), dep., set forth, 
depart, proceed. 

profiteor, -fiteri, -fessus sum 



VOCABULARY 



79 



(pro + fateor), dep., declare, 

PROFESS. 

profligatus, -a, -um (part, of 
prorligo), adj., worthless, un- 
principled. (Profligate, 

PROFLIGACY.) 

prorligo, -are, -avi, -atum, strike 
down, overwhelm, crush. 

pro-fugio, -fugere, -fugi, — , flee 
forth, flee. 

pro-fundo, -fundere, -fudi, 
-fusum, pour forth; waste, 
squander. (Profuse, pro- 
fusion.) 

progredior, -gredi, -gressus 
sum (pro + gradior, step), dep., 
advance, proceed. (Progress, 

PROGRESSIVE.) 

prohibeo, -nib ere, -hibui, -hibi- 
tum (pro + habeo), hold in 
check, prevent, hinder; defend, 
protect; keep off, repel. (Pro- 
hibit.) 

proicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectum (pro 
+ iacio), fling forth, cast out, 
expose. (Project, project- 
ile.) 

proinde, adv., therefore; in the 
same manner, equally, just; 
proinde quasi, just as if. 

prolato, -are, — , — (prolatus, 
part, of profero), put off, post- 
pone, delay. 

promptus, -a, -um (part, of 
promo, bring forth), adj., 
manifest; prepared, ready. 
(Prompt.) 

promulgo, -are, -avi, -atum, 
bring forward publicly, publish. 
(Promulgate.) 

propago, -are, -avi, -atum (pro + 
pac-), extend, prolong, pre- 
serve. (Propagate.) 

prope, adv., comp. propius, sup. 
proxime, near, almost, about. 

propero, -are, -avi, -atum (pro- 



perus, speedy), hasten, go 
quickly. 

propinquitas, -tatis (propinquus), 
f., relationship. (Propin- 
quity.) 

propinquus, -a, -um (prope), adj., 
near, neighboring. Subst., pro- 
pinquus, -i, m., relative, kins- 
man. 

propius, see prope. 

pro-pono, -ponere, -posui, -posi- 
tum, set forth, place before, pro- 
pose, declare, state. (Propo- 
sal, PROPOSITION.) 

proposition, -i, n. (propono), 

main point, subject. 
proprius, -a, -um (prope), adj., 
one's own, peculiar, character- 
istic, appropriate. (Proper^ 

PROPERTY, PROPRIETOR.) 

propter (prope), adv., and prep, 
with ace. Adv., near, hard by, 
at hand; prep, with ace, on 
account of. 

propter ea, adv., on that account, 
on this account; propter ea 
quod, because. 

propugnaculum, -i (propugno, re- 
sist an assault), n., bulwark, de- 
fense, protection. 

propugnator, -toris (propugno, 
repel an assault), m., defender, 
champion. 

propulso, -are, -avi, -atum (pro- 
pello, drive back), turn away, 
ward off. 

prorsus (pro + vorsus, i.e., ver- 
sus), adv., forward; absolutely, 
by all means. 

proscriptio, -onis (proscribo, 
publish), f., public notice of 
sale, sale, proscription. 

pro-sequor, -sequi, -secutus 
sum, dep., follow, attend, escort. 
(Prosecution.) 

prospere (prosperus, favorable), 



80 



VOCABULARY 



adv., favorably ; , successfully. 
(Prosperous.) 

prospicio, -spicere, -spexi, -spec- 
turn (pro + specio, look), look 
out for, foresee. (Prospect.) 

pro-sterno, -sternere, -stravi, 
-stratum, throw down, over- 
throw, lay prostrate. 

prostratus, -a, -urn, see pro- 
sterno. 

pro-sum, prodesse, profui, be of 
advantage, profit. 

providentia, -ae (providens), f., 
foresight, caution. (Provi- 
dence.) 

provideo, -videre, -vidi, -visum, 
see to, provide for, care for, 
prepare. (Provision.) 

provincia, -ae, f., office, duty; 
public office, province, pro- 
vincial government. Used es- 
pecially of the government of 
territory outside of Italy by 
those who had been magis- 
trates in Rome. 

provincialis, -e (provincia), adj., 

Of a PROVINCE, PROVINCIAL. 

pro-voco, -are, -avi, -atum, call 
forth, challenge; rouse, exasper- 
ate. (Provocation.) 

proximus, -a, -um (prope), adj., 
sup. of propior, nearest, next, 
following, last; as subst. in pi., 
next of kin, relatives. (Ap- 
proximate.) 

prudens, -ntis (for providens), 
Sid]., foreseeing, with knowledge, 
deliberate, cautious. (Pru- 
dent.) 

prudentia, -ae (prudens), f., fore- 
sight, wisdom. (Prudence). 

pruina, -ae, f ., frost. 

pubes, -is, f., youth, young 
men. 

publicanus, -a, -um (publicus), 
adj., of the public revenue; as a 
subst., publicanus, -i, m., a 



publican, a farmer of the rev- 
enue. 

publicatio, -onis (publico, ad- 
judge to public use), f., confis- 
cation. (Publication.) 

publice (publicus), adv., for the 
state, officially. 

Publicius, Publi'cl,m., Publicius, 
a Roman family name. One 
of this name is mentioned as 
a follower of Catiline; cf. Cat., 
II, Section 4. 

publico, -are, -avi, -atum (publi- 
cus), make public property, 
confiscate. 

publicus, -a, -um (pubes, youth, 
citizens), adj., of the people, of 
the state, public; res publica, 
public affairs, the common- 
wealth, the republic; the com- 
mon welfare; publicum, -i, n., 
as subst., public street. 

Publius, Publi, m., Publius, a 
Roman praenomen or first 
name. 

pudet, pudere, puduit or puditum 
est, impers., it puts to shame; 
with personal pronoun in the 
ace, me pudet, / am ashamed, 
etc. 

pudicitia, -ae (pudicus, modest) 
f., modesty, chastity, virtue. 

pudor, -oris, m., shame, propri- 
ety, honor; sense of shame. 

puer, pueri, m., boy. 

puerilis, -e (puer), adj., of a boy, 
boyish, of boyhood. (Puerile.) 

pueritia, -ae (puer), f., boyhood. 

pugio, -onis, m. (cf. pungo), dag- 
ger. 

pugna, -ae, f ., battle, fight. (Pug- 
nacity.) 

pugno, -are, -avi, -atum (pugna), 
fight, give battle, contend. (Re- 
pugnant.) 

pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum, adj., 
beautiful, noble. 



VOCABULARY 



81 



pulvlnar, -aris (pulvinus, cush- 
ion), n., a cushioned seat placed 
at a feast of the gods, a couch 
of the gods, a shrine. 

punctum, -I (pungo, prick), n., 
point ; instant of time. (Punc- 
tuate, PUNCTUAL.) 

pungo, pungere, pupugi, punc- 
tum, prick, stab. (Pungent, 

PUNCTURE.) 

Punicus, -a, -urn, adj., Punic, 
Carthaginian. 

punio, -ire, -Ivi, -itum (poena), 
punish. 

purgo, -are, -avi, -atum (cf. 
purus and ago), make clean, 
clear, purify. (Purge, ex- 
purgate.) 

purpura, -ae, f ., purple. 

purpuratus, -a, -urn (purpura), 
adj., clad in purple; as subst., 
m., royal minister, courtier. 

purus, -a, -urn, adj., clean, pure, 
honest. (Puritan, purify.) 

puto, -are, -avi, -atum (putus, 
pure, clean), clear up; think, 
consider, believe. (Compute, 

COMPUTATION.) 

Q 

Q., abbreviation for Quintus, a 
Roman first name. 

qua (abl. of qui), adv., where. 

quadriduum, -I (quattuor + 
dies), n., a period of four days. 

quaero, quaerere, quaesivi, 
quaesitum, seek; ask, inquire. 
(Inquest, inquisition, in- 
quisitive.) 

quaesitor, -toris (quaero), m., 
examining magistrate. (In- 
quisitor.) 

quaeso, — , — , — , defective 
verb, only in first pers. sing, 
and plural of indie, ask, beg, 
entreat; parenthetically, please. 



quaestio, -orris (quaero), f., in- 
vestigation, inquiry; special 
court; QUESTION. 

quaestor, -oris, for quaesitor 
(quaero), m., quaestor, a Ro- 
man official who had to do 
with the finances of the gov- 
ernment. See Introd., 43. 

quaestus, -us (quaero), m., gain, 
advantage, profit; in quaestu, at 
interest. 

qualis, quale (cf. qui), interrog. 
and rel. adj. (1) Interrog., of 
what sort ? of what nature f (2) 
rel., of such a kind, -such as, as, 
often with the correlative 
talis. (Quality.) 

qualiscunque, qualecunque (qua- 
lis), adj. rel., of whatever sort; 
indef. adj., of any sort. 

quam (ace. of qui), adv. and 
conj. (1) Interrog., how? (2) 
rel., as, as much as; with sup., 
as . . . possible; after a com- 
parative word, than; quam diu, 
as long as. 

quam ob rem (sometimes writ- 
ten as one word), adv. phrase: 
rel., wherefore, on what ac- 
count; interrog., why? 

quamquam, conj., though, al- 
though, in subordinate clauses; 
in principal clauses, and yet, 
however. 

quamvis (quam + vis, from 
void), adv. and conj., as much 
as you wish; however much, al- 
though, though. 

quando, adv., at any time, ever; 
also interrog., when? at what 
time? also causal, since. 

quanto (quantus), adv., by how 
much; quanto . . . tanto, the 
. . . the (with a comparative) . 

quantopere (quanto opere), adv., 
how greatly, how much. 

quantum (quantus), adv., as 



82 



VOCABULARY 



much as , as, as far as; how 
much f how far f 

quantus, -a, -urn (quam), adj., 
interrog. and rel., how great? 
how much f as great as, as much 
as; with tantus, as. (Quan- 
tity.) 

quantuscumque, -tacumque, 
-tumcumque, rel. adj., how- 
ever great. 

quapropter, adv. interrog. and 
rel., wherefore, on which ac- 
count. 

quare, or qua re, interrog. and 
rel. adv., wherefore, why, on 
account of which. 

quartus, -a,-um (quattuor), num. 
adj., fourth. (Quart, quar- 
ter, QUARTETTE.) 

quasi (quam + si), adv., as if. 

quasso, -are, -avi, -atum (intens. 
of quatio, shake), shake vio- 
lently. 

quattuor, num. adj. indecl., four. 

-que, conj. enclitic, and. 

quemadmodum, or quern ad mo- 
dum, adv. interrog. and rel., 
how, as. 

queo, quire, quivi, quitum, be 
able, can. 

querella, -ae (queror), f., com- 
plaint. 

querimonia, -ae (queror), f ., com- 
plaint, accusation. 

queror, queri, questus sum, dep., 
complain, lament; complain of. 
(Querulous.) 

qui, quae, quod, gen. cuius, rel. 
pron. and interrog. adj. As 
rel., who, which, what, that, as; 
as interrog., what? what kind 
of a? 

qui, interrog. adv. (old abl. of 
quis), how? 

quia, conj., because. 

quicquam, see quisquam. 

quicquid, see quisquis. 



quicumque, quaecumque, quod- 
cumque, indef. rel. pron. and 
adj., whoever, whatever, which- 
ever. 

quid, see quis. 

quidam, quaedam, quoddam or 
quiddam, indef. adj. and pron., 
a certain, certain, a certainvne. 

quidem, adv., certainly, indeed, 
in fact, at least; ne • . . qui- 
dem, not even. 

quies, quietis, f., rest. 

quiesco, quiescere, quievi, quie- 
tum (quies), rest, sleep; keep 
quiet, be inactive. (Acqui- 
esce.) 

quietus, -a, -urn (quiesco), adj., 
tranquil, peaceful, quiet. 

quin (qui, abl., + ne, not), conj., 
why not, by which not; that not, 
that, but that; from, without; 
quin etiam, moreover, nay 
more; why, even. 

quinque, num. adj. indecl., five. 

Quintus, -i (quintus), m., Quin- 
tus, a Roman praenomen or 
first name, abbreviated Q. 

quintus, -a, -urn (quinque), num. 
adj., fifth. 

quippe, adv., certainly, of course, 
forsooth, generally ironical. 

Quiris, Quiritis, generally in the 
plural, Quirites, Quiritium, 
m., Quirites, fellow citizens. 

quis or qui, quae or qua, quid or 
quod, gen. cuius, indef. pron. 
and adj., anyone, anything, 
any. 

quis, quid, gen. cuius, interrog. 
pron., who? what? quid, why? 

quisnam, quaenam, quidnam, or 
quinam, quaenam, quodnam, 
interrog. pron. and adj., who, 
pray f what in the world f 

quispiam, quaepiam, quidpiam 
and as adj. quodpiam, gen. 
cuiuspiam, indef. pron. and 






VOCABULARY 



83 



adj., anyone, anything; as adj., 
any, 

quisquam, quidquam (quic- 
quam), gen. cuiusquam, indef. 
pron. and adj., any, anyone at 
all, anybody, anything. 

quisque, quaeque, quidque or 
quodque, gen. cuiusque, indef. 
pron. and adj., each, each one, 
each man. 

quisquis, quicquid, indef. pron., 
whoever, whatever. 

quivis, q u a e v I s , quidvis and as 
adj. quodvis, cuius vis, etc., 
indef. pron., whoever you 
please, anyone, any you please. 

quo (qui), rel. interrog. and in- 
def. adv., whither, to which 
place, where, anywhere; quo 
usque, how long? 

quo (qui), conj., in order that, 
that, used especially with com- 
paratives and words implying 
comparison; quo minus, by 
which the less, that . . . not; 
often best trans, by from and 
English participle. 

quoad (quo + ad), conj., as long 
as; until, till. 

quocumque, adv., to whatever 
place, whithersoever. 

quod (qui), conj., because, since; 
that, in that; as to the fact that. 

quominus, or quo minus, see 
quo. 

quondam, 2l&v., formerly, once. 

quoniam (quom, = cum, + iam), 
conj., since, because, inasmuch 
as. 

quoque, adv., also, too. 

quot, indecl. adj., how many; as 
many as, as. 

quotannis (quot, cf . annus), adv., 
every year, yearly. 

quotiens (quot), adv., how many 
times, how often? as often as. 
(Quotient.) 



quotiens-cumque, adv., as often 
soever as, however often. 

R 

raeda, -ae, f., travelling-carriage. 

raedarius, raedari (raeda), m., 
coachman, driver of a travelling- 
carriage. 

rapina, -ae (rapio), f., pillaging, 
plundering, robbery. (Rapixe.) 

rapio, rapere, rapui, raptum, 
seize, snatch; hurry, impel, 
drive. (Rapid, rapacious.) 

ratio, -onis (reor, reckon), f., 
reckoning, account; way, means, 
plan, system, arrangement; rea- 
son, judgment; rationem ha- 
bere, take account, have regard. 
(Rational.) 

ratiocinor, -ari, -atus sum (ra- 
tio), dep., reckon, reason, argue. 

rea, -ae, form used for reus (see 
this word) when feminine. 

Reatinus, -a, -um (Reate), adj., 
of Reate, a town among the 
Sabines nearly fifty miles 
northeast of Rome. 

recens, recentis, ad]., fresh, new; 

RECENT. 

recensio, -onis (cf. recenseo, 
count), f., enumeration; regis- 
ter, record. 

receptor, -toris (recipio), m., har- 
borer, concealer. 

recessus, -us (recedo, withdrav:), 
m., retired place, retreat, re- 
cess, nook. 

recipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum 
(re- + capio), take back, re- 
cover; admit, welcome, promise; 
se recipere, betake oneself, re- 
treat, withdraw. (Recipient.) 

recito, -are, -avi, -arum, read 
aloud, read. (Recite, reci- 
tation.) 

re-clamo, -are, -avi, -atum, cry 



84 



VOCABULARY 



out against, protest, object. 
(Reclaim.) 

re-cognosco, -cognoscere, -cog- 
novi, -cognitum, go over in re- 
view, review. (Recognition.) 

re-cold, -colere, -colui, -cultum, 
take up again, review. 

reconciliatio, -onis (reconcilio, 
win back again, restore), f ., res- 
toration, renewal. (Recon- 
ciliation.) 

re-concilio, -are, -avi, -atum, win 
back again, renew, restore, re- 
establish, RECONCILE. 

re-condo, -condere, -condidi, 
-ditum, put away, hide, sheathe. 
(Recondite.) 

recordor, -ari, -atus sum (re- + 
cor, heart), dep., call to mind, 
recollect, recall. (Record.) 

re-cred, -are, -avi, -atum, make 
anew, renew, restore, invigorate; 
se recreare, recover. (Recre- 
ation.) 

recta (abl. sing. fern, of rectus, 
straight, sc. via), adv., straight- 
way, DIRECTLY. 

recte (rectus, straight), adv., 
rightly, properly, well; justly. 
(Rectify.) 

recupero, -are, -avi, -atum, get 
back, recover, regain. (Recu- 
perate.) 

re-curro, -currere, -curri, — , run 
back, hasten back. (Recur, 
recurrence.) 

recusatio, -onis (recuso), f., re- 
fusal, objection, protest. 

recuso, -are, -avi, -atum (re-, cf . 
causa), refuse, object, reject, 
protest. (Recusant.) 

redactus, see redigo. 

red-do, -dere, -didi, -ditum, give 
back, return, render, deliver. 

red-eo, redire, redii, reditum, go 
back, return. 



redigo, -igere, -egi, -actum ^red- 

+ ago), drive back; reduce. 
redimio, -ire, — , -ltum, bind 

around, encircle, crown. 
redimo, -imere, -emi, -emptum 

(red- + emo), buy, purchase; 

buy up, farm (of revenues); 

ransom. (Redemption, re- 
deem.) 
reditus, -us (redeo), m., return. 
red-undo, -are, -avi, -atum, run 

over, overflow; fall back upon. 

REDOUND. 

redux, reducis (re- + duc-, 
lead), adj., brought back, re- 
turned. 

re-fero, -ferre, rettuli, relatum, 
bring back, bring, carry back; 
announce, report; aliquid ad 
senatum referre, lay before; 
gratiam referre, requite, repay. 
(Refer.) 

refert, referre, retulit, — (res + 
fero), impers., it is of advan- 
tage, it is of importance, it con- 
cerns. 

refertus, -a, -urn (participle of 
refercio, stuff full), adj., 
stuffed, filled, full. 

reficio, -ficere, -feci, -f ectum (re- 
+ facio), make anew, make; re- 
fresh, cheer, restore. (Refec- 
tory.) 

refuto, -are, -avi, -atum, dis- 
prove, refute. (Refuta- 
tion.) 

regalis, -e (rex), adj., of a king f 
royal. (Regal.) 

regia, -ae (regius), f., the Regia, 
residence of chief priest in the 
Forum. Tradition claimed it 
as the site at least of the palace 
of King Numa. 

regie (regius), adv., despotically, 
tyrannically. 

Regini, -orum, m., the people of 



VOCABULARY 



85 



Rhegiwn, a, city of Southern 
Italy in Bruttium, now Reg- 
gio. 

regio, -onis (rego, direct), f., di- 
rection, region, territory, dis- 
trict. 

regius, -a, -urn (rex), adj., of a 
king, royal. 

regno, -are, -avi, -atum (reg- 
num), reign, be king. 

regnum, -i (cf. rego), n., royal 
power; rule, mastery; kingdom. 

rego, regere, rexi, rectum, di- 
rect, control, manage. 

reicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectum (re- 
+ iacio), throw back, drive 
away, reject. (Rejection.) 

re-laxo, -are, -avi, -atum, relieve, 
relax, lighten, ease, cheer. 
(Relaxation.) 

re-levo, -are, -avi, -atum, lighten, 

RELIEVE. 

religio, -onis, f., religion; con- 
scientiousness, scruple, sense of 
duty. 

religiosus, -a, -urn (religio), adj., 
conscientious; sacred, holy. 
(Religious.) 

re-linquo, -linquere, -liqui, -lic- 
tum, leave behind, leave; de- 
sert, abandon; leave out, omit. 
(Relict.) 

reliquus, -a, -urn (relinquo), adj., 
lefty remaining, the remaining, 
the rest of. (Relic.) 

remaneo, -manere, -mansi, 
-mansum, remain behind, re- 
main. 

remex, -igis (remus, oar, + ago), 
m., rower, oarsman. 

remissio, -onis (remitto), f., re- 
laxation, abatement. (Remis- 
sion.) 

remissus, -a, -urn (part, of re- 
mitto), adj., remiss, lax, negli- 
gent, indulgent. 

re-mitto, -mittere, -misi, -mis- 



sum, send back, give back, re- 
store. (Remit.) 

re-moror, -ari, -atus sum, dep., 
detain, hinder, delay, keep wait- 
ing. 

remotus, -a, -urn (part, of re- 
moveo), adj., remote, far re- 
moved, distant. 

re-moveo, -movere, -movi, -mo- 
tum, move away, remove. 

re-novo, -are, -avi, -atum, renew. 
(Renovate.) 

re-nuntio, -are, -avi, -atum 
bring back word, report, an- 
nounce. (Renounce, re- 
nunciation.) 

re-pello, -pellere, reppuli, repul- 
sum, drive back, keep off, re- 
pulse, repel. (Repulsion.) 

repente (repens, sudden), adv., 
suddenly. 

repentinus, -a, -urn (repens, sud- 
den), adj., sudden, unexpected. 

reperio, -perire, repperi, reper- 
tum, find out, find; discover, 
learn. (Repertory.) 

re-peto, -petere, -petivi (-ii), 
-petitum, ask back, demand, 
claim. (Repeat.) 

re-porto, -are, -avi, -atum, bring 
back, carry off, get. (Report.) 

re-prehendo, -prehendere, -pre- 
hendi, -prehensum, hold back; 
censure, blame, find fault. 
(Reprehensible . ) 

reprehensio, -onis (reprehendo), 
f., blame, censure, criticis?n. 

reprimo, -primere, -pressi, -pres- 
sum (re — \- premo), press 
back; hold in check, restrain, 

REPRESS. 

repudio, -are, -avi, -atum (re-, cf . 
pes), reject, scorn, spurn. (Re- 
pudiate.) 

re-pugno, -are, -avi, -atum, fight 
against, resist, oppose. (Re- 
pugnant.) 



86 



VOCABULARY 



requies, requietis (only in sing., 
and dat. is wanting), f ., rest. 

requiro, -quirere, -quisivi, -qui- 
situm (re- + quaero), seek, 
look for, inquire for, demand; 
look in vain for, long for, miss. 
(Require, requisite, requi- 
sition.) 

res, rel, f., thing, matter, affair; 
fact, circumstance, deed, occur- 
rence, etc.; property; res publi- 
ca, common welfare; common- 
wealth, state, republic; res 
gestae, deeds, exploits. 

re-scindo, -scindere, -scidi, -scis- 
sum, cut off; annul, abolish, 

RESCIND. 

re-scribo, -scribere, -scrips!, 
-scriptum, write back, write in 
reply. (Rescript.) 

re-seco, -are, -secui, -sectum, 
cut away, cut off, check, stop. 

re-servo, -are, -avi, -atum, keep 
back, reserve, keep. (Reser- 
vation.) 

resideo, -sidere, -sedi, — (re- + 
sedeo), stay, linger, remain be- 
hind. (Reside, residence'.) 

re-signo, -are, -avi, -atum (re- + 
signo, seal), unseal; destroy. 
(Resign, resignation.) 

re-sisto, -sistere, -stiti, — , re- 
main behind, stay; resist, 
withstand, oppose. 

respicio, -spicere, -spexi, -spec- 
turn (re- + specio, look), look 
back, consider, regard. (Re- 
spect.) 

re-spiro, -are, -avi, -atum, take 
breath, recover; be relieved. 
(Respiration.) 

re-spondeo, -spondere, -spondi, 
-sponsum, answer, . reply, re- 
spond; correspond, be equal to, 
be a match for. 

responsum, -I (responded), n., 
reply, answer, response. 



res publica, see res. 

re-stingud, -stinguere, -stinxi, 
-stinctum, put out, quench, ex- 
tinguish. 

restituo, -stituere, -stitui, -stitu- 
tum (re- + statuo), replace, re- 
store. 

restitutor, -oris (restituo), m., 
restorer. 

re-sto, -stare, -stiti, — , hold out; 
remain, be left; restat, it re- 
mains. 

re-tardd, -are, -avi, -atum, keep 
back, detain, delay, retard. 

reticeo, -ticere, -ticui, — (re- + 
taceo), be silent, keep silent. 
(Reticent.) 

retineo, -tinere, -tinui, -tentum 
(re — h teneo), hold back; keep, 

RETAIN. 

re-torqueo, -torquere, -torsi, 
-tortum, twist back, turn back. 

re-tundo, -tundere, rettudi, re- 
tusum, beat back, blunt, dull. 

reus, rei (res), m., the accused, 
defendant (in an action at law). 

re-vertor, -verti, perf. act. re- 
verti, fut. part, reversurus, 
dep. except in the perf. stem, 
turn back, return. (Revert, 

REVERSION.) 

re-vinco, -vincere, -vici, -victum, 
convict, refute, disprove. 

re-vlvlscd, -viviscere, -vixi, — , 
(re- + vivo), come to life again; 

REVIVE. 

re-voco, -are, -avi, -atum, call 
back, recall. (Revoke, rev- 
ocation.) 

rex, regis, m., king. 

Rhenus, -i, m., the Rhine, the 
river serving as boundary be- 
tween Gaul and Germany. 

Rhodius, -a, -urn, adj., Rhodian. 
Subst., Rhodii, -orum, m. pi., 
the Rhodians, who lived in a 
great maritime city and state 



VOCABULARY 



87 



on the island of Rhodes, off 
the southwest coast of Asia 
Minor. 

ridiculus, -a, -um (rideo), adj., 
laughable, amusing, ridicu- 
lous, absurd. 

ripa, -ae, f., bank (of a river, 
lake). (Riparian.) 

robur, roboris, n., oak; vigor, 
strength. 

robustus, -a, -um (robur), adj., 
strong, vigorous, hardy. (Ro- 
bust.) 

rogatio, -onis (rogo), f., asking, 
request; proposed law, bill. 
(Interrogation.) 

rogatus, -us (rogo), only in abl. 
sing., m., at the request. 

rogo, -are, -avi, -atum, ask, beg, 
request; inquire. (Deroga- 
tory.) 

Roma, -ae, f ., Rome. 

Romanus, -a, -um (Roma), adj., 
of Rome, Roman; as subst., 
Roman!, -orum, m. pi., the 
Romans. 

Romulus, -I, m., Romidus, by 
mythical tradition famed as 
the founder of Rome. 

Roscius, Rosci, m., Roscius, el 
Roman family name. A fa- 
mous actor at Rome, a friend 
and early contemporary of 
Cicero. 

rostra, -orum (rostrum, beak), 
n. pi., the Rostra, the name 
given to the speaker's platform 
in the Forum at Rome. See 
note on hie . . . locus, Manil- 
ian Law, p. 11, 1. 2. 

Rudinus, -a, -um (Rudiae), adj., 
of Rudiae, a town in Calabria 
in southeastern Italy, famous 
as the birth-place of the poet 
Ennius. 



rudis, 



adj., rude, unculti- 



vated, ignorant, unskilled, inex- 
perienced. (Rudiment.) 

ruina, -ae (ruo), f., downfall, 
ruin, destruction. 

rumor, -oris, m., common talk, re- 
port, rumor, hearsay. 

rumpo, -ere, rupi, ruptum, break. 
(Rupture, interrupt.) 

ruo, mere, rui, — ,fall, go to ruin; 
rush. 

rursus (for revorsus from rever- 
ter) , adv., again; anew; in 
turn, on the other hand. 

rusticor, -ari, -atus sum (rusti- 
cus), dep., visit the country. 

rusticus, -a, -um (rus, country), 
adj., of the country,* country-, 
rough, awkward. (Rustic.) 



sacer, sacra, sacrum, adj., sa- 
cred; as subst., sacra, -orum, 
n. pi., ceremonies, sacred rites. 

sacramentum, -I (sacro, devote), 
n., deposit, forfeit money; oath. 
(Sacr ament.) 

sacrarium, sacrari (sacrum), n., 
shrine. 

sacrificium, sacrifice! (sacrificus, 
sacrificial), n., sacrifice. 

sacro-sanctus, -a, -um, adj., most 
holy, sacred, inviolable. 

saeculum, -I, n., age. (Secu- 
lar.) 

saepe, comp. saepius, sup. sae- 
pissime, adv., often. 

saepio, -ire, saepsi, saeptum 
(saepes, hedge), hedge in; en- 
close, guard, protect. 

saepta, -orum (saepio), n. pi., 
enclosure, voting-booth. 

sagax, sagacis, adj., keen, quick, 
shrewd. (Sagacity, saga- 
cious.) 

Salaminii, -orum, m. pi., the in- 



VOCABULARY 



habitants of Salamis, a town in 
Cyprus. 

saltern, adv., at least, anyhow, at 
any rate. 

salto, -are, -avi, -atum (intens. 
of salio, leap), dance. (Exul- 
tation.) 

saltus, -us, m., forest, mountain- 
pasture, woodland-pasture. 

salus, -utis, f., safety, welfare, 
health. (Salute.) 

salutaris, -e (salus), adj., salu- 
tary, valuable, safety-insuring, 
beneficial; prosperous, success- 
ful. 

saluto, -are, -avi, -atum (salus), 
greet, pay one's respects to. 
(Salutation.) 

salvus, -a, -urn, adj., sound, safe, 
unharmed. (Salvage.) 

Samos or Samus, -I, n., Samos, 
one of the larger islands of the 
Aegean close to the coast of 
Ionia. 

sancio, -ire, sanxi, sanctum, 
make fixed, decree, ordain, en- 
act. 

sanctitas, -tatis (sanctus), f ., pu- 
rity, honor, sanctity. 

sanctus, -a, -um (part, of sancio), 
adj., sacred, inviolable, holy. 
(Sanctify.) 

sane (sanus), adv., doubtless, cer- 
tainly, indeed, to be sure, if you 
like. 

sanguis, -inis, m., blood. (San- 
guinary.) 

sanitas, -tatis (sanus), f., sound- 
' ness; good sense, reason. (San- 
ity.) 

sano, -are, -avi, -atum (sanus), 
make sound, heal, cure, correct. 

sanus, -a, -um, adj., healthy, 
sound. (Sanitary.) 

sapiens, -ntis (sapio, be wise), 
adj., wise, sensible, discreet; as 



a subst., sensible man, philos- 
opher. 

sapienter (sapiens), adv., wisely, 
discreetly. 

sapientia, -ae (sapiens), f., wis- 
dom. 

sapio, sapere, sapivi, — , discern, 
be wise. 

Sardinia, -ae, f., Sardinia, the 
large island south of Corsica 
and west of Italy. 

satelles, -itis, m. and f., follow- 
er, attendant, accomplice, com- 
panion. (Satellite.) 

satietas, -tatis (satis), f., suffi- 
ciency, SATIETY. 

satio, -are, -avi, -atum (satis), 
satisfy, fill, satiate. 

satis, adv. and indecl. noun. As 
adv., enough, sufficiently, some- 
what; as noun, sufficiency, 
enough. (Satisfy.) 

Saturnalia, -iorum (Saturnus), 
n., the festival of the Saturna- 
lia (beginning December 17). 

Saturninus, -i, m., Saturninus, a 
Roman family name. L. Ap- 
puleius Saturninus, & violent 
demagogue, three times elect- 
ed tribune, but killed in 100 
B.C. by the people because he 
helped Glaucia murder Mem- 
mius, who had been Glaucia's 
rival for the consulship. 

saucius, -a, -um, adj., wounded. 

saxum, -i, n., rock, stone. 

scaena, -ae, f., stage. (Scene, 
proscenium.) 

scaenicus, -a, -um (scaena), adj., 
of the stage, theatrical. (Scen- 
ic.) 

scalae, -arum, f. pi., flight of 
steps, staircase. 

Scantia, -ae, f ., Scantia, a woman 
injured by Clodius in some 
way. 



VOCABULARY 



89 



scelerate (sceleratus), adv., 
wickedly. 

sceleratus, -a, -urn (scelero, de- 
file), adj., wicked, infamous, 
accursed. 

scelus, sceleris, n., a wicked deed, 
crime. 

Schola, -ae, m., see Causinius. 

sciens, scientis (part, of scio), 
adj., knowing, acquainted, 
skilled, expert. (Scientific, 
scientist.) 

scientia, -ae (sciens), f., knowl- 
edge, skill. (Science.) 

scilicet (for scire licet), adv., you 
may know; surely, certainly, 
doubtless. 

scio, scire, scivi, scitum, know, 
understand, perceive; haud scio 
an, I'm inclined to think. 

Scipio, -onis, m., Scipio, a Ro- 
man family name. (1) P. 
Cornelius Scipio Africanus, the 
great Roman general who de- 
. feated Hannibal at Zama, 202 
B.C. (2) P. Cornelius Scipio 
Aemilianus Africanus, the de- 
stroyer of Carthage in 146 

B.C. 

scortum, -i, n., prostitute, harlot. 

scriba, -ae, m., clerk, secretary. 
(Scribe.) 

scribo, -ere, scripsi, scriptum, 
write. 

scriptor, -toris (scribo), m., 
writer, author, composer. 

scriptura, -ae (scribo), f., a 
writing, list; tax paid on public 
pastures. (Scripture.) 

scutum, -i, n., shield. 

se or sese, see sui. 

se- or sed-, insep. prep., apart, 
away. 

se-cedo, -cedere, -cessi, -ces- 
sum, go away, go apart, with- 
draw. (Secede, secession.) 

se-cerno, -cernere, -crevi, -cre- 



tum, separate, sever; exclude, 
reject. (Secrete, secret.) 

secundum (secundus), prep., be- 
hind. 

secundus, -a, -urn (sequor), adj., 
following; second; successful, 
favorable; res secundae, pros- 
perity. 

securis, -is (seco, cut), f., axe. 

secus, adv., otherwise, differently. 

sed, conj., but; but yet. 

sedeo, -ere, sedi, sessum, sit. 
(Sedentary.) 

sedes, sedis (sedeo), f., seat; 
place of abode, dwelling, home. 

seditio, -onis (sed-, cf. eo), f., 
dissension, discord, insurrec- 
tion, mutiny, treason. (Sedi- 
tion.) 

seditiose (seditiosus, treason- 
able), adv., with treasonable 
purpose, seditiously. 

sedo, -are, -avi, -atum, settle, 
quiet, end, stop. (Sedate, 
sedative.) 

sedulitas, -tatis (sedulus, per- 
sistent), i., persistency, ear- 
nestness, assiduity. (Sedu- 
lous.) 

seges, -etis, f., grain-field; crop; 
source. 

segniter (segnis, sluggish), adv., 
sluggishly, lazily. 

segrego, -are, -avi, -atum (se-, 
cf. grex, herd), set apart, sepa- 
rate. (Segregate.) 

se-iungo, -iungere, -iunxi, -iunc- 
tum, separate, disconnect, di- 
vide. 

sella, -ae (cf. sedeo), f., seat, 
chair, work-bench. 

semel, adv., once. 

semen, seminis (cf. sero, plant), 
n., seed. (Disseminate.) 

seminarium, seminari (semen), 
n., nursery; hot-bed. (Semi- 
nary.) 



90 



VOCABULARY 



semi-ustilatus, -a, -urn, adj., 
half-burned, 

semper, adv., always, continu- 
ally. 

sempiternus, -a, -urn (semper), 
adj., everlasting, perpetual, eter- 
nal. 

Sempronius, -a, -urn, adj., Sem- 
pronian; having to do with 
Gains Sempronius Gracchus. 

senator, -toris (senex), m., sen- 
ator. 

senatorius, -a, -urn (senator), 
adj., of a senator, senatorial. 

senatus, -us (senex), m., sen- 
ate. 

senectus, -tutis (senex), f., old 
age. 

senex, senis, m., old man. (Se- 
nile, SENILITY.) 

senium, sen! (senex), n., old age; 
vexation, grief, sadness. 

sensus, -us (sentio), m., feel- 
ing, consciousness, perception. 
(Sense, sensitive, sen- 
sible.) 

sententia, -ae (sentio), f., opin- 
ion, judgment, thought, pur- 
pose; vote; motion; signifi- 
cance, meaning; sententiam 

. ferre, vote. (Sententious, 

SENTENCE.) 

sentlna, -ae, f., bilge-water; ref- 
use, dregs. 

sentio, sentire, sensi, sensum, 
feel, perceive, understand, think. 
(Sentiment.) 

se-paro, -are, -avi, -atum, part, 
separate, consider separately. 

sepelio, -ire, -ivi, sepultum, bury; 
ruin, destroy. 

sept em, num. adj. indecl., seven. 

sepulcrum, -i (sepelio), n., buri- 
al-place, tomb, grave. (Sepul- 
chre.) 

sepultura, -ae (sepelio), f., 
burial. 



sequor, sequi, secutus sum, dep., 

follow; attend; pursue. (Se- 
quence.) 

Sergius, Sergi, m., a Roman 
gentile name. T. Sergius Gal- 
lus, an unknown person men- 
tioned by Cicero in the oration 
pro Milone. 

serius, adv., comp. of sero. 

sermo, -onis, m., conversation, 
talk. (Sermon.) 

sero (serus, late), adv., comp. 
serius, late. 

serpo, serpere, serpsi, serptum, 
creep, crawl; spread, move 
stealthily. (Serpent.) 

Sertorianus, -a, -urn (Sertorius), 
adj., of Sertorius, Sertorian. 

sertum, -i (sero, bind together), 
n. (usually in pi.), garland. 

serus, -a, -um, adj., late. 

servflis, -e (servus), adj., serv- 
ile, of the slaves, of a slave. 

Servilius, Servfli, m., Servilius, a 
Roman gentile name. See (1) 
Ahala. (2) Glaucia. (3) P. 
Servilius Vatia, consul 79 B.C., 
won victories over the pirates 
when proconsul of Cilicia. 

servio, -ire, -ii, -itum (servus), 
be a slave of; serve, labor for, 
have regard to; gratify; be gov- 
erned by. (Subservient.) 

servitium, servi'ti (servus), n., 
slavery; slaves, slave-class. 

servitus, -tutis (servus), f., sla- 
very, servitude. 

servo, -are, -avi, -atum, save, 
keep, maintain. 

servus, -i, m., slave, servant. 

Sestius, Sesti, m., Sestius, a Ro- 
man family name. P. Ses- 
tius, quaestor in 63 B.C., later 
(57) tribune, and defended by 
Cicero when accused of vio- 
lence. 

seu, see sive. 



VOCABULARY 



91 



severe (severus), adv., seriously, 
severely, harshly, strictly. 

severitas, -tatis (severus), f., 
seriousness, severity, harsh- 
ness, strictness. 

severus, -a, -urn, adj., serious, 
dignified, strict, stern, harsh, 

SEVERE. 

sexaginta (sex), num. adj. in- 
deed., sixty. 

Sextus, -I, m., Sextus, a Roman 
praenomen. 

si, conj., if. 

Sibylllnus, -a, -um, adj., of a 
Sibyl, Sibylline. Used par- 
ticularly of the Cumaean Sibyl, 
the wise woman who is re- 
ported to have sold her books 
of prophecies (fata) to King 
Tarquin at Rome. 

sic, adv., thus, so, in this way; as 
follows. 

sica, -ae (cf. seco, cut), f., dagger. 

sicarius, sicari (sica), m., assas- 
sin, murderer, cut-throat. 

Sicilia, -ae, f., Sicily. 

sic-ut or sic-uti, adv., just as. 

Sigeum, -I, n., Sige'um, a prom- 
ontory not far from Troy. 
Achilles was reported to have 
been buried there. 

signifer, signiferi (signum + 
fero), m., standard-bearer. 

significatio, -onis (signified, make 
known), f., indication, expres- 
sion, sign, gesture. (Signifi- 
cation. ) 

signified, -are, -avi, -atum (sig- 
num + fac-, make), point out, 
express, show, mean. (Signif- 
icant.) 

signum, -i, n., sign, signal; seal; 
standard; statue; constellation 
(sign in the heavens); signa 
conferre, engage in a pitched 
battle. 

Silanus, -I, m., Silanus, a Roman 



family name. Decimus Ju- 
nius Silanus, consul in 62 B.C., 
who as consul-elect proposed 
the execution of the chief Cati- 
linarian conspirators who were 
captured at Rome. 

silentium, -i (silens, quiet), n., si- 
lence, stillness. 

sileo, silere, silui, — , be still, be 
silent, not speak of, keep 
silent about. 

silva, -ae, f ., forest, wood. (Sil- 
van.) 

Silvanus, -i, m., Silvanus, a Ro- 
man family name. M. Plau- 
tius Silvanus, tribune 89 B.C. 

silvestris, -e (silva, wood), adj., 
of a wood, wooded. 

similis, -e, adj., similar, like. 

similiter (similis), adv., in like 
manner, likewise, similarly. 

simpliciter (simplex, simple), 
adv., simply, in straightfor- 
ward manner. 

simul, adv., at the same time, to- 
gether, at once; simul atque or 
simul ac, as soon as. 

simulacrum, -i (simulo), n., like- 
ness, portrait, statue. 

simulatio, -onis (simulo), f., pre- 
tence. (Simulation.) 

simulo, -are, -avi, -atum (simi- 
lis), pretend, feign. (Simu- 
late.) 

simultas, -tatis (simul), f., rivalry, 
hostility. 

sin (si + -ne), conj., if however, 
but if. 

sine, prep, with abl., without. 

singularis, -e (singuli), adj., sin- 
gle; singular, extraordinary . 

singuli, -ae, -a, distr. num. adj., 
one each, one by one; separate, 
single. 

sino, sinere, sivi, situm, place, 
set, fix; let, suffer, permit, allow. 

Sinope, -es, f., Sino'pe, a Greek 



92 



VOCABULARY 



colony on the northern coast 
of Asia Minor on the Euxine 
Sea, the birth-place and home 
of Mithridates the Great. 

sinus, -us, m., fold, bend, curve; 
bay, gulf; bosom. 

sitis, -is, f., thirst. 

situs, -a, -urn, part, of sino. 

sive or seu (si + -ve), conj., or 
if; sive (seu) . . . sive (seu), 
if ... or if, whether . . . or, 
either . . . or. 

Smyrnaeus, -a, -urn, adj., of 
Smyrna; as subst., Smyrnaei, 
-orum, m. pi., the inhabitants 
of Smyrna. 

sobrius, -a, -urn, adj., sober. 

societas, -tatis (socius), f., part- 
nership, alliance, union, league. 
(Society.) 

socius, -a, -urn (cf. sequor), adj., 
joining in, allied to; as subst., 
socius, soci, m., associate, 
ally, companion, follower; in 
the pi., especially of the allies 
in the provinces. (Social.) 

sodalis, -is, m., intimate associ- 
ate, comrade, crony, boon com- 
panion. 

sol, solis, m., sun. 

solatium, solaci (solor, console), 
n., comfort, relief. (Solace.) 

soleo, solere, solitus sum, semi- 
dep., be accustomed. 

solitudo, -tudinis (solus), f., 
loneliness, wilderness, desert; 

SOLITUDE. 

sollemnis, -e (sollus, each + an- 
nus), adj., annual, stated, ap- 
pointed, customary. (Solemn.) 

sollicitatio, -onis (sollicito), f., in- 
stigation. (Solicitation.) 

sollicito, -are, -avi, -atum (sol- 
licitus), rouse, incite, excite, 
annoy. (Solicit.) 

sollicitudo, -tudinis (sollicitus), 



f ., anxiety, apprehension. 
(Solicitude.) 

sollicitus, -a, -urn (sollus, all + 
citus, set in motion), adj., 
anxious, alarmed, apprehen- 
sive, SOLICITOUS. 

solum, -i, n., ground, soil, earth. 

solum (solus), adv., only, alone, 
non solum . . . sed etiam, 
not only . . . but also. 

solus, -a, -urn, adj., only, alone. 
(Solitary.) 

solutio, -onis (solvo), f., loos- 
ing; payment. ' (Solution.) 

solutus, -a, -um (part, of solvo), 
adj., free, unrestrained; remiss, 
lax, careless. 

solvo, solvere, solvi, solutum 
(se- + luo, loose), loosen, set 
free, release, pay. (Dissolve, 
solvent.) 

somnus, -i, m., sleep. (Somno- 
lent.) 

sono, -are, sonui, sonitum (so- 
nus), sound. (Resonant, 

CONSONANT.) 

sonus, -I, m., noise, sound. 

(Sonorous.) 
soror, -oris, f., sister. 
sors, sortis, f ., lot. 
spargo, spargere, sparsi, spar- 
sum, scatter, fling about, spread. 

(Sparse.) 
spatium, spati, n., space, extent, 

distance, time. 
species, -ei (specio), f., sight, ap- 

. pearance; semblance, vision. 

(Specious, specimen.) 
spectaculum, -I (specto, look 

at), n., show, sight, spectacle. 

(Spectacular.) 
specto, -are, -avi, -atum (specio), 

look at, regard, consider. 
speculator, -toris (speculor), m., 

spy. (Speculator.) 
speculor, -ari, -atus sum (spe- 



VOCABULARY 



93 



cula, watch-tower), dep., spy 
out, watch, observe. (Specu- 
late.) 

spero, -are, -avi, -atum (spes), 
hope, expect. 

spes, spei, f., hope, expectation. 

spiritus, -us (cf. spiro, breathe), 
m., breathing, breath; pi., ar- 
rogance, pride, haughtiness. 
(Spirit.) 

spiro, -are, -avi, -atum, breathe, 
live, be alive. (Inspire.) 

splendidus, -a, -urn (splendeo, 
shine), adj., brilliant; illustri- 
ous, distinguished. (Splen- 
did.) 

splendor, -oris, m., brilliance, 
lustre, splendor; eminence, 
dignity. 

spolio, -are, -avi, -atum (spoli- 
um), strip, rob, despoil. (Spo- 
liation.) 

spolium, spoli, n., chiefly found 
in pi., arms taken from an 
enemy, booty, spoil. 

sponte, abl. of obsolete noun, 
spons, adv., used with sua, of 
one's own accord, voluntarily, 
by one's own efforts. (Spon- 
taneous.) 

Spurius, Spun, m., Spurius, a 
Roman praenomen or first 
name. 

squaleo, squalere, squalui, — 
(cf. squalor, roughness), be 
rough; put on mourning. 

stabilio, -ire, -ivi, -itum (sta- 
bilis), make firm, establish, con- 
firm. (Establish, estab- 
lishment.) 

stabilis, -e (cf. sto), adj., firm, 
steadfast, steady. (Stable.) 

stabilitas, -tatis (stabilis), f., 
firmness, security, stability. 

Statilius, Stati'li, m., Statilius, a 
Roman family name. Lucius 
Statilius, one of Catiline's 



chief conspirators, put to 
death by Cicero's order. 

statim (old ace, cf. sto), adv., on 
the spot, at once, immediately. 

Stator, -toris (cf. sto), m., stay, 
supporter, protector, as a sur- 
name of Jupiter. 

statua, -ae (sto), f., image, 

STATUE. 

statuo, statu ere, statui, statu- 

tum (status), place; determine, 
resolve; judge, think; decide. 

status, -us (sto), m., condition, 
position, status. (State.) 

status, -a, -um (part, of sisto), 
adj., set, fixed, stated. 
(Statute.) 

stimulus, -i, m., goad; incentive, 
stimulus. (Stimulate.) 

stipendium, stipen'di (stips, coin, 
+ pendo, pay), n., tax, tribute; 
income, pay, wages; military 
service, campaign. (Sti- 
pend.) 

stipo, -are, -avi, -atum, crowd, 
surround, encompass. 

stirps, stirpis, f., stem, stock; root, 
source, race. (Extirpate.) 

sto, stare, steti, statum, stand. 

stomachus, -i, m., throat, stom- 
ach; taste; displeasure. 

strepitus, -us (strepo, make a 
noise), m., noise, murmur, din, 
uproar. 

studeo, studere, studui, — , be 
eager, be desirous. (Student.) 

studiose (studiosus), adv., eager- 
ly, busily. 

studiosus, -a, -um (studium), 
did]., fond of, devoted to, loyal to. 
(Studious.) 

studium, studi (cf. studeo), n., 
eagerness, inclination, enthusi- 
asm, desire; pursuit, study; 
zeal, prejudice. 

stultitia, -ae (stultus), f., folly, 
i foolishness, stupidity. 



94 



VOCABULARY 



stultus, -a, -urn, adj., stupid, 
foolish, silly. (Stultify.) 

stuprum, -I, n., dishonor, de- 
bauchery. 

suadeo, suadere, suasi, suasum, 
advise, recommend, urge, per- 
suade. (Suasion.) 

sub, prep, with ace. and abl. (1) 
With ace., under, up to; to- 
wards, near, just before; (2) 
with abl., under, at the foot of. 

sub-eo, -ire, -ii, -itum, suffer, 
undergo. 

subicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectum 
(sub + iacio), place under- 
neath; submit, present; set, ap- 
ply (of fire). (Subject.) 

subiector, -toris (subicio), m., 
forger. 

subigo, -igere, -egi, -actum (sub 
+ ago), bring under, subdue, 
overcome. 

subito (subitus, sudden), adv., 
suddenly. 

suboles, -is, f., offspring, stock, 
race. 

subsellium, subselll (sub + sel- 
la), n., bench. 

subsidium, subsi'di (cf . subsido, 
lie in wait), n., aid, help; 
means, resources. (Subsidy, 
subsidiary.) 

subsido, -sidere, -sedi, -sessum 
(sub + sido, sit down), lie in 
wait, lie in ambush. 

substructio, -onis (substruo, 
build underneath), f., founda- 
tion. 

sub-sum, -esse, — , — , be under- 
neath, lie concealed in; be near, 
be at hand. 

sub-vereor, -vereri, — , be some- 
what anxious. 

succedo, -cedere, -cessi, -ces- 
sum (sub + cedo), come un- 
der; follow after, succeed. 

succurro. -currere, -curri, -cur- 



sum (sub + curro), run to 
help, aid. (Succor.) 
suffero, -ferre, sustuli, sublatum 
(sub + fero), bear, endure, 

SUFFER. 

suffragatio, -onis (suffragor, vote 
for), f., support. 

suffragator, -toris (suffragor, 
vote for, support), m., support- 
er, partisan. 

suffragium, suffragi, n., voting- 
tablet, ballot, vote. (Suffrage.) 

sui, sibi, se or sese (nom. want- 
ing), reflex, pron., himself, her- 
self, itself; pi., themselves; him, 
her, it; pi., them, they. 

Sulla, -ae, m., Sulla, a Roman 
family name; usually meaning 
the dictator, Lucius Cornelius 
Sulla, who was supreme from 
81 to 79 b.c. 

Sulpicius, Sulpi'ci, m., Sulpicius, 
a Roman family name. (1) 
Gains Sulpicius, praetor in 
63 b.c. (2) P. Sulpicius Ru- 
fus, tribune 88 B.C., partisan of 
Marius, captured and killed by 
SuUa. 

sum, esse, fui, — , fut. part, fu- 
turus, be. 

summa, -ae (summus), f., chief 
place, leadership, precedence. 

summe (summus), adv., ex- 
tremely. 

summum (summus), adv., at the 
most. 

summus, -a, -um, adj., highest, 
sup. of superus, which see. 
(Sum, Summit.) 

sumo, sumere, sump si, sumptum 
(sub + emo), take, take to one- 
self, assume; supplicium su- 
mere de, inflict punishment on. 
(Assumption, presumption.) 

sumptuose (sumptuosus), adv., 
expensively, extravagantly. 

sumptuosus, -a, -um (sumptus), 



VOCABULARY 



95 



adj., expensive j costly, sump- 
tuous. 

sumptus, -us (sumo), m., outlay, 
cost, expense. (Sumptuary.) 

superbe (superbus), adv., proud- 
ly, haughtily, arrogantly, inso- 
lently. (Superbly.) 

superbus, -a, -urn, adj., insolent, 
proud, haughty. (Superb.) 

superior, superius, adj., higher, 
comp. of superus, which see. 
(Superior.) 

supero, -are, -avi, -atum (supe- 
rus), be superior; surpass; con- 
quer, defeat, overcome. 

super-sum, -esse, -fui, — , be 
over, remain, be left; survive. 

superus, -a, -urn (super, above), 
adj., high, above; comp. supe- 
rior, higher, upper, superior; 
former; more powerful; sup. 
summus, highest, greatest, very 
great, most important. 

suppedito, -are, -avi, -atum, give 
in abundance, supply freely. 

suppeto, -petere, -petivi, -peti- 
tum (sub + peto), be at hand. 

supplex, supplicis (sub, cf. plico, 
fold), adj., kneeling, begging; 
as a subst., m. and f., sup- 
pliant. 

supplicatio, -onis (supplied, 
kneel), f., thanksgiving-day, 
festival. (Supplication.) 

supplicium, suppli'ci (supplex), 
n., punishment, penalty. 

supra (for supera [parte] ), adv., 
above, before, previously; as 
prep., above, past. 

surgo, surgere, surrexi, surrec- 
tum (sub 4- rego), arise. (In- 
surgent, RESURRECTION.) 

suscenseo, -censere, -censui, — 
(succensus, angered), be angry, 
be indignant, be provoked. 

suscipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum 
(subs, for sub, + capio), un- 



dertake, form, receive, undergo, 
suffer. (Susceptible.) 

suspectus, -a, -urn (part, of sus- 
picio), adj., mistrusted, sus- 
pected. 

suspicio, -onis (sub + specio),f., 

SUSPICION. 

suspicor, -ari, -atus sum (cf . sus- 
picio), dep., suspect. 

sustento, -are, -avi, -atum (in- 
tens. of sustineo), support, 
sustain; maintain, endure. 

sustineo, -tinere, -tinui, -tentum 
(subs + teneo), hold out, bear, 
endure, support, sustain. 
(Sustenance.) 

suus, -a, -urn (sui), poss. pron., 
poss. adj., his, her, its, one's, 
their; his own, etc. 

symphoniacus, -a, -urn, adj., of 
music; with pueri, choristers. 

Syria, -ae, f., Syria, the country 
of Asia at the eastern end of 
the Mediterranean Sea. 



T., abbreviation for Titus, a Ro- 
man first name. 

tabella, -ae (dim. of tabula), f., 
small board; waxed tablet for 
writing, writing-tablet; in pi., 
document, record, letter. 

taberna, -ae, f ., place of business, 
shop. (Tavern.) 

tabernaculum, -i (taberna), n., 
tent. (Tabernacle.) 

tabesco, tabescere, tabui, — 
(tabeo, waste), dwindle, waste 
away, pine. away. 

tabula, -ae, f., board; writing- 
tablet; record, document; stat- 
ute, table of the law (with duo- 
decim), the Twelve Tables (the 
ancient Roman law); novae 
tabulae, new accounts, i.e., a 
new score, cancellation of debts. 



96 



VOCABULARY 



(Tabulate, tabular, tab- 
let.) 
tabularium, tabular! (tabula), n., 

place of deposit for public rec- 
ords; record-office, registry. 

taceo, tacere, tacui, taciturn, be 
silent, be silent about, leave un- 
said. (Reticent.) 

tacite (tacitus), adv., in silence, 
silently. 

taciturnitas, -tatis (taciturnus, 
silent), f., silence. (Tacitur- 
nity.) 

tacitus, -a, -urn (part, of taceo), 
adj., silent. (Tacit.) 

taeter, taetra, taetrum, adj., of- 
fensive y repulsive, foul, disgust- 
ing. 

talaris, -e (talus, ankle), adj., 
reaching the ankles. 

talis, -e, adj., such. 

tarn, adv., so, so very, so much. 

tamen, adv., yet, still, neverthe- 
less, however. 

tametsi (tamen + etsi), conj., 
although, though. 

tam-quam or tanquam, adv., as 
if, as it were. 

tandem (tarn), adv., at length, 
finally, in the end; (in ques- 
tions) pray; tandem aliquan- 
do, sometime or other, at last 
(indicating impatience) . 

tango, tangere, tetigi, tactum, 
touch; be close to, lie near; 
reach. (Tangent, tangible, 
tact.) 

tantopere or tanto opere, adv., so 
earnestly, so greatly, so much. 

tan turn (tantus), adv., only, only 
so much; tantum mo do, only, 
merely. 

tantum modo, see tantum. 

tantus, -a, -urn (tarn), adj., so 
great, so much; tantus . . . 
quantus, as great . . . as, as 
much . . . as; tanti esse, be 



of so much value, be worth 
while. (Tantamount.) 
tarde (tardus, slow), adv., slowly, 

TARDILY. 

tarditas, -tatis (tardus), f., slow- 
ness, tardiness, sluggishness, 
delay. 

tardo, -are, -avi, -arum (tardus, 
slow), hinder, check, delay, re- 
tard. 

Tarentini, -drum, m. pi., the in- 
habitants of Tarentum, a town 
of Southern Italy on the gulf 
bearing this name. 

tectum, -i (tego), n., roof; dwell- 
ing, house, home. 

tego, tegere, tea, tectum, cover: 
protect, guard. 

telum, -i, n., dart, spear, javelin, 
weapon. 

temere, adv., blindly, rashly, 
recklessly. 

temeritas, -tatis (temere), f., 
rashness, recklessness. (Te- 
merity.) 

temperantia, -ae (temperans, 
self-controlled), f., moderation, 
self-control, discretion. (Tem- 
perance.) 

tempero, -are, -avi, -atum (tem- 
pus), observe proper measure; 
be moderate; control oneself; 
control, moderate ; refrain . 
(Temper, temperate.) 

tempestas, -tatis (tempus), f., 
season, weather, storm, tem- 
pest. 

tempestivus, -a, -urn (tempus), 
adj., timely, seasonable, suit- 
able. 

templum, -i, n., consecrated place; 
temple, shrine. 

tempto, -are, -avi, -atum (intens. 
of tendo), try, attempt; attack, 
assail; solicit, tempt. (Temp- 
tation.) 

tempus, -oris, n., time, season; 



VOCABULARY 



97 



occasion, opportunity; need, 
emergency; ex tempore, off- 
hand, extemporaneously; id 
temporis, at that time. (Tem- 
poral.) 
tend 6, tendere, tetendi, ten- 
turn, stretch, extend. (Tense, 

TENSION.) 

tenebrae, -arum, f. pi., shades, 

darkness. 
Tenedos, -I, f., Tenedos, an 

island in the upper Aegean Sea 

close by the coast of Troy, 
teneo, tenere, tenui, — , hold, 

keep; restrain, embarrass. 

(Tenure, tenement, tenant, 

TENET.) 

tener, -era, -erum, adj., delicate, 
tender, yielding. 

tenuis, -e, adj., thin; weak; insig- 
nificant, humble. (Tenuity.) 

ter, num. adv., three times. 

tergiversatio, -onis (tergiversor, 
evade), f., evasion, subterfuge, 
pretence. 

tergum, -i, n., back; a tergo, from 
behind. 

termino, -are, -avi, -atum (ter- 
minus), bound, limit, end. 
(Termination, extermi- 
nate, DETERMINE.) 

terminus, -i, m., boundary, limit, 
end. (Terminus, term.) 

terra, -ae, f., earth, ground, land, 
country, region; orbis terrae, 
or orbis terrarum, the world. 
(Territory, terrestrial.) 

terreo, terrere, terrui, territum, 
frighten, alarm, dismay, ter- 
rify. 

terror, -oris (terreo), m., alarm, 
dread, fear, fright, terror. 

tertius, -a, -urn (ter), num. adj., 
third. 

testamentum, -i (testor), n., will. 
(Testament.) 

testimonium, testimoni (testis), 



n., evidence, proof, testimony. 
testis, -is, m. and f., witness. 

(Testify.) 
testor, -ari, -atus sum (testis), 

dep., call to witness. 
tetrarches, -ae, m., petty prince, 

TETRARCH. 

Teuton!, -orum, m. pi., Teutoni, 
a Germanic people, terror of 
the Romans for years, an- 
nihilated by Marius in 102 b.c. 
at Aquae Sextiae. (Teu- 
tonic.) 

Themistocles, -is or -i, m., 
Themistocles, one of Athens' 
most celebrated statesmen. 

Theophanes, -is, m., Theophanes, 
a Greek writer, living at Myt- 
ilene on the island of Lesbos, 
a friend of Pompey, of whose 
campaigns he wrote a history. 

Ti., abbreviation for Tiberius. 

Tiberinus, -a, -urn (Tiberis), 
adj., of the Tiber. 

Tiberis, -is, m., Tiber, the river 
in Italy on the bank of which, 
some sixteen or seventeen 
miles from the sea, Rome is 
situated. 

Tigranes, -is, m., Tigranes, king 
of Armenia, son-in-law of 
Mithridates the Great, king of 
Pontus. 

timeo, timere, timui, — , fear, be 
afraid, be apprehensive; be 
afraid of. 

timide (timidus), adv., timidly, 
cautiously, hesitatingly. 

timiditas, -tatis (timidus), f., 
fearfulness, cowardice, timid- 
ity. 

timidus, -a, -urn (timeo), adj., 
fearful, cowardly, timid. (In- 
timidate.) 

timor, -oris (timeo), m., fear, 
alarm, apprehension. (Timo- 
rous.) 



98 



VOCABULARY 



Titus, -I, m., Titus, a Roman 
first name, abbreviated T. 

toga, -ae (cf. tego), f., toga, the 
outer garment of a Roman 
citizen in time of peace; citi- 
zen's cloak; toga praetexta, the 
bordered toga worn by magis- 
trates and by free-born chil- 
dren; toga virflis, the toga of 
manhood, generally assumed in 
the fifteenth or sixteenth year. 

togatus, -a, -um (toga), adj., clad 
in the toga, wearing the toga, in 
the garb of peace. 

tolerabilis, -e (tolero), adj., that 
may be borne, endurable, tol- 
erable. 

tolerandus, -a, -um (part, of 
tolero), adj., tolerable, suffer- 
able. 

tolero, -are, -avi, -atum, bear, 
endure. (Tolerate.) 

tollo, tollere, sustuli, sublatum, 
lift, raise; take away, remove. 
(Extol.) 

Tongilius, Tongi'li, m., Tongi- 
lius, a Roman family name. 
Mentioned by Cicero as a 
worthless friend of Catiline. 

tormentum, -I (torqueo, twist), 
n., instrument for torture, rack. 
(Torment.) 

Torquatus, -I, m., Torquatus, a 
Roman family name . L . Man- 
lius Torquatus, consul 65 B.C. 

tortor, -toris (torqueo, twist), m., 
torturer. 

tot, indecl. adj., so many. 

totiens (toties) (tot), num. adv., 
so often, so many times. 

totus, -a, -um, gen. totius, adj., 
the whole, all, all the. 

tracto, -are, -avi, -atum (intens. 
of traho), handle; treat; con- 
duct. (Tractable.) 

trado, -dere, -didi, -ditum (trans 



+ do), hand over, deliver. 
(Tradition, extradition.) 

tragoedia, -ae, f ., tragedy, com- 
motion, disturbance. 

traho, trahere, traxi, tractum,. 
draw, drag; draw out, pro- 
tract; delay. (Detract,, 
contract.) 

tranquillitas, -tatis (tranquillus), 
f., quietness, quiet, tranquil- 
lity. 

tranquillus, -a, -um, adj., calm r 
quiet. (Tranquil.) 

trans, prep, with ace, across, be- 
yond, on the other side of. 

Trans-alpinus, -a, -um, adj., 
transalpine, beyond the Alps r 
i.e., north of the Alps. 

transcendo, -scendere, -scendi, 
— (trans + scando, climb),, 
climb across, climb over. 
(Transcendental.) 

trans-fero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, 
carry across, transfer. 
(Translate.) 

transigo, -igere, -egi, -actum 
(trans + ago), carry through, 
finish, complete, perform, ac- 
complish. (Transact.) 

transmarinus, -a, -um (trans, cf . 
mare), adj., beyond the sea, 
over the sea. 

trans-mitt 6, -mittere, -misi, 
-missum, send across. (Trans- 
mit.) 

tres, tria, gen. trium, num. adj., 
three. 

tribunal, -alis (tribunus), n. r 
judgment-seat, tribunal. 

tribunatus, -us (tribunus), m., 

TRIBUNESHIP. 

tribunus, -I (tribus, tribe), m., 
tribune, an official who repre- 
sented the interests of the ple- 
beians at Rome. 

tribuo, -ere, -ui, -utum, assign, 



VOCABULARY 



99 




allot; attribute, ascribe; be- 
stow. 

tribus, -us (cf. tres), m., tribe. 

triduum, -I (cf. tres + dies), n., 
three days, period of three days. 

tristis, -e, adj., sad, gloomy, 
harsh. 

triumpho, -are, -avi, -atum (tri- 
umphus), triumph, march in a 
triumphal procession; exult. 
(Triumphant.) 

triumphus, -I, m., triumphal 
procession, triumph. 

tropaeum, -I, n., trophy, memo- 
rial of victory. 

trucido, -are, -avi, -atum, slaugh- 
ter, butcher, massacre. 

tii, tui, pers. pron., thou, you. 

tuba, -ae, f., trumpet. 

tueor, tueri, tutus sum, dep., 
watch; maintain, guard, de- 
fend. (Tutor, tutelary.) 

tuli, perf . of fero. 

Tullius, Tulli, m., Tullius, a Ro- 
man gentile name. M. Tul- 
lius Cicero, consul 63 B.C. 

Tullus, -I, m. Tullus, a Roman 
family name. L. Volcatius 
Tullus, consul 66 B.C. 

turn, adv., then, at that time; be- 
sides, moreover ; cum . . . 
turn, not only . . . but also. 

tumultus, -us (tumeo, swell, rise), 
m., uprising, revolt; tumult, 
confusion, excitement. (Tu- 
multuous.) 

tumulus, -I (tumeo, swell, rise), 
m., mound, hill, hillock. 

tunc, adv., then. 

tunica, -ae, f., tunic, a garment 
worn under the toga. 

turba, -ae, f., disorder, tumult. 
(Disturbance). 

turbulentus, -a, -urn (turba, dis- 
order), adj., disorderly; boister- 
ous, troublesome; disordered. 
(Turbulent.) 



turma, -ae, f., troop, squad of 
cavalry. 

turpis, -e, adj., ugly; disgraceful, 
shameful, infamous, base. 

turpiter (turpis), adv., disgrace- 
fully, dishonorably, shamefully, 
basely. 

turpitudo, -tudinis (turpis), f., 
shame, disgrace, dishonor. 
(Turpitude.) 

tut 6 (tutus), adv., safely, in 
safety. 

tutor, -ari, tutatus sum (intens. 
of tueor), dep., guard, protect, 
defend. 

tutus, -a, -urn (tueor), adj., pro- 
tected, safe, secure, guarded. 

tuus, -a, -um (tu), poss. adj., 
thy; your. 

tyrannus, -i, m., despot, prince, 
tyrant. (Tyranny.) 



U 

uber, -eris, n., udder, breast. 

ubertas, -tatis (uber, fertile), f., 
fertility, productiveness, abun- 
dance. 

ubi,rel. and interrog. adv., where, 
when, as; ubi primum, as soon 
as. 

ubinam, adv. interrog. of place, 
where. 

ubique (ubi + -que), adv., any- 
ivhere, everywhere. 

ulciscor, ulcisci, ultus sum, dep., 
take vengeance on, avenge, pun- 
ish. 

ullus, -a, -um, gen. ullius (dim. 
of unus), adj., any, any one. 

ultimus, -a, -um (cf. ultra, be- 
yond), adj., sup. of ulterior, 
farthest, most remote; most dis- 
tant, last. 

ultor, -toris (ulciscor), m., pun- 
isher, avenger. 



100 



VOCABULARY 



ultro, adv., beyond, in addition, 
besides; of one J s own accord, 
voluntarily. 

Umbrenus, -I, m., Umbrenus, sl 
Roman family name. Pub- 
lius Umbrenus, a Catilinarian 
conspirator. 

umerus, -I, m., shoulder. 

umquam or unquam, adv., at any 
time, ever. 

una (unus), adv., together, at the 
same time; una cum, together 
with. 

unde, rel. and interrog. adv., 
whence, from which. 

undecimus, -a, -urn (undecim), 
num. adj., eleventh. 

undequinquagesimus, -a, -urn 
(undequinquaginta, forty- 
nine), num. adj., forty-ninth. 

undique (unde + -que), adv., 
from all sides, on all sides, 
everywhere. 

unguentum, -I (ungud, smear), 
n., ointment, unguent, per- 
fume, 

unice (unicus, sole, uncommon), 
adv., singularly, peculiarly. 
(Unique.) 

universus, -a, -urn (unus + ver- 
sus, turned), adj., all together, 
whole, entire. (Universe, 
universal.) 

unus, -a, -urn, gen. unlus, num. 
adj., one; only one, alone, 
sole, single) one and the same. 
(Atone, unity.) 

urbanus, -a, -urn (urbs), adj., of 
the city, in the city, in Rome, 
city. (Urban, urbane.) 

urbs, urbis, f., city; the city of 
Rome. 

urged, urgere, ursi, — , press, 
press hard upon, beset. (Urge, 

URGENT, URGENCY.) 

usitatus, -a, -urn (part, of usitor, 



use, with pass, meaning), adj., 
customary, familiar, usual. 

usquam, adv., anywhere. 

usque, adv., as far as, even; 
usque ad, up to, until; right up 
to; usque eo, to such an extent, 
to such a degree. 

ustor, -toris (uro, burn), m., 
burner of the dead. 

usura, -ae (utor), f., use, enjoy- 
ment; interest. (Usury.) 

usurpo, -are, -avi, -atum (usus 
+ rap-), use, make use of, 
employ; speak of, mention. 
(Usurp, usurpation.) 

usus, -us (utor), m., use, prac- 
tice, experience, skill, training. 

ut, uti, adv. and conj.: (1) in- 
terrog. adv., how? (2) rel. adv., 
as, just as; as if; (3) conj., 
when, as; that, in order that; so 
that; though; after verbs of 
fearing, that not; ut primum, 
as soon as. 

uter, utra, utrum, utrius, pron. 
interrog., which (of two)? 

uterque, utraque, utrumque, gen. 
utriusque (uter + -que), adj., 
each, both. 

utilis, -e (utor) , adj ., useful, effect- 
ive, serviceable, advantageous. 

utilitas, -tatis (utilis), f., useful- 
ness, advantage, profit, expe- 
diency. (Utility.) 

utinam (uti + nam), adv., O 
that! would that! 

utor, uti, usus sum, dep., use, em- 
ploy, avail oneself of; indulge 
in, possess, enjoy; exhibit, show, 
find. 

utrum (uter), conj., whether; 
utrum . . . an, whether . . . 
or; utrum . . . necne, wheth- 
er .. . or not. 

uxor, -oris, f., wife. (Uxori- 
ous.) 



VOCABULARY 



101 



vacillo, -are, -avi, -atum, reel, 
totter, stagger. (Vacillate. 

vaco, -are, -avi, -atum, he free, be 
without. (Vacant, vaca- 
tion.) 

vacuefacio, -facere, -feci, -fac- 
tum vacuus — facio , empty, 
-make empty, clear, vacate. 

vacuus, -a, -urn cf. vaco, he 
empty r), adj.. empty, unoccu- 
pied, vacant, without, free 
(from). (Vacuous, vacu- 
um.) 

vadimonium, vadimonl vas, -se- 
curity, surety:, n.. hail, bail- 
bond, security. 

vagina, -ae, f.. sheath, sco.hha.rd. 

vagor, -ari, -atus sum vagus, 
strolling), dep.. wander about, 
wander, roam, range, rove 
ahout. (Vagrant, vagabond.) 

vagus, -a, -urn, adj., roving, un- 
settled, inconstant. 

valde (for valide, adv. from va- 
lidus, strong K adv.. strongly, 
very, exceedingly, thoroughly. 

valens, -ntis (part, of valeo), 
adj.. strong, powerful, vigorous, 
well. 

valeo, -ere, valul, — , fut. part. 
valiturus, he strong; have pow- 
er, have influence, prevail, de- 
rive strength; fare well, prosper 
(spoken at parting). 

Valerius, Vale'ri, m.. Valerius, sl 
Roman family name. Lucius 
Valerius, colleague of Marius 
in his consulship. 100 B.C. 

valetudo, -tudinis (valeo), f., 
health. (Valetudinarian.) 

valid, -are, -avi, -atum (vallum, 
wall), fortify, defend. (Cir- 

CUMV ALL ATION . ) 

varietas, -tatis (varius). f.. diver- 
sity, difference, variety. 



vario, -are, -avi, -atum varius\ 

vary, change; pass., differ, he 

VARIOUS. 

Varius, Varl, m.. a Roman 
family name. Publius Vari- 
us, a juror in the trial of Milo, 
mentioned by Cicero. 

varius, -a, -urn, adj.. various, 
diverse. (Variegate.) 

vastatio, -onis vasto . f.. laying 
waste, ravaging, devastation. 

vastitas, -tatis vastus, waste) } f., 
desolation , r u i n . devastation . 

vasto, -are, -avi, -arum vastus, 
waste), lay tvaste, devastate. 

vates, -is, m. and f.. seer. 

vectigal, -alis veho . n., tax on 
goods earned; tribute, revenue. 

vectigalis, -e (vectigal), adj., 
paying tribute, tributary; as 
subst., pi., vectigales, -ium, 
tributar 

vehemens, -mentis, adj., eager. 
■ violent, vehement; vigorous. 
fore 

vehementer (vehemens\ adv., 
eagerly, greatly, earnestly, ve- 
hemently. 

vehiculum, -I (veho), n.. convey- 
ance, VEHICLE. 

veho, vehere, vexi, vectum, 
carry, convey; in pass., ride. 

vel (void), oonj., or; vel . . . 
vel, either . . . or; as an adv., 
the very, quite the, usually with 
a superlative. 

velum, -i, n.. sail. (Veil.) 

vena, -ae, f.. vein. 

vendo, -dere, -didi, -ditum (ve- 
num, sale — do*, offer for sale, 
sell. Vend, vendor.) 

venericus, -a, -urn venenum 4- 
fac-), adj., poisoning, poison- 
ous: as a subst., venericus, -I, 
m.. poisoner. 

venenum, -i, n., drug; poison. 
(Venom.) 



102 



VOCABULARY 



veneo, venire, venii, — (venum, 

sale, + eo), go to sale, be sold, 
as the pass, of vendo. 

veneror, -ari, -atus sum, dep., 
reverence, worship; implore, en- 
treat, pray to. (Venerate.) 

venia, -ae, f., indulgence, favor, 
permission, pardon. (Venial.) 

venio, venire, veni, ventum, 
come, approach. 

ventus, -i, m., wind. (Ventila- 
tion.) 

venustas, -tatis (Venus), f., 
charm, beauty, grace, loveliness. 

ver, veris, n., spring. (Ver- 
dant, vernal.) 

(verber), -eris, n., lacking in all 
cases of sing, except gen. and 
abl., whip, lash, scourge, blow. 
(Reverberate.) 

verbum, -i, n., word. (Verb, 

VERBAL, VERBOSITY.) 

vere (verus), adv., truly, really, 
in fact; properly, rightly. 
(Veritable.) 

verecundia, -ae (verecundus, 
modest), f., modesty, shyness; 
shame, sense of shame. 

vereor, -eri, veritus sum, dep., 
respect, stand in awe of, dread, 
fear. 

Veritas, -tatis (verus), f., truth. 
(Verity.) 

vero (verus), adv., in truth, in 
fact, certainly, indeed; but, 
however; immo vero, nay rath- 
er; iam vero, then again, fur- 
thermore. 

versiculus, -i (versus), m., little 
line, mere line. 

versor, -ari, versatus sum (in- 
tens. of verto), dep. (some- 
times active, verso, -are, -avi, 
-atum), turn about; dwell, stay, 
remain, be; be engaged, be bus- 
ied, be employed. 



versus, -us (verto, turn), m., line, 

VERSE. 

versus (verto), adv., towards 
(generally with in and ace). 

verum (verus), adv., but, but yet. 

verus, -a, -urn, adj., true, right, 
fitting; well-founded, genuine; 
re vera, in fact, in reality; as a 
subst., verum, -i, n., the truth. 

vesper, -eris, m., evening. (Ves- 
pers.) 

vespera, -ae, f ., evening. 

Vesta, -ae, f., Vesta, goddess of 
the hearth. 

Vestalis, -e (Vesta), adj., of 
Vesta, Vestal. 

vester, -tra, -trum (vos), poss. 
adj., your, yours. 

vestibulum, -i, n., fore-court, en- 
trance, VESTIBULE. 

vestigium, vestigi (cf. vestigo, 
track), n., foot-print, track; pi., 
traces, remains, ruins; e vesti- 
gio, on the spot, immediately, 
instantly. 

vestimentum, -i (vestio, clothe), 
n., clothing, garment. 

veto, vetare, vetui, vetitum, not 
to permit, forbid, prohibit. 
(Veto.) 

vetus, veteris, adj., comp. ve- 
tustior, sup. veterrimus, old, 
former, ancient, of long stand- 
ing. (Veteran.) 

vetustas, -tatis (vetus), f., old 
age, long duration. 

vexatio, -onis (vexo), f., troub- 
ling; annoyance^ distress. 
(Vexation.) 

vexator, -toris (vexo), m., troub- 
ler, opposer. 

vexo, -are, -avi, -atum (veho, 
carry), harass, ravage, annoy, 
trouble. (Vex.) 

via, -ae, f ., way, road, path, street. 
(Viaduct.) 



VOCABULARY 



103 



viator, -tons (via), f., wayfarer , 
traveller. 

Vibienus, -I, m., Vibienus, a Ro- 
man family name. Gaius Vi- 
bienus, a victim of Clodius. 

vibro, -are, -avi, -atum, brandish, 
shake. (Vibrate, vibration.) 

vicesimus, -a, -urn (cf. viginti, 
twenty), num. adj., twentieth. 

vicinus, -a, -urn (vicus), adj., of 
the neighborhood, neighboring; 
as a subst., vicinus, -I, m., 
neighbor. 

vicissim (vicis, change), adv., on 
the other hand, in turn, back. 

vicissitudo, -tudinis (vicis, 
change), f., change, alternation. 
(Vicissitude.) 

victor, -toris (vinco), m., victor, 
conqueror; as adj., victorious. 

victoria, -ae (victor), f ., victory. 

victus, -us (vivo), m., means of 
living, food; manner of living. 

vicus, -i, m., village; street. 

videlicet (for videre licet), adv., 
one may see, evidently, obvi- 
ously, of course, doubtless. 

video, videre, vidi, visum, see, 
perceive; pass., be seen, seem; 
seem best. (Vision, visible.) 

viged, vigere, vigui, — , be vigor- 
ous, thrive, be strong. (Vigor.) 

vigilans, -ntis (part, of vigilo), 
adj., watchful, careful, alert. 
(Vigilant.) 

vigilia, -ae (vigil, alert), f., watch- 
ing, keeping awake, wakeful- 
ness, watch, one of the four di- 
visions of the night; guard, 
sentinel. (Vigil.) 

vigilo, -are, -avi, -atum (vigil, 
watchful), watch, keep awake. 

vilis, -e, adj., cheap, worthless. 
(Vile, vilify.) 

vilitas, -tatis (vilis), f., lowness of 
price, cheapness. 



villa, -ae, f., farm-house, country- 
house. 

vincio, vincire, vinxi, vinctum, 
bind, fetter, restrain. 

vinco, vincere, vici, victum, con- 
quer, overcome, be victorious; 
defeat, subdue. (Invincible.) 

vinculum, -i (vincio), n., bond, 
chain, fetter; pi., imprisonment, 
prison. (Vinculum.) 

vindex, vindicis, m. and f., de- 
fender, avenger, punisher. 

vindiciae, -arum (vindex), f. pi., 
laying claim, formal demand. 

vindico, -are, -avi, -atum (vin- 
dex), claim, maintain, assert; 
punish; deliver, save. (Vindi- 
cate, VINDICTIVE.) 

vinum, -i, n., wine. 

violo, -are, -avi, -atum (cf. vis), 
injure, outrage, violate. 

vir, viri, m., man. (Virile.) 

virgo, virginis, f., maid, maiden, 

VIRGIN. 

virtus, -tutis (vir), f., manliness, 
character; bravery, courage; 
worth, goodness, ability, excel- 
lence, VIRTUE. 

vis, gen. wanting, ace. vim, abl. 
vi; pi. vires, virium, f., power, 
strength; violence, force; 
number, multitude; pi., 
strength. 

viscera, viscerum, n. pi., the in- 
ner parts of the body, the vitals, 
vital organs, the inmost part. 
(Eviscerate.) 

viso, visere, visi, visum (intens. 
of video), look at attentively, go 
to see, visit. 

vita, -ae (vivo), f ., life. (Vital.) 

vitium, viti, n., fault, defect, vice. 
(Vitiate, vicious.) 

vito, -are, -avi, -atum, shun, 
avoid. (Inevitable.) 

vituperatio, -onis (vitupero, re- 



104 



VOCABULARY 



proach), f., blame, charge. 

(Vituperation.) 
vivo, vivere, vixi, — , live. (Viv- 
id, revive.) 
vivus, -a, -um (vivo), adj., living, 

alive. 
vix, adv., scarcely, hardly, with 

difficulty, barely. 
vixdum, adv., but just, scarcely 

yet, hardly then. 
voco, -are, -avi, -atum (vox), call, 

summon. (Vocation.) 
Volcatius, Volcati, m., Volcatius, 

a Roman family name, 
volito, -are, -avi, -atum (volo, 

fly), flit about, hover about, move 

about. 
volo, velle, volui, — , be willing, 

wish, desire; intend, mean. 

(Volition.) 
Volturcius, Voltur'ci, m., Voltur- 

cius, an associate in the con- 
spiracy of Catiline. 
volubilis, -e (cf. volvo, roll), 

adj., rolling; changeable, fickle. 

(Voluble.) 
voluntarius, -a, -um (voluntas), 



adj., willing, voluntary. 
(Volunteer.) 

voluntas, -tatis (volo), f., wish, 
desire; permission; good-will, 
devotion, loyalty. 

voluptas, -tatis (volo), f., pleas- 
ure, delight, enjoyment, satis- 
faction. (Voluptuous.) 

vos, gen. vestrum or vestri, see 
tu. 

vosmet, emphatic form for vos. 

votum, -I (neut. part, of voveo, 
vow), n., promise, vow, pledge, 
prayer. (Vote.) 

vox, vocis, f., voice, utterance, 
word. (Vocal.) 

vulgo (vulgus, common people), 
adv., commonly, generally, 
everywhere. (Vulgar, Vul- 
gate.) 

vulnero, -are, -avi, -atum (vul- 
nus), wound, hurt. (Vulner- 
able.) 

vulnus, vulneris, n., wound. 

vultus, -us (volo), m., look, ex- 
pression, countenance, face, fea- 
tures. 



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